Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a human-specific pathogen, which leads to gastric pathologies including gastric cancer. It is a highly unique bacterium considered as a carcinogenic agent. H. pylori remains a major human health problem, responsible for ~90% of the gastric cancer cases. Approximately four billion individuals have been detected for H. pylori infection worldwide in 2015. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the prevalence of H. pylori has been declining in highly industrialized countries of the Western world, whereas prevalence has plateaued at a high level in developing and newly industrialized countries. However, the infection status remains high in immigrants coming from countries with high prevalence of H. pylori infection. H. pylori can be diagnosed both by invasive and non-invasive methods. Urea breath test and stool antigens detection are among the most commonly used non-invasive ones. Although the way H. pylori is transmitted remains still not fully clear, the level of contamination is strongly dependent on the familial and environmental context, with a drastic impact of living conditions with poor hygiene and sanitation. However, familial socioeconomic status is the main risk factor for H. pylori infection among children. In addition, food and water source have a high impact on the prevalence of H. pylori infection worldwide. This chapter highlights the latest knowledge in the epidemiology of H. pylori infection, its diagnosis and critical risk factors responsible for its high prevalence in some populations and geographic areas.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdul Rahim NR, Benson J, Grocke K, Vather D, Zimmerman J, Moody T, Mwanri L (2017) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in newly arrived refugees attending the Migrant Health Service, South Australia. Helicobacter 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12360
Adams BL, Bates TC, Oliver JD (2003) Helicobacter pylori in a natural freshwater environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(12):7462–7466. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.12.7462-7466.2003
Aguemon BD, Struelens MJ, Massougbodji OEM (2005) Prevalence and risk-factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in urban and rural Beninese populations. Clin Microbiol Infect 11(8):611–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01189.x
Aguilera-Correa JJ, Urruzuno P, Barrio J, Martinez MJ, Agudo S, Somodevilla A, Liorca L, Alarcon T (2017) Detection of Helicobacter pylori and the genotypes of resistance to clarithromycin and the heterogeneous genotype to this antibiotic in biopsies obtained from symptomatic children. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 87(2):150–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.03.001
Ahn J, Sinha R, Pei Z, Dominianni C, Wu J, Shi J, Goedert IJ, Hayes RB, Yang L (2013) Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(24):1907–1911. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt300
Amaral O, Fernandes I, Veiga N, Pereira C, Chaves C, Nelas P, Silva D (2017) Living conditions and Helicobacter pylori in adults. Biomed Res Int 2017:9082716. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9082716
Andersen LP, Wewer AV, Christiansen KM, Tvede M, Hansen JP, Henriksen FW, Krasilnikoff PA (1994) The humoral immune response to Helicobacter pylori infection in children with recurrent abdominal pain. APMIS 102(6):457–464
Angelidis AS, Tirodimos I, Bobos M, Kalamaki MS, Papageorgiou DK, Arvanitidou M (2011) Detection of Helicobacter pylori in raw bovine milk by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Int J Food Microbiol 151(2):252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.007
Arnold IC, Dehzad N, Reuter S, Martin H, Becher B, Taube C, Müller A (2011) Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 121:3088–3093. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI45041
Asgeirsdottir GA, Kjartansdottir I, Olafsdottir AS, Hreinsson JP, Hrafnkelsson H, Johannsson E, Björnsson ES (2017) Helicobacter pylori infection in Icelandic children. Scand J Gastroenterol 52(6-7):686–690. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2017.1304986
Assaad S, Chaaban R, Tannous F, Costanian C (2018) Dietary habits and Helicobacter pylori infection: a cross sectional study at a Lebanese hospital. BMC Gastroenterol 18(1):48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-018-0775-1
