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Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 1 pp 1–15Cite as

Embryonic Stem Cells in Development and Regenerative Medicine

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((CBTMED,volume 1079))

Abstract

After progressive improvement in embryonic stem (ES) cell field, several studies have been conducted to explore the usage of ES cells in regenerative medicine. Unlimited self renewal and pluripoteny properties, combined with encouraging preclinical trials, remark that ES cell technology might be promising for clinical practice. ES cells, which can form three germ layers in vitro, are potential candidates to study development at the cellular and molecular level. Understanding the cell fate decision and differentiation processes during development might enable generating functional progenitor cells for tissue restoration. Progression in gene modifications and tissue engineering technology has facilitated the derivation of desired cells for therapy. Success in differentiation protocols and identification the regulatory pathways simplify the research for clinical applications. Although there are established protocols for cell differentiation in vitro and promising preclinical studies in vivo, many challenges need to be adressed before clinical translation. In this review, ES cells are discussed as a model of development in vitro and as a potential candidate for regenerative medicine. This review also dissusses current challenges for ES cell based therapy.

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Abbreviations

ALS:

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

ASCs:

Adult Stem Cells

BDNF:

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

BMP:

Bone Morphogenic Protein

EB:

Embryoid Body

ECM:

Extracellular Matrix

EGF:

Epidermal Growth Factor

ES cells:

Embryonic stem cells

FACS:

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting

FGF:

Fibroblast Growth Factor

Flt3L:

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand

FoxO1:

Forkhead box O1

G-CSF:

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

GDNF:

Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

HSCs:

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

ICM:

Inner Cell Mass

IL:

Interleukins

IPS:

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

LIF:

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

MACS:

Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting

MHC:

Major Histocompatibility Complex

MS:

Multiple Sclerosis

MSCs:

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

NGF:

Nerve Growth Factor

PODXL:

Podocalyxin-like protein-1

RA:

Retinoic Acid

SCF:

Stem Cell Factor

SCNT:

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

SHH:

Sonic Hedgehog

TSCs:

Trophoblast Stem Cells

XENCs:

Extraembryonic Endoderm Cells

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  1. National Cancer Institute, CDBL, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA

    Ayşegül Doğan

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  1. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Retired), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Kursad Turksen

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Doğan, A. (2018). Embryonic Stem Cells in Development and Regenerative Medicine. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 1. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1079. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_175

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