Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Oil Pollution in the North Sea pp 117–140Cite as

Oil Pollution in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 41))

Abstract

Oil pollution is a serious issue in the Netherlands ever since merchant and military vessels with diesel engines gradually replaced vessels operating sails and steam engines in the early twentieth century. Arguably, the southern North Sea became one of the most heavily oil-polluted sea areas in the world as a result of chronic oil pollution. Major shipping incidents resulting in massive oil spills have, however, been rather rare within the area. In the early twenty-first century, the number of detected oil spills has markedly declined and levels of chronic oil pollution are currently rather low. Most detections of oil slicks are still concentrated around the major shipping lanes and off major ports such as Rotterdam and IJmuiden (leading to Amsterdam).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In 2013, due to reorganisation, this is now the Ministry for Infrastructure and the Environment, Rijkswaterstaat Zee & Delta.

References

  1. KNMI (1982) Klimatologische gegevens van Nederlandse Stations No. 10, Normalen en standaardafwijkingen voor het tijdvak 1951–1980. Kon. Ned. Met. Inst., De Bilt 118 pp

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bonn Agreement (2001) Text of the Bonn Agreement, Volume 3, Chapter 29. Agreement for cooperation in dealing with pollution of the North Sea by oil and other harmful substances, 1983 as amended by a decision of 21 September 2001 etc. http://www.bonnagreement.org/site/assets/files/3831/chapter29_text_of_the_bonn_agreement.pdf

  3. International Maritime Organization (1973/1978). International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1987 (MARPOL 73/78). London: IMO. http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx

  4. Koops W (1980) Olieverontreiniging door de scheepvaart. Publ. Directie Noordzee, Rijkswaterstaat, Rijswijk

    Google Scholar 

  5. Koops W (1980) De oliebestrijding op de Noordzee. Natuur Techniek 48:544–563

    Google Scholar 

  6. Verduin EC, de Kort MJ, Vanagt TJ, Vissers MJM (2010). Trends in lozingen op de Noordzee. Report Grontmij Nederland BV, Houten, 13/99096903/vZ, revision D1; Rijkswaterstaat Dienst Noordzee, Rijswijk

    Google Scholar 

  7. Vollaard B (2013) Preventie van illegale olielozingen op de Noordzee: Een onderzoek naar strategisch gedrag van scheepvaartverkeer. Tilburg University/Politieacademie, Tilburg

    Google Scholar 

  8. Vollaard B (2014) Temporal displacement of environmental crime. Evidence from marine oil pollution. Tilburg University, Tilburg

    Google Scholar 

  9. OSPAR Commission (2015) 1992 OSPAR Convention. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. Text as amended on 24 July 1998, updated 9 May 2002, 7 February 2005 and 18 May 2006. Amendments to Annexes II and III adopted at OSPAR 2007. http://www.ospar.org/html_documents/ospar/html/ospar_convention_e_updated_text_2007.pdf

  10. Bonn Agreement (2012) Bonn Agreement Aerial Operations Handbook, 2009. http://www.bonnagreement.org/site/assets/files/1081/ba-aoh_revision_2_april_2012-1.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2014

  11. Bonn Agreement (2012) Guidelines for oil pollution detection, investigation and post-flight analysis/evaluation for volume estimation. In: Bonn Agreement Aerial Operations Handbook. http://www.bonnagreement.org/site/assets/files/1081/ba-aoh_revision_2_april_2012-1.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2014

  12. Thijsse JP (1915) De vogels van de Noordzee-eilanden. De Levende Natuur 20:301–305

    Google Scholar 

  13. Verwey J (1915) De Trekvogels, de Oorlog en nog wat. De Levende Natuur 20:20

    Google Scholar 

  14. Woltman D (1920) Olie en vogels. De Levende Natuur 25:61

    Google Scholar 

  15. Brouwer GA, Verwey J (1919) Waarnemingen van het Trekstation Noordwijk aan Zee. Ardea 8:1–92

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brouwer GA, Verwey J (1922) Waarnemingen van 1 Januari 1920 tot en met 30 Juni 1922. Ardea 11:129–150