Azevedo NF, Almeida C, Fernandes I, Cerqueira L, Dias S, Keevil CW, Vieira JM (2008) Survival of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacter spp. in water. implications for transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol 74(6):1805–1811. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02241-07
Aziz RK, Khalifa MM, Sharaf RR (2015) Contaminated water as a source of Helicobacter pylori infection : a review. J Adv Res 6:539–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.007
Bastos J, Peleteiro B, Pinto H, Marinho A, Guimaraes JT, Ramos E, La Vecchia C, Barros H, Lunet N (2013) Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of Portuguese adolescents (EpiTeen). Dig Liver Dis 45(4):290–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2012.11.009
Best LM, Takwoingi Y, Siddique S, Selladurai A, Gandhi A, Low B, Yaghoobi M, Gurusamy KS (2018) Non-invasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection. Cochren Database Syst Rev 3:CD012080. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012080.pub2
Biernat MM, Iwanczak B, Binkowska A, Grabinska J, Gosciniak G (2016) The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic children: a 13-year observational study in the lower Silesian region. Adv Clin Exp Med 25(2):303–308. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/44372
Boehnke KF, Eaton KA, Valdivieso M, Baker LH, Xi C (2015) Animal model reveals potential waterborne transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 20(5):326–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12216
Boehnke KF, Eaton KA, Fontaine C, Brewster R, Wu J, Eisenberg JNS, Valdivieso M, Baker LH, Xi C (2017) Reduced infectivity of waterborne viable but nonculturable Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 in mice. Helicobacter 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12391
Bontems P, Devaster JM, Corvaglia L, Dezsöfi A, Van Den Borre C, Goutier S, Butzler JP, Cadranel S (2001) Twelve year observation of primary and secondary antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20(11):1033–1038
Burucoa C, Delchier JC, Courillon-Mallet A, de Korwin JD, Mégraud F, Zerbib F, Raymond J, Fauchère JL (2013) Comparative evaluation of 29 commercial Helicobacter pylori serological kits. Helicobacter 18(3):169–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12030
Cadranel S, Corvaglia L, Bontems P, Deprez C, Glupczynski Y, Van Riet A, Keppens E (1998) Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children with a standardized and simplified 13C-urea breath test. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 27(3):275–280
Capelle LG, De Vries AC, Haringsma J, Ter Borg F, de Vries RA, Bruno MJ, van Dekken H, Meijer J, van Grieken NC, Kuipers EJ (2010) The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc 71(7):1150–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.029
Cardenas VM, Mulla ZD, Ortiz M, Graham DY (2006) Iron deficiency and Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 163(2):127–134. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj018
Carreira H, Bastos A, Peleteiro B, Lunet N (2015) Breast-feeding and Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 18(3):500–520. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014000500
Chan FT, Mackenzie AM (1986) Evaluation of primary selective media and enrichment methods for Campylobacter species isolation. Eur J Clin Microbiol 5(2):162–164
Correa P (1992) Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process. First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 52(24):6735–6740
Correa P, Piazuelo MB (2011) Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma. US. Gastroenterol Hepatol Rev 7(1):59–64
Corvaglia L, Bontems P, Devaster JM, Heimann P, Glupczynski Y, Keppens E, Cadranel S (1999) Accuracy of serology and 13C-urea breath test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18(11):976–979
Daugule I, Karklina D, Rudzite D, Remberga S, Rumba-Rozenfelde I (2016) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among preschool children in Latvia: no significant decrease in prevalence during a ten year period. Scand J Public Health 44(4):418–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494816631861
Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P (1996) Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 20(10):1161–1181
Dore MP, Bilotta M, Vaira D, Manca A, Massarelli G, Leandro G, Atzei A, Pisanu G, Graham DY, Realdi G (1999a) High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in shepherds. Dig Dis Sci 44(6):1161–1164
Dore MP, Sepulveda AR, Osato MS, Realdi G, Graham DY (1999b) Helicobacter pylori in sheep milk. Lancet 354(9173):132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01724-9
