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Analysis, Occurrence, and Fate of Aromatic Sulfonates in the Rhine and Its Tributaries

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The Rhine

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5L))

Abstract

An overview is given of the occurrence of aromatic sulfonates in the Rhine river and its tributaries. Since 1990, 25 different monomeric sulfonates and oligomeric sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNFC), with up to seven naphthalenesulfonate units in the molecule have been quantitatively analyzed in the aqueous phase by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet or fluorescence detection. Typical concentrations of permanently occurring sulfonates are in the µg L−1

range. In order to achieve the appropriate low LOQ an extraction is necessary, prior to the chromatographic determination. Usually, ion-pair extraction on reversed-phase C18 material is used for this purpose. Due to accidental spills, concentrations of up to several hundred µ L−1 can occur temporarily. SNFC with three or more naphthalenesulfonate building blocks are adsorbed to suspended solids and sediments to more than 99%. The multi-barrier approach applied by the waterworks along the Rhine river including the treatment steps of bankside filtration, flocculation/sedimentation, ozone treatment, and activated carbon filtration is effective in removing most of the sulfonates from the raw waters. However, there are several very persistent compounds—for example, 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate—which may not be removed through the water purification process in the water treatment plants. Therefore, small residues can also break through into drinking water.

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Abbreviations

1,3,5-NTS:

1,3,5-Naphthalenetrisulfonate

1,3,6-NTS:

1,3,6-Naphthalenetrisulfonate

1,5-NDS:

1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonate

3-NBS:

3-Nitrobenzenesulfonate

ARW:

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rheinwasserwerke e.V. (Working group of water treatment plants along the Rhine river)

CAS:

Chemical Abstracts Service

DAS:

4,4′-Dinitro-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonate (Flavonic Acid)

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

DNS:

4,4′-Dinitro-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonate

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

LAS:

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

MS:

Mass spectrometry

SNFC:

Sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

UV:

Ultraviolet

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Frank Thomas Lange & Heinz-Jürgen Brauch

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  1. Frank Thomas Lange
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  2. Heinz-Jürgen Brauch
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Correspondence to Frank Thomas Lange .

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Thomas P. Knepper

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Lange, F.T., Brauch, HJ. Analysis, Occurrence, and Fate of Aromatic Sulfonates in the Rhine and Its Tributaries. In: Knepper, T.P. (eds) The Rhine. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5L. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_5_035

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