    Google Scholar 

  17. Drijver J. (1929). De verontreiniging van het zeewater door stookolie. Versl. & Meded. 1924–1928: 168-186, Vogelbescherming, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  18. Camphuysen CJ (1989) Beached Bird Surveys in the Netherlands 1915–1988: Seabird Mortality in the southern North Sea since the early days of Oil Pollution. Techn. Rapport Vogelbescherming 1, Werkgroep Noordzee, Amsterdam 322 pp

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bootsgezel JJ (1933) Stookolie. De Levende Natuur 38:285–287

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tanis JJC, Mörzer Bruijns MF (1962) Het onderzoek naar stookolievogels van 1958–1962. De Levende Natuur 65:133–140

    Google Scholar 

  21. Liebert H, Tesch JJ (1926) Rapport omtrent de invloed, welke de verontreiniging der zee door olie op de visstand heeft. Versl. & Meded. Afd. Visscherijen, Departement Binnenl. Zaken en Landbouw, Den Haag, 13 pp

    Google Scholar 

  22. Anonymous (1955) Handleiding ter voorkoming van de verontreiniging van de zee door olie. Koninklijke Nederlandsche Reedersvereeniging's-Gravenhage, 22 pp

    Google Scholar 

  23. Camphuysen CJ (2010) Declines in oil-rates of stranded birds in the North Sea highlight spatial patterns in reductions of chronic oil pollution. Mar Poll Bull 60:1299–1306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Camphuysen CJ, Heubeck M (2001) Marine oil pollution and beached bird surveys: the development of a sensitive monitoring instrument. Environ Pollut 112:443–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Swennen C, Spaans AL (1970) De sterfte van zeevogels door olie in februari 1969 in het Waddengebied. Het Vogeljaar 18:233–245

    Google Scholar 

  26. Branderhorst GV (1979) Enige aspecten betreffende olieverontreiniging. Nota Comm Milieuhygiëne 20 Dec 1979, Provinciale Waterstaat Noord-Holland, Haarlem

    Google Scholar 

  27. Anonymous (1975) Olieverontreiniging “Pacific Colocotronis”. Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Directie Noordzee, Rijswijk

    Google Scholar 

  28. Swennen C (1978) Zeevogels en de ramp met de tanker "Pacific Colocotronis" in de Noordzee. Veldorn Tijdschr 1:34–41

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mehlum F (1980) Seabirds and the Bravo blow-out at Ekofisk North Sea. Acta Ornithologica 17(10):119–126

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kerkhoff M, Frintrop P, Koops W (1981) Pollution of the Dutch coast by oil from the Eleni V, July 1978. Sci Total Environ 19:33–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Engelen KAM (1987) Olieslachtoffers in het Waddendistrict, januari-februari 1987. Sula 1:38–43

    Google Scholar 

  32. Camphuysen CJ, Hart S, Zandstra HS (1988) Zeevogelsterfte na olie-lekkage door de ertscarrier MS Borcea voor de Zeeuwse kust januari 1988. Sula 2:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  33. Camphuysen CJ, Heubeck M (2015) Beached bird surveys in the North Sea as an instrument to measure levels of chronic oil pollution. Hdb Environ Chem. doi:10.1007/698_2015_435

  34. Furness RW, Camphuysen CJ (1997) Seabirds as monitors of the marine environment. ICES J Mar Sci 54:726–737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Directie Noordzee (1990) Verontreinigingsrapportage 1989. Unpubl. annual report Directie Noordzee, Directoraat-Generaal Rijkswaterstaat, Rijswijk, 20 pp

    Google Scholar 

  36. Directie Noordzee (1991) Verontreinigingsrapportage 1990. Unpubl. annual report Directie Noordzee, Directoraat-Generaal Rijkswaterstaat, Rijswijk, 29 pp