Dore MP, Sepulveda AR, Al-Zimaity H, Yamaoka Y, Osato MS, Mototsugu K, Nieddu AM, Realdi G, Graham DY (2001) Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from sheep-implications for transmission to humans. Am J Gastroenterol 96(5):1396–1401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03772.x
Dore MP, Malaty HM, Graham DY, Fanciulli G, Delitalia G, Realdi G (2002) Risk Factors Associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among children in a defined geographic area. Clin Infect Dis 35(3):240–245. https://doi.org/10.1086/341415
Douraghi M, Nateghi Rostami M, Goudarzi H, Ghalavand Z (2013) Comparison of stool antigen immunoassay and serology for screening for Helicobacter pylori infection in intellectually disabled children. Microbiol Immunol 57(11):772–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12099
Eslick GD, Lim LL, Byles JE, Xia HH, Talley NJ (1999) Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 94(9): 2373-2379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01360.x
Everhart JE, Kruszon-Moran D, Perez-Perez GI, Tralka TS, McQuillan G (2000) Seroprevalence and ethnic differences in Helicobacter pylori infection among adults in the United States. J Infect Dis 181:1359–1363. https://doi.org/10.1086/315384
Fallone CA, Chiba N, Van Zanten S, Fischbach L, Gisbert JP, Hunt RH, Jones NL, Render C, Leontiadis GI, Moayyedi P, Marshall JK (2016) The Toronto consensus for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Adults. Gastroenterology 151(1):51–69. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.006
Fernandes RM, Silva H, Oliveira R, Almeida C, Azevedo NF, Vieira MJ (2017) Morphological transition of Helicobacter pylori adapted to water. Future Microbiol 12(13):1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2016-0174
Ferreira RM, Pereira-Marques J, Pinto-Ribeiro I, Costa JL, Carneiro F, Machado JC, Figueiredo C (2018) Gastric microbial community profiling reveals a dysbiotic cancer associated microbiota. Gut 67(2):226–236. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314205
Fujimura S, Kawamura T, Kato S, Tateno H, Watanabe A (2002) Detection of Helicobacter pylori in cow’s milk. Lett Appl Microbiol 35(6):504–507. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01229.x
Fujimura S, Kato S, Watanabe A (2008) Water source as a Helicobacter pylori transmission route: a 3-year follow-up study of Japanese children living in a unique district. J Med Microbiol 57(Pt 7):909–910. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47683-0
Garcia A, Salas-Jara MJ, Herrera C, Gonzalez C (2014) Biofilm and Helicobacter pylori: from environment to human host. World J Gastroenterol 20(19):5632–5638. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5632
Gevers D, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Vazquez-Baeza Y, Van Treuren W, Ren B, Schwager E, Knights D, Song SJ, Yassour M, Morgan XC, Kostic AD, Luo C, Gonzalez A, McDonald D, Haberman Y, Walters T, Baker S, Rosh J, Stephens M, Heyman M, Markowitz J, Baldassano R, Griffiths A, Sylvester F, Mack D, Kim S, Crandall W, Hyams J, Huttenhower C, Knight R, Xavier RJ (2014) The treatment-naive microbiome in new onset Crohn’s disease. Cell Host Microbe 15(3):382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.005
Goodman KJ, Correa P (2000) Transmission of Helicobacter pylori among siblings. Lancet 355(9201):358–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05273-3
Goodman KJ, Correa P, Tengana Aux HJ, Ramirez H, DeLany JP, Guerrero Pepinosa O, Lopez Quinones M, Collazos Parra T (1996) Helicobacter pylori infection in the Colombian Andes: a population-based study of transmission pathways. Am J Epidemiol 144(3):290–299
Goodman KJ, Correa P, Tengana Aux HJ, DeLany JP, Collazos T (1997) Nutritional factors and Helicobacter pylori infection in Colombian children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 25(5):507–515
Graham DY, Klein PD, Evans DJ Jr, Evans DG, Alpert LC, Opekun AR, Boutton TW (1987) Campylobacter pylori detected noninvasively by the 13C-urea breath test. Lancet 1(8543):1174–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92145-3
Graham DY, Lu H, Yamaoka Y (2009) African, Asian or Indian enigma, the East Asian Helicobacter pylori: facts or medical myths. J Dig Dis 10(2):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00368.x
Guarner J, Kalach N, Elitsur Y, Koletzko S (2010) Helicobacter pylori diagnostic tests in children: review of the literature from 1999 to 2009. Eur J Pediatr 169(1):15-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1033-x
