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Melt Modification of Polyamides

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Polymers - Opportunities and Risks II

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 12))

Abstract

Polyamides are engineering plastics with a wide application area. The first part of this contribution deals with the degradation of polyamides including the discussion of degradation mechanism. The fast, controlled degradation reaction in the melt occurs upon addition of carboxylic acid and carboxylic anhydride compounds. Oligoamides with a defined molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution could be obtained in such a fast melt modification reaction by reactive extrusion. The general degradation mechanism

$$ {\text{R {-} COOH + P}}{{\text{A}}_1}{\text{{-}CO{-}NH{-}P}}{{\text{A}}_2} \to {\text{R {-} CO\ NH{-}P}}{{\text{A}}_2}\ {\text{ +\ P}} {{\text{A}}_1}{\text{ {-} COOH}} $$

includes “risk and chances” for reactive extrusion processes and is transferred to several polymer processing systems. By reactive extrusion new polymer materials could be obtained e.g. new graft and block copolymers. It was also possible to transfer chemical reaction into injection moulding processes to increase the bond strength in two-component injection and sandwich moulding processes or to modify the surface properties during an injection moulding process.

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Abbreviations

ε :

Elongation (%)

σ :

Tensile strength (MPa)

η :

Intrinsic viscosity

η red :

Reduced viscosity of solution (dl g−1)

AAc:

Acrylic acid

acN :

Impact strength of notched specimen, 23°C (kJ m−2)

acU :

Impact strength of unnotched specimen, 23°C (kJ m−2)

DMA:

N,N dimethyl acetamide

EVA:

Ethylene–vinylacetate copolymer

h:

Hour

HFo:

Formic acid

K p :

Boiling point

MAn:

Maleic anhydride

MFI:

Melt flow index [240°C/2.16 kg (g/10 min)]

\( {M_{\text{n}}}^{{\text{theor}}.} \) :

Calculated molecular weight based on added degradation compound

M w/M n :

Molecular weight distribution

PA-12:

Polyamide 12

PA-6:

Polyamide 6

PA-6.6:

Polyamide 6.6

PAAc:

Polyacrylic acid

PP-gAAc:

Acrylic acid grafted polypropylene

PP-gMAn:

Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene

TMAn:

Trimellitic anhydride

TPEVa :

EVA-g{[5 wt%]AAc}, EVA with 5 wt% grafted PAAc (homopolymer) chains

TPEVb :

EVA-g{[5 wt%]AAc-co-[5 wt%]S}, EVA with grafted copolymer chains consisting of 5 wt% AAc and 5 wt% styrene

TPU:

Thermoplastic polyurethane

wt%:

Weight%

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Polymer Research Dresden e. V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Dieter Lehmann

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  1. Dieter Lehmann
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Correspondence to Dieter Lehmann .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chemische Technologie (ICT), Fraunhofer Institut für, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 7, Pfinztal, 76327, Germany

    Peter Eyerer

  2. Sophienstr. 128, Karlsruhe, 76135, Germany

    Martin Weller

  3. Chemische Technologie (ICT), Fraunhofer Institut für, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 7, Pfinztal, 76327, Germany

    Christof Hübner

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Lehmann, D. (2009). Melt Modification of Polyamides. In: Eyerer, P., Weller, M., Hübner, C. (eds) Polymers - Opportunities and Risks II. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry(), vol 12. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2009_16

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