    Google Scholar 

  37. Directie Noordzee (1982–1988) Waargenomen olie verontreinigingen Noordzee. Unpubl. monhtly reports Directie Noordzee, Directoraat-Generaal Rijkswaterstaat, Rijswijk, 1–5 pp

    Google Scholar 

  38. Directie Noordzee (2001) Verontreinigingen op het NCP, 1995-2000. Directie Noordzee, Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Rijswijk, 36 pp

    Google Scholar 

  39. van Dixhoorn J (1971) Detectie en bestrijding van olieverontreinigingen op de Noordzee. Waddenbull 6(5):9–12

    Google Scholar 

  40. Peakall DB, Wells PG, Mackay D (1987) A hazard assessment of chemically dispersed oil spills and seabirds. Mar Env Res 22:91–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Jenssen BM, Ekker M (1991) Effects of plumage contamination with crude oil dispersant mixtures on thermoregulation in Common Eiders and Mallards. Arch Environm Contam Toxicol 20:398–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Leopold MF, Camphuysen CJ (1992) Olievogels op het Texelse strand, februari 1992. Oiled seabirds on Texel, February 1992. NIOZ-Report 1992-5, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, 29 pp

    Google Scholar 

  43. Joosse R (1999) Smurrie-slachtoffers op de Deltakust. Vogelnieuws 12(1):13

    Google Scholar 

  44. Camphuysen CJ, Barreveld H, Dahlmann G, van Franeker JA (1999) Seabirds in the North Sea demobilised and killed by polyisobutylene (C4H8)n. Mar Pollut Bull 38(12):1171–1176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Haelters J, Kerckhof F, Stienen EWM (2003) Het Tricolor incident: de gevolgen voor zeevogels in de Belgische zeegebieden. Rapp Beh Math Model Noordzee (BMM/KBIN), Brussel, 36 pp

    Google Scholar 

  46. Camphuysen CJ (2004) The Tricolor oil spill: an incident that should have been prevented. Atlantic Seabirds 6(3):81–84

    Google Scholar 

  47. Camphuysen CJ, Leopold MF (2004) The Tricolor oil spill: characteristics of seabirds found oiled in The Netherlands. Atlantic Seabirds 6(3):109–128

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kerckhof F, Roose P, Haelters J (2004) The Tricolor incident: from collision to environmental disaster. Atlantic Seabirds 6(3):85–94

    Google Scholar 

  49. Stienen EWM, Haelters J, Kerckhof F, van Waeyenberge J (2004) Three colours of black: seabird strandings in Belgium during the Tricolor incident. Atlantic Seabirds 6(3):129–146

    Google Scholar 

  50. Camphuysen CJ (2003) De zwartste winter in living memory en het grote stilzwijgen. Nieuwsbrief NZG 4(3):3–4

    Google Scholar 

  51. Camphuysen CJ, Schouten S, Gronert A (2010) Mystery spill of Polyisobutylene (C4H8)n off the Dutch coast affecting seabirds in March 2010. Seabird 23:143–145

    Google Scholar 

  52. Directie Noordzee (1995) Verontreinigingen Nederlands Continentaal Plat 1992–1994. Directie Noordzee, Dir.-Gen. Rijkswaterstaat, Rijswijk, 35 pp

    Google Scholar 

  53. Camphuysen CJ (1998) Beached bird surveys indicate decline in chronic oil pollution in the North Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 36(7):519–526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. European Maritime Safety Agency (2015) Earth Observation Services – CleanSeaNet. http://www.emsa.europa.eu/operations/cleanseanet/items.html?cid=122&id=2360. Accessed 11 June 2015

  55. Carpenter A (2015) European Maritime Safety Agency CleanSeaNet Activities in the North Sea. Hdb Environ Chem. doi:10.1007/698_2015_429

  56. Carpenter A (2007) The Bonn Agreement Aerial Surveillance programme: trends in North Sea oil pollution 1986-2004. Mar Pollut Bull 54(2007):149–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lagring R, Degraer S, de Montpellier G, Jacques T, van Roy W, Schallier R (2012) Twenty years of Belgian North Sea aerial surveillance: a quantitative analysis of results confirms effectiveness of international oil pollution legislation. Mar Pollut Bull 64:644–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bonn Agreement Secretariat (1999–2014). Bonn Agreement Aerial Surveillance Programme Annual Reports. Reports for 1998 to 2013. http://www.bonnagreement.org/publications. Accessed 11 June 2015