Hamrah MH, Hamrah MS, Hassan Hamrah M, Kanda M, Hamrah AE, Dahi AE, Homayoun F, Hamrah MH, Fotouhi A, Sakamoto J (2017) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients in Andkhoy Afghanistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 18(11):3123–3127. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.11.3123
Hasosah M, Satti M, Shehzad A, Alsahafi A, Sukkar G, Alzaben A, Sunaid A, Ahmed A, AlThubiti S, Mufti A, Jacobson K (2015) Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Saudi children: a three-year prospective controlled study. Helicobacter 20(1):56–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12172
Honar N, Minazadeh A, Shakibazad N, Haghighat M, Saki F, Javaherizadeh H (2016) Dagnostic accuracy of urea breath breath test for Helicobacter pylori infection in children with dyspepsia in comparison to histopathology. Arq Gastroenterol 53(2):108–112. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032016000200011
Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MMY, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, Malfertheimer P, Graham DY, Wong VWS, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Kaplan GG, Ng SC (2017) Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 153(2):420–429. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022
Horiuchi T, Ohkusa T, Watanabe M, Kobayashi D, Miwa H, Eishi Y (2001) Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 45(7):515–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02652.x
Hulten K, Hans SW, Enroth H, Klein PD, Opekun AR, Gilman RH, Evans DG, Engstrand L, Graham DY, El-Zaatari FA (1996) Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in Peru. Gastroenterology 110(4):1031–1035. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8612990
IARC (1994) Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7–14 June 1994. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 61:1–241
Jones NL, Koletzko S, Goodman K, Bontems P, Cadranel S, Casswall T, Czinn S, Gold BD, Guarner J, Elitsur Y, Homan M, Kalach N, Kori M, Madrazo A, Mégraud F, Papadopoulo A, Rowland M, ESPGHAN NASPGHAN (2017) Joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN Guidelines for the Management of Helicobacter pylori in Children and Adolescents (Update 2016). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64(6):991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001594
Kalach N, Gosset P, Dehecq E, Decoster A, Spyckerelle C, Papadopolos S, Dupont C, Raymond J (2015) Usefulness of gastric biopsy-based real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 61(3):307–312. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000787
Kalach N, Gosset P, Dehecq E, Decoster A, Georgel AF, Spyckerelle C, Papadopoulo A, Dupont C, Raymond J (2017) A one-step immune-chromatographic Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test for children was quick, consistent, reliable and specific. Acta Paediatr 106(12):2025–2030. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13968
Kienesberger S, Cox LM, Livanos A, Zhang XS, Chung J, Perez-Perez G, Gorkiewicz G, Zechner EL, Blaser MJ (2016) Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection affects local and distant microbial populations and host responses. Cell Reports 14:1395–1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.017
Kikuchi S, Kurosawa M, Sakiyama T (1998) Helicobacter pylori risk associated with sibship size and family history of gastric diseases in Japanese adults. Jpn J Cancer Res 89(11):1109-1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00504.x
Kodaman N, Pazos A, Schneider BG, Piazuelo MB, Mera R, Sobota RS, Sicinschi LA, Shaffer CL, Romero-Gallo J, de Sablet T, Harder RH, Bravo LE, Peek RM Jr, Wilson KT, Cover TL, Williams SM, Correa P (2014) Human and Helicobacter pylori coevolution shapes the risk of gastric disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(4):1455–1460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318093111
Koletzko S, Richy F, Bontems P, Crone J, Kalach N, Monteiro ML, Gottrand F, Celinska-Cedro D, Roma-Giannikou E, Orderda G, Kolacek S, Urruzuno P, Martinez-Gomez MJ, Casswall T, Ashorn M, Bodanszky H, Mégraud F (2006) Prospective multicentre study on antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains obtained from children living in Europe. Gut 55(12):1711–1716. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.091272
Kusano C, Gotoda T, Ishikawa MM (2017) The administrative project of Helicobacter pylori infection screening among junior high school students in an area of Japan with a high incidence of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 20(Suppl 1):16–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-017-0688-7
