Abstract
The elimination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) during conventional wastewater treatment is not complete, and therefore, different amounts of these compounds are continuously released via wastewater effluents into the aquatic environment. This constitutes a major issue for water reuse, because these compounds can undergo transformation in the environment or during disinfection if reclaimed water is used for drinking water production. Different emerging contaminants, e.g., perfluorinated compounds, pharmaceuticals, antibacterials, plasticizers, and preservatives, and transformation products, which are in some cases more toxic than original compounds, have been occasionally found in finished drinking waters. The present chapter reviews the CECs detected in drinking water and the disinfection by-products generated by different CECs present in the aquatic environment. Moreover, the potential toxicologic effects that these pollutants and their transformation products pose for human health are also reviewed. Levels of these compounds in treated waters, and therefore exposure, could be reduced by the use of advanced removal technologies.
Keywords
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Abbreviations
- BDCM:
-
Bromodichloromethane
- BPA:
-
Bisphenol A
- CCL:
-
Contaminant candidate list
- CEC:
-
Contaminants of emerging concern
- DBP:
-
Disinfection by-product
- DDT:
-
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DOC:
-
Dissolved organic carbon
- E2:
-
17β-Estradiol
- EC50:
-
Half maximal effective concentration
- EDDP:
-
2-Ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine
- EE2:
-
17α-Ethinyl estradiol
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Authority
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- GSTT1:
-
Glutathione S-transferase theta-1
- GSTZ1:
-
Glutathione S-transferase zeta-1
- GWRS:
-
Groundwater Replenishment System
- HAA:
-
Haloacetic acid
- LDPE:
-
Low density polyethylene
- LOEC:
-
Lowest observed effect concentration
- MDA:
-
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
- MDEA:
-
3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine
- MDMA:
-
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstasy
- MF:
-
Microfiltration
- MTBE:
-
Methyl tert-butyl ether
- MX:
-
Mutagen X (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone)
- N-DBPs:
-
Nitrogen containing disinfection by-products
- NDMA:
-
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
- NF:
-
Nanofiltration
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PFCs:
-
Perfluorinated compounds
- PFCAs:
-
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates
- PFHpA:
-
Perfluoroheptanoic acid
- PFHxA:
-
Perfluorohexanoic acid
- PFHxS:
-
Perfluorohexane sulfonate
- PFOA:
-
Perfluorooctanoic acid
- PFOS:
-
Perfluorooctane sulfonate
- PFPeA:
-
Perfluoropentanoic acid
- PFSA:
-
Perfluoroalkyl sulfonate
- PTFE:
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon®
- PVC:
-
Polyvinylchloride
- REACH:
-
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals
- RO:
-
Reverse osmosis
- TCA:
-
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
- THC:
-
(±)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
- THM:
-
Trihalomethane
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Richardson, S.D., Postigo, C. (2015). Safe Drinking Water? Effect of Wastewater Inputs and Source Water Impairment and Implications for Water Reuse. In: Fatta-Kassinos, D., Dionysiou, D., Kümmerer, K. (eds) Wastewater Reuse and Current Challenges . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 44. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2015_371
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