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Perfluorinated Compounds’ Analysis, Environmental Fate and Occurrence: The Llobregat River as Case Study

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The Llobregat

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 21))

Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds are industrial chemicals widely used for more than 60 years. However, during the last decade, due to their high resistance to degradation, bioaccumulation attached to proteins, biomagnification to the food chain and their relation to toxicological effects of these compounds have gained scientific and regulatory attention.

In addition, the difficulty associated with their analysis in complex matrices such as biota, food and human fluids and tissues samples should be mentioned.

This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the current knowledge on PFCs’ analysis, environmental fate and occurrence in aquatic systems, using as a central example the Llobregat River.

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Abbreviations

AcH:

Acetic acid

ACN:

Acetonitrile

APCI:

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

APPI:

Atmospheric pressure photoionization

ASE:

Accelerated solvent extractor

DMF:

Dimethylformamide

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EPI:

Enhanced product ion

EQS:

Environmental quality standards

ESI:

Electrospray ionization source

Et-FOSA:

Ethyl perfluorosulphonamide

EtOAc:

Ethyl acetate

FID:

Flame ionization detection

FoH:

Formic acid

FOSA:

Perfluorosulphonamide

FOSE:

Perfluorooctane sulphonamide-ethanol

FTOH:

Fluorotelomer alcohol

FTUCA:

Fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylate

GC:

Gas chromatography

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HLB:

Hydrophilic lipophilic balance

ip-PFNA:

Isopropyl perfluorononanoic acid

IT:

Ion trap

LC/ARC:

Liquid chromatography/accurate radioisotope counting

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LC-MS/MS:

Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

LC-MS:

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

LRET:

Long-range environmental transport

MeOH:

Methanol

MLOD:

Method limit of detection

MLOQ:

Limits of quantification

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MS2 :

Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry

MS3 :

Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry

MTBE:

Methyl tert-butyl ether

N2 :

Nitrogen

NaAc:

Sodium acetate

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

N-EtFOSAA:

2-(N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulphonamido) acetic acid

NH4Ac:

Ammonium acetate

NH4OH:

Ammonium hydroxide

N-MeFOSAA:

2-(N-Methyl perfluorooctane sulphonamido) acetic acid

OW:

Office of Water

PAPs:

Polyfluoroalkyl phosphates

PE:

High density polyethylene

PEEK:

Polyether ether ketone

PFASAs:

Perfluorinated sulphonamides

PFASEs:

Perfluorinated sulphonamide ethanols

PFASs:

Perfluoro alkyl sulphonates

PFBA:

Perfluorobutanoic acid

PFBS:

Perfluorobutane sulphonate

PFC:

Perfluorinated compounds

PFCAs:

Perfluoro carboxylic acids

PFDA:

Perfluorodecanoic acid

PFDoA:

Perfluorododecanoic acid

PFDS:

Perfluorodecane sulphonate

PFEtS:

Perfluoroethyl sulphonate

PFHpA:

Perfluoroheptanoic acid

PFHpS:

Perfluoroheptane sulphonate

PFHxDA:

Perfluorohexadecanoic acid

PFHxS:

Perfluorohexane sulphonate

PFNA:

Perfluorononanoic acid

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFODA:

Perfluorooctadecanoic acid

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulphonate

PFOSI:

Perfluorooctane sulphinate

PFPeA:

Perfluoropentanoic acid

PFPrA:

Perfluoropropyl acid

PFPrS:

Perfluoropropyl sulphonate

PFTeA:

Perfluorotetradecanoic acid

PFTOHs:

Perfluorotelomers alcohols

PFUnA:

Perfluoroundecanoic acid

PHA:

Provisional Health Advisories

PLE:

Pressurized liquid extraction

POP:

Persistent organic pollutant

POSF:

Perfluorooctane sulphonyl fluoride

PP:

Polypropylene

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

QqLit:

Hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap

QqQ:

Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer

QTOF:

Hybrid quadrupole time of flight

RP:

Reversed phase

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SCARCE project:

Assessing and predicting effects on water quantity and quality in Iberian rivers caused by global change (2009–2014)

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SRM:

Selected reaction monitoring

TBA:

tert-Butyl alcohol

t-Bu-PFOS:

tert-Butyl perfluorooctane sulphonate

TDI:

Tolerable daily intake

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

THPFOS:

Tetrahydro-perfluorooctane sulphonate

TOF:

Time of flight

WAX:

Weak anionic exchange

WWTPs:

Wastewater treatment plants

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Acknowledgement

This work was funded by the project “Assessing and predicting effects on water quantity and quality in Iberian Rivers caused by global change” SCARCE (CSD-2009-00065).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    Marta Llorca, Francisca Pérez, Marinella Farré & Damià Barceló

  2. Nutrition and Food Chemistry Laboratory, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Yolanda Picó

  3. Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain

    Damià Barceló

Authors
  1. Marta Llorca
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  2. Francisca Pérez
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  3. Marinella Farré
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  4. Yolanda Picó
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  5. Damià Barceló
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marinella Farré .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. of the University of Girona, Catalan Institute for Water Research (IC, Scientific and Technological Park, Emili Grahit 101, Girona, 17003, Spain

    Sergi Sabater

  2. , Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain

    Antoni Ginebreda

  3. , Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain

    Damià Barceló

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Llorca, M., Pérez, F., Farré, M., Picó, Y., Barceló, D. (2012). Perfluorinated Compounds’ Analysis, Environmental Fate and Occurrence: The Llobregat River as Case Study. In: Sabater, S., Ginebreda, A., Barceló, D. (eds) The Llobregat. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 21. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2012_147

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