Lash RH, Genta RM (2016) Routine Anti-Helicobacter immunohistochemical staining is significantly superior to reflex staining protocols for the detection of Helicobacter in gastric biopsy specimens. Helicobacter 21(6):581–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12315
Leal YA, Flores LL, Fuentes-Panana EM, Cedillo-Rivera R, Torres J (2011) 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 16(4):327–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00863.x
Makristathis A, Pasching E, Schutze K, Wimmer M, Rotter ML, Hirschl AM (1998) Detection of Helicobacter pylori in stool specimens by PCR and antigen enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 36(9):2772–2774
Malaty HM, Evans DG, Evans DJ Jr, Graham DY (1992) Helicobacter pylori in Hispanics: comparison with blacks and whites of similar age and socioeconomic class. Gastroenterology 103(3):813–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(92)90011-M
Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O’Morain CA, Gisbert JP, Kuipers EJ, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, Gasbarrini A, Atherton J, Graham DY, Hunt R, Moayyedi P, Rokkas T, Rugge M, Selgrad M, Suerbaum S, Sugano K, El-Omar EM, European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group and Consensus Panel (2017) Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence consensus report. Gut 66(1):6–30. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312288
Mana F, Vandebosch S, Miendje Deyi V, Haentjens P, Urbain D (2013) Prevalence of and risk factors for H. pylori infection in healthy children and young adults in Belgium anno 2010/2011. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 76(4):381–385
Mastromarino P, Conti C, Donato K, Strappini PM, Cattaruzza MS, Orsi GB (2005) Does hospital work constitute a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection? J Hosp Infect 60:261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2004.12.019
McNulty CA, Wise R (1985) Rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter-associated gastritis. Lancet 1(8443):1443–1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91865-3
Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, Levy J, Toosy T, Strachan D, Northfield TC (1992) Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life. Lancet 339:896–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90931-R
Miendje Deyi VY, Bontems P, Vanderpas J, De Koster E, Nitounda R, Van den Borre C, Cadranel S, Burette A (2011) Multicenter survey of routine determinations of resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antimicrobials over the last 20 years (1990 to 2009) in Belgium. J Clin Microbiol 49(6):2200–2209. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02642-10
Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, Delaney B, Harris A, Innes M, Oakes R, Wilson S, Roalfe A, Bennett C, Forman D (2006) Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (19, 2):Cd002096. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002096.pub4
Momtaz H, Dabiri H, Souod N, Gholami M (2014) Study of Helicobacter pylori genotype status in cows, sheep, goats and human beings. BMC Gastroenterol 14(61). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-14-61
Moosazadeh M, Lankarani KB, Afshari M (2016) Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among children and adults of Iran. Int J Prev Med 7:48. https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.177893
Morais S, Costa AR, Ferro A, Lunet N, Peleteiro B (2017) Contemporary migration patterns in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Helicobacter 22(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12372
Moreno Y, Ferrus MA (2012) Specific detection of cultivable Helicobacter pylori cells from wastewater treatment plants. Helicobacter 17(5):327–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15235378.2012.00961.x
Mousavi S, Dehkordi FS, Rahimi E (2014) Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolated from raw milk and unpasteurized dairy products in Iran. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 20:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1678-9199-20-51
Murray LJ, McCrum EE, Evans AE, Bamford KB (1997) Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection among 4742 randomly selected subjects from Northern Ireland. Int J Epidemiol 26:880–887
Nakayama Y, Lin Y, Hongo M, Hidaka H, Kikuchi S (2017) Helicobacter pylori infection and its related factors in junior high school students in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Helicobacter 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12363
