Abstract
Published literature has been reviewed regarding the toxicity of representative alternative antifouling biocides (Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid, Diuron, Irgarol 1051, Sea Nine 211, TCMTB, Zineb, ZnPT, CuPT and PK) in aquatic environments, and their hazardous impact on aquatic environments has been evaluated using the information obtained during the process of review. The following statements represent the conclusions. Acute toxicities of the alternative antifouling biocides are in a range of 50 to 50. Irgarol 1051 exhibits especially high toxicity to phytoplankton and seaweed. On the basis of these toxicity values the biocides are classified as “toxic to very toxic” by the OECD classification guidelines. The acute toxicity value of M1, which is a degradation product of Irgarol 1051, ranges between t and s. M1 is also classified as “toxic” to “very toxic” by the OECD classification guidelines. The toxicity levels of these alternative antifouling biocides are almost the same as TBT. The reported concentrations of Irgarol 1051, M1, and Sea Nine 211 exceed the respective PNEC values especially in marinas and fishery harbors implying that Irgarol 1051, M1, and Sea Nine 211 are already causing a hazardous impact on the aquatic ecosystem in some marinas and fishery harbors. In order to assess the ecotoxicological risk of these biocides in detail, further research to clarify the toxicity and to develop the methods of estimating concentrations in natural waters are needed.
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Abbreviations
- EC50 :
-
median effect concentration
- CuPT:
-
bis-(1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethionate-O,S) copper
- DDT:
-
dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
- LC50 :
-
median lethal concentration
- LOEC:
-
lowest observed effect concentration
- M1:
-
2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine
- IMO-MEPC:
-
the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization
- NOEC:
-
no observed effect concentration
- OECD:
-
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PCP:
-
pentachloro phenol
- PK:
-
pyridine triphenyl boron
- PNEC:
-
predicted no effect concentration
- TBT:
-
tributyltin compounds
- TCMTB:
-
2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole
- TPT:
-
triphenyltin compounds
- ZnPT:
-
bis-(1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethionate-O,S) zinc
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Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Dr. Kazufumi Takayanagi (Seikai National Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan) for his advice and critical readings of this paper. Thanks are also due to Mr. Toshimitsu Onzuka for his assistance in preparing a figure.
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Yamada, H. Toxicity and Preliminary Risk Assessment of Alternative Antifouling Biocides to Aquatic Organisms. In: Konstantinou, I.K. (eds) Antifouling Paint Biocides. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5O. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/698_5_056
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