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Emerging Zika Virus Infection: A Rapidly Evolving Situation

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Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AMIDPH,volume 972))

Abstract

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, firstly identified in Uganda and responsible for sporadic human cases in Africa and Asia until recently, when large outbreak occurred in Pacific Ocean and the Americas. Since the main vectors during its spread outside of Africa have been Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, which are widely distributed all over the world, there is urgent need for a coordinated response for prevention and spread of ZIKV epidemics.

Despite clinical manifestation of Zika virus infection are usually mild and self limiting, there are reports suggesting, during the recent epidemic, an association of ZIKV infection with severe consequences, including fetal/newborn microcephaly, due to vertical in utero transmission, autoimmune-neurological presentations including cranial nerve dysfunction, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome in adults. The primary mode of transmission of Zika virus between humans is through the bite of an infected female mosquito of the Aedes genus, but also sexual and blood transfusion transmission may occur. Moreover, a case of non-sexual spread from one person to another has been described, indicating that we still have more to learn about Zika transmission.

Biological basis for pathogenetic effects are under investigation. Laboratory diagnosis is challenging since, so far, there are no “gold standard” diagnostic tools, and the low and short viremia in the acute phase, and together with the high cross-reactivity among the members of flavivirus genus are the most challenging aspects to be overcome.

The original version of this chapter has been revised. An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1007/5584_2017_16

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2017_16

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Abbreviations

ZIKV:

Zika virus

YFV:

Yellow fever virus

DENV:

Dengue virus

JEV:

Japanese encephalitis virus

WNV:

West Nile virus

TBEV:

Tick-borne encephalitis virus

SLEV

St. Louis encephalitis virus

MVEV:

Murray Valley encephalitis virus

ROCV:

Rocio virus

KFDV:

Kyasanur forest virus

ALKV:

Alkhurma virus

OHFV:

Omsk Hemorrhagic fever virus

POW:

Powassan virus

C:

capsid protein

prM:

the precursor of membrane protein

E:

the envelope protein

RdRP:

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

NSP:

non structural proteins

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

CHIKV:

Chikungunya virus

GBS:

Guillain-Barré syndrome

hNPCs:

human neural progenitor cells

hESC:

human embryonic stem cells

DC-SIGN:

adhesion molecule of dendritic cells

IFN-α:

interferon-α

IFN-β:

interferon-β

PRRs:

pattern recognition receptors

PAMPS:

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

CPE:

cytopathic effect

DC-SIGN:

adhesion molecule of dendritic cells

TLR:

Toll like receptor

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Funding

This work was supported by grants of Italian Ministry of Health, for “Ricerca Corrente” and “Ricerca Finalizzata”. PFCV is supported by the Brazilian Agency for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) grants 573739/2008-0, 301641/2010-2, 401558/2013-4 and 457664/2013-4.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149, Rome, Italy

    Licia Bordi, Eleonora Lalle & Maria Rosaria Capobianchi

  2. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Tatjana Avsic-Zupanc

  3. Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

    Francesco Vairo

  4. Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil

    Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos

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  1. Licia Bordi
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  3. Eleonora Lalle
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  4. Francesco Vairo
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  5. Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
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  6. Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
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Correspondence to Maria Rosaria Capobianchi .

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  1. Istituto Superiore di Sanità IRCCS, Roma, Italy

    Giovanni Rezza

  2. IRCCS, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Roma