Abstract
The Boka Kotorska covers an area of 616 km2 and belongs to the coastal region, and it is a large bay on the Adriatic coast. In administrative terms, the Boka Kotorska is divided into three municipalities: Herceg Novi, Kotor and Tivat. By 1960s, agriculture was dominant in the Boka Kotorska, while tourism was in its infancy, as well as other industries. The population engaged in livestock and crop farming and growing maize, barley, rye and wheat. Olive growing was quite developed in the coastal zone. It used to be the most important industry in this area, generating significant income. After the 1960s, with further development of nonagricultural economy, Municipalities of Herceg Novi, Tivat and Kotor experienced population influx and sudden economic prosperity. After urbanization, rural areas became areas with low population density and agriculture as predominant activity referred mainly to households with elderly owners. Since 1970s, shipping industry, tourism, ship building and chemical industry were pillars of the Boka’s economic development, while agriculture was neglected, although natural conditions for its development existed.
Based on socio-economic analysis in three Municipalities of the Boka Kotorska, it can be concluded that agriculture was gradually becoming more a symbol of keeping the tradition and culture of this region alive, with its economic importance becoming almost negligible. Analysis of statistical data in the period 1965–2011 points to the fact that agriculture had not been the primary activity of the population of the Boka Kotorska, either at the beginning or the end of the period observed. The reasons for such situation are multiple and complex. They are caused not only by natural but also by social factors.
In the upcoming period, it is necessary to use the favourable climatic conditions, as an important factor of increasing the volume of agricultural production. It is very important to put the existing natural resources into the function of agricultural development. It is particularly important to provide support to the production of healthy food and so-called organic farming and processing of Mediterranean crops.
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Notes
- 1.
31.6% of the total agricultural land are plots of up to 0.50 ha. More than half of households (oko 54%) use just 0.10–1 ha of agricultural land. Only 0.9% of family households have land plots larger than 100 ha. Average agricultural household disposes of 4.6 ha of used agricultural land.
- 2.
In almost 260 rural settlements, average population age is above 50.
- 3.
Flysch sequence of sedimentary rocks where marl, sandstone, clayey shale and limestone.
- 4.
More than 44% of the population is above 55, and 65% above 45. More than half – 55.3% – of employees in agriculture have secondary education, but only 9.1% graduated from college or faculty.
- 5.
Average agricultural holding in Montenegro disposes of 6 ha of total available land, 4.3 ha of utilized agricultural land, 0.4 ha of other uncultivated agricultural land, 0.2 ha of unutilized agricultural land, 0.8 ha of forest land, 0.20 ha of infertile land and 3.6 livestock units.
- 6.
According to the census 1960, the total number of agricultural holdings was 3,963, while in 2010 it was 1,053. According to the census 2010, the share of holdings of 0.10–0.50 ha in the holdings structure has risen significantly compared to 1960, by 475 index points.
- 7.
At the level of Montenegro, total agricultural area was decreased by approximately 11.80%, while the major drop is recorded in areas under arable fields and gardens, of 30.67%. In the period observed, area under vineyards has significantly grown by about 211 index points, and increase is noted also in areas under orchards by about 34% and meadows by about 12%.
- 8.
Sowed areas have been decreasing, both at the level of Montenegro and at the level of municipalities. The most notable decrease in total sowed areas was recorded in Kotor and Tivat, by around 83%. In the structure of sowed areas, areas under vegetables are growing, at the level of Montenegro by 80%, while in Tivat it is higher, at about 245 index points. In the municipality of Kotor, in the period observed, decrease in areas under vegetables by 23.43% has been recorded. Area under uncultivated arable fields is growing, mostly in the Municipality of Kotor – 388%. In the three observed municipalities of the Boka Kotorska Bay, potato production is most significant of all vegetable crops.
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Jovanović, M., Joksimović, M., Despotović, A. (2016). Agriculture in the Boka Kotorska Bay. In: Joksimović, A., Djurović, M., Semenov, A., Zonn, I., Kostianoy, A. (eds) The Boka Kotorska Bay Environment . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 54. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2016_22
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