Nguyen TVH, Nguyen VB, Binh Phan TT et al (2016) Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Tay Children in Vietnam. Ann Clin Lab Res 04:1–9. Available from: http://www.aclr.com.es/clinical-research/epidemiology-of-helicobacter-pylori-infection-in-tay-children-in-vietnam.pH. pylori?aid=17244
Ogihara A, Kikuchi S, Hasegawa A, Kurosawa M, Miki K, Kaneko E, Mizukoshi H (2000) Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and smoking and drinking habits. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15(3):271–276
Okuda M, Miyashiro E, Koike M, Tanaka T, Bouoka M, Okuda S, Yoshikawa N (2002) Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection is not accurate for children aged below 10. Pediatr Int 44(4):387–390. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-200X.2002.01585.x
Osaki T, Mabe K, Hanawa T, Kamiya S (2008) Urease-positive bacteria in the stomach induce a false-positive reaction in a urea breath test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Med Microbiol 57(Pt 7):814-819. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47768-0
Osaki T, Okuda M, Ueda J, Konno M, Yonezawa H, Hojo F, Yagyu K, Lin Y, Fukuda Y, Kikuchi S, Kamiya S (2013) Multilocus sequence typing of DNA from faecal specimens for the analysis of intra-familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol 62:761–765. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.053140-0
Osaki T, Zaman C, Yonezawa H, Lin Y, Okuda M, Nozaki E, Hojo F, Kurata S, Hanawa T, Kikuchi S, Kamiya S (2018) Influence of intestinal indigenous microbiota on intrafamilial infection by Helicobacter pylori in Japan. Front Immunol 9(287). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00287
Ozaydin N, Turkyilmaz SA, Cali S (2013) Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori in Turkey: a nationally-representative, cross-sectional, screening with the 13C-Urea breath test. BMC Public Health 13(1215). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1215
Papiez D, Konturek PC, Bielanski W, Plonka M, Dobrzanska M, Kaminska A, Szczyrk U, Bochenek A, Wierzchos E (2003) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Polish shepherds and their families. Dig Liver Dis 35(1):10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1590-8658(02)00004-X
Raj P, Thompson JF, Pan DH (2017) Helicobacter pylori serology testing is a useful diagnostic screening tool for symptomatic inner city children. Acta Paediatr 106(3):470–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13724
Raymond J, Kalach N, Bergeret M, Barbet JP, Benhamou PH, Gendrel D, Dupont C (1996) Evaluation of a serological test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15(5):415–417
Raymond J, Thiberge JM, Kalach N, Bergeret M, Dupont C, Labigne A, Dauga C (2008) Using macro-arrays to study routes of infection of Helicobacter pylori in three families. PLoS One 3(5):e2259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002259
Rodriguez JM, Murphy K, Stanton C, Ross RP, Kober OI, Juge N, Avershina E, Rudi K, Narbad A, Janmalm MC, Marchesi JR, Collado MC (2015) The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life. Microb Ecol Health Dis 26(26050). https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26050
Rugge M, Meggio A, Pennelli G, Piscioli F, Giacomelli L, De Pretis G, Graham DY (2007) Gastritis staging in clinical practice: the OLGA staging system. Gut 56(5):631–636. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.106666
Selgrad M, Tammer I, Langner C, Bornschein J, Meißle J, Kandulski A, Varbanova M, Wex T, Schlüter D, Malfertheimer P (2014) Different antibiotic susceptibility between antrum and corpus of the stomach, a possible reason for treatment failure of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 20(43):16245–16251. https://doi.org/. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16245
Senbanjo IO, Oshikoya KA, Njokanma OF (2014) Helicobacter pylori associated with breastfeeding, nutritional status and recurrent abdominal pain in healthy Nigerian children. J Infect Dev Ctries 8(4):448–453. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3196
Shady MM, Fathy HA, Ali A, Galal EM, Fathy GA, Sibaii H (2015) Comparison of serum IgG antibody test with gastric biopsy for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection among Egyptian children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 3:303–306. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.062
Shu X, Ping M, Yin G, Jiang M (2017) Investigation of Helicobacter pylori infection among symptomatic children in Hangzhou from 2007 to 2014: a retrospective study with 12,796 cases. PeerJ 5:e2937. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2937
