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Halogenated Heterocycles as Pharmaceuticals

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Halogenated Heterocycles

Part of the book series: Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry ((TOPICS,volume 27))

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals, which involve halogenated heterocyclic skeleton, are classified into various therapeutic groups such as antipsychotics, benzodiazepine tranquilizers, tricyclic antidepressants, antiallergics, thiazide and quinazolinone diuretics, antineoplastics, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal agents, and antimalarials. A halogenated heterocycle involved in these drugs’ structures either directly impacts drug’s intrinsic activity or is responsible for other features such as lipid solubility, pharmacokinetics, or adverse effects. This chapter discusses the chemistry and structure–activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and the clinical use of pharmaceuticals involving the halogenated heterocyclic structure.

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Abbreviations

5-FU:

5-Fluorouracil

5-HT:

5-Hydroxytryptamine or serotonin

AIDS:

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ALK:

Alkylamino

ATC:

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

CNS:

Central nervous system

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

FDA:

US Food and Drug Agency

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

HEP:

Hydroxyethylpiperazines

HH:

Halogenated heterocycles

HHPh:

Halogenated heterocyclic pharmaceuticals

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

OROS:

Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system

PHENO:

Phenothiazine

PIP:

Piperazine

QSAR:

Quantitative structure–activity relationship

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SAR:

Structure–activity relationship

THIO:

Thioxanthene

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Acknowledgments

The research leading to these results has received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of Slovenia, Project Z1-3677: “Psychoactive pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in water treatment processes,” from the Slovenian Research Agency under Research Programme P1-0143 – “Cycling of nutrients and contaminants in the environment, mass balances and modeling of environmental processes and risk analysis,” and from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n. 265264: “CytoThreat”: “Fate and effects of cytostatic pharmaceuticals in the environment and the identification of biomarkers for improved risk assessment on environmental exposure.”

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  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Tina Kosjek & Ester Heath

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  1. Tina Kosjek
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  2. Ester Heath
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Correspondence to Tina Kosjek .

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  1. , Department of Physical and Organic Chemi, "Jozef Stefan" Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia

    Jernej Iskra

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Kosjek, T., Heath, E. (2011). Halogenated Heterocycles as Pharmaceuticals. In: Iskra, J. (eds) Halogenated Heterocycles. Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol 27. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7081_2011_61

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