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Antibiotic Resistance in Waste Water and Surface Water and Human Health Implications

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Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 20))

Abstract

The utilization of antibiotics to control infectious diseases is one of the biggest advances in human and veterinary health care. However, the generalized use of antibiotics has been accompanied by a worrisome increase in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This evidence motivated numerous studies on the diversity and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genetic determinants not only in clinic but also in different environmental compartments. Given the particular importance that the anthropic water cycle (waste water/surface water/drinking water) may have in the development and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant organisms, this chapter aims at summarizing the recent advances in this area. Sections 1 and 2 are an Introduction to antibiotic resistance, summarizing some mechanisms and modes of resistance acquisition. In Sect. 3, the contribution of the environmental pollution and other anthropic pressures for antibiotic resistance evolution is discussed. The use of different methodologies and the limitations to achieve general conclusions on the characterization and quantification of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments are examined in Sects. 4 and 7. Sections 5–7 summarize recent evidences on the widespread distribution of antibiotic resistance in different compartments of the anthropic water cycle. The scarcity of studies giving evidences on the direct effect of anthropic pressures on antibiotic resistance acquisition and maintenance in treated waste/drinking waters is highlighted. The contribution of bacterial community rearrangement, imposed by water treatment processes, on the increase of antibiotic resistance is discussed.

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Abbreviations

16S rRNA:

16S small subunit ribosomal RNA

30S:

Small subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes

50S:

Large subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes

A:

Aminoglycosides

aac(3)-I:

Genes encoding 3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferases; confer resistance to aminoglycosides

aac(6′)-Ib-cr:

Gene encoding an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase; confers reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin

aadA:

Genes encoding aminoglycoside-3″-adenylyltransferases (AAD); confer resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin

AIA:

Antibiotic impregnated agar

ampC:

Gene encoding chromosomal β-lactamase; confers resistance to β-lactams

Ap:

Amphenicol

AP:

Ampicillin

aphA:

Gene encoding acid phosphatase/phosphotransferase; confers resistance to aminoglycosides

APUA:

Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics

AVn :

Average values of n plants

AX:

Amoxicillin

bla (TEM,CTX-M/GES/OXA/PER/SHV/TLA/VEB) :

Genes encoding extended spectrum β-lactamases; confer resistance to β-lactams

bla NDM-1 :

Gene encoding for the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1; confers resistance to almost all β-lactams

BSAC:

British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

C:

Ciprofloxacin

CA-SFM:

Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology

cat :

Genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferases; confer resistance to chloramphenicol

CDC:

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

CFU:

Colony forming units

CLSI:

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

cmr :

Gene encoding a putative efflux pump; confers resistance to chloramphenicol

COST:

European Cooperation in Science and Technology

DANMAP:

The Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research programme

DARE:

Detecting evolutionary hot spots of antibiotic resistance in Europe

DDM:

Disc diffusion method

dfr :

Genes encoding dihydrofolate reductases; confers resistance to trimethoprim

DGGE:

Denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EARS-Net:

European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network

ECDC:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

ECOFF:

Epidemiological cut-off values

erm(A/E):

Genes encoding rRNA methylase; confers resistance to erythromycin

erm(B/C/F):

Genes encoding rRNA methylases; confer cross-resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B

ESAC:

European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption

EUCAST:

European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

FE:

Final effluent

floR:

Gene encoding an exporter protein that specifically exports amphenicol antibiotics

G:

Glycopeptides

gyrA:

Gene encoding DNA gyrase subunit A; gene mutation confers resistance to ciprofloxacin

L:

β-lactam

M:

Macrolide

MD:

Microdilution method

mecA:

Gene encoding penicillin binding protein 2; confers resistance to penicillins

MMPN:

Modified most probable number

msrA:

Gene encoding methionine sulfoxide reductase A; confers resistance to erythromycin

n.a.:

Not available

NA:

Nalidixic acid

NARMS/USA:

National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (United States of America)

parC:

Gene encoding DNA topoisomerase IV subunit A; gene mutation confers resistance to quinolone

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

Q:

Quinolone

qac :

Gene encoding multidrug transporters

qepA :

Gene encoding an efflux pump; confers resistance to fluoroquinolone

qnr :

Genes encoding Qnr proteins, capable of protecting DNA gyrase; confer resistance to quinolone

qPCR:

Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

RVn :

Range values for n plants

S:

Sulfonamide

sat(1–2) :

Genes encoding a nourseothricin N-acetyltransferase; confer resistance to aminoglycosides

str :

Genes encoding phosphotransferases; confer resistance to streptomycin

sul(I–II):

Genes encoding a drug-resistant dihydropteroate synthase enzyme required for folate biosynthesis; confer resistance to sulfonamide

T:

Tetracycline

tet(A–D/K/L/Y):

Genes encoding efflux pumps; confer resistance to tetracyclines

tet(M/O/Q/W):

Genes encoding proteins protecting the ribosome from the inhibiting effects of tetracycline

tetR:

Gene encoding a repressor protein, which regulates the tetracycline efflux system genes

Ts:

Trimethoprim

TT:

Tertiary treatment implemented

van :

Genes encoding d-alanine:d-alanine ligases with a broad substrate specificity; confer inducible resistance to the glycopeptides antibiotics, as vancomycin

WHO:

World Health Organization

WT:

Wild-type

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal

    Célia M. Manaia & Ivone Vaz-Moreira

  2. LEPAE – Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    Olga C. Nunes

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  1. Célia M. Manaia
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  2. Ivone Vaz-Moreira
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  3. Olga C. Nunes
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Correspondence to Célia M. Manaia .

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    Damià Barceló

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Manaia, C.M., Vaz-Moreira, I., Nunes, O.C. (2011). Antibiotic Resistance in Waste Water and Surface Water and Human Health Implications. In: Barceló, D. (eds) Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry(), vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2011_118

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