Strebel K, Rolle-Kampczyck U, Richter M, Kindler A, Richter T, Schlink U (2010) A rigorous small area modelling-study for the Helicobacter pylori epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 408(18):3931–3942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.045
Suerbaum S, Michetti P (2002) Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med 347(15):1175–1186. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra020542
Sykora J, Siala K, Varvarovska J, Pazdiora P, Pomahacova R, Huml M (2009) Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic children: a prospective population-based study from the Czech Republic. Application of a monoclonal-based antigen-in-stool enzyme immunoassay. Helicobacter 14(4):286–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00689.x
Thomas JE, Austin S, Dale A, McClean P, Harding M, Coward WA, Weaver LT (1993) Protection by human milk IgA against Helicobacter pylori infection in infancy. Lancet 342(8863):121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91327-I
Torres J, Perez-Perez G, Goodman KJ, Atherton JC, Gold BD, Harris PR, Ia Garza AM, Guarner J, Munoz O (2000) A comprehensive review of the natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Arch Med Res 31(5):431–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00099-0
Triantafillidis JK, Gikas A, Hyphantis T, Cheracakis P, Rokkas T, Konstantellou E, Antoniou A, Mallas H, Androulakis G (2002) Helicobacter pylori infection in hospital workers over a 5-year period: correlation with demographic and clinical parameters. J Gastroenterol 37(12):1005–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005350200170
Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakido M, Taniyama K, Sasaki N, Schiemper RJ (2001) Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 345(11):784–789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa001999
Urita Y, Watanabe T, Kawagoe N, Takemoto I, Tanaka H, Kijima S, Kido H, Maeda T, Sugasawa Y, Miyazaki T, Honda Y, Nakanishi K, Shimada N, Nakajima H, Sugimoto M, Urita C (2013) Role of infected grandmothers in transmission of Helicobacter pylori to children in a Japanese rural town. J Paediatr Child Health 49(5):394–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12191
Vandenplas Y, Blecker U, Devreker T, Keppens E, Nijs J, Cadranel S, Pipeleers-Marichal M, Goossens A, Lauwers S (1992) Contribution of the 13C-urea breath test to the detection of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in children. Pediatrics 90(4):608–611
Westblom TU, Madan E, Gudipati S, Midkiff BR, Czinn SJ (1992) Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in adult and pediatric patients by using Pyloriset, a rapid latex agglutination test. J Clin Microbiol 30(1):96–98
Yahaghi E, Khamesipour F, Mashayekhi F, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Sakhaei MH, Masoudimanesh M, Khameneie MK (2014) Helicobacter pylori in vegetables and salads: genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties. Biomed Res Int 2014:757941. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/757941
Zabala Torres B, Lucero Y, Lagomarcino AJ, Orellana-Manzano A, George S, Torres JP, O’Ryan M (2017) Review: Prevalence and dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection during childhood. Helicobacter 22(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12399
Zamani M, Ebrahimtabar F, Zamani V, Miller WH, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Shokri-Shirvani J, Derakhshan MH (2018) Systematic review with meta-analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 47(7):868–876. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14561
Zhu Y, Zhou X, Wu J, Su J, Zhang G (2014) Risk factors and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in persistent high incidence area of gastric carcinoma in Yangzhong city. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014:481365. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/481365
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kotilea, K., Bontems, P., Touati, E. (2019). Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection. In: Kamiya, S., Backert, S. (eds) Helicobacter pylori in Human Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1149. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_357
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_357
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21915-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21916-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)