  59. Radach G, Moll A (1993) Estimation of the variability of production by simulating annual cycles of phytoplankton in the central North Sea. Prog Oceanogr 31:339–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Helmers R (2002) Statistical analysis of oil pollution data (1992–2000) from the Dutch part of the North Sea . Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  61. Fingas M, Brown C (2012) Oil spill remote sensing. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology. Springer, New York, pp 7491–7527

    Google Scholar 

  62. Clark RB (2001) Marine pollution, 5th edn, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 237 pp

    Google Scholar 

  63. Stone CJ, Webb A, Barton C, Ratcliffe N, Reed TC, Tasker ML, Camphuysen CJ, Pienkowski MW (1995) An atlas of seabird distribution in north-west European waters. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 326 pp

    Google Scholar 

  64. Camphuysen CJ, Leopold MF (1994) Atlas of seabirds in the southern North Sea. IBN Research report 94/6, NIOZ-Report 1994-8, Institute for Forestry and Nature Research, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Dutch Seabird Group, Texel

    Google Scholar 

  65. Begg GS, Reid JB, Tasker ML, Webb A (1997) Assessing the vulnerability of seabirds to oil pollution: sensitivity to spatial scale. Colonial Waterbirds 20:339–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Carter IC, Williams JM, Webb A, Tasker ML (1993) Seabird concentrations in the North Sea: an atlas of vulnerability to surface pollutants. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Aberdeen, 39 pp

    Google Scholar 

  67. Etkin DS, Wells P, Nauke M, Campbell J, Grey C, Koefoed J, Meyer T Johnston P (1998) Estimates of oil entering the marine environment in the past decade. GESAMP Working Group 32 Project. Proc. 21st Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. pp 903–910. http://www.environmental-research.com/publications/pdf/spill_costs/paper14.pdf

  68. Missiaen T, Moerkerke G (2002) De Paardenmarkt, een oude munitiestortplaats voor de Belgische kust. De Grote Rede 5:6–12

    Google Scholar 

  69. Nehring S (2009) Munitionsversenkungen durch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland - Legende oder Wirklichkeit? Natur- und Umweltschutz (Zeitschrift Mellumrat) 8(1):25–31

    Google Scholar 

  70. Camphuysen CJ, de Leeuw J (2011) The impact of hydrophobic and insoluble chemicals released from merchant shipping on European marine ecosystems and wildlife. In: Calewaert JB, McDonough N (eds) Chemical Pollution in Europe’s Seas: programmes, practices and priorities for research, Marine Board Position Paper, vol 16. pp 51–63. Marine Board-ESF, Ostend, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  71. Timm D, Dahlmann G (1991) Investigations into the source of non-mineral oils in the feathers of seabirds. In: Camphuysen CJ, van Franeker JA (eds) Oil pollution, Beached Bird Surveys and Policy: towards a more effective approach to an old problem. In: Proc. Int. NZG/NSO workshop, 19 April 1991, Rijswijk, Sula 5 (special issue). pp 15–17

    Google Scholar 

  72. Hak J (2003) Toename lozingen paraffine en chemicaliën. Nieuwsbrief Beheersvisie Noordzee 2010(6):4–5

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank John Huisman for comments on a draft version of the present chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Ecology Department, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

    Kees Camphuysen

  2. Department of Economics, Tilburg School of Economics and Management (TISEM), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Ben Vollaard

Authors
  1. Kees Camphuysen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ben Vollaard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kees Camphuysen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom

    Angela Carpenter

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Camphuysen, K., Vollaard, B. (2015). Oil Pollution in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea. In: Carpenter, A. (eds) Oil Pollution in the North Sea. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 41. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2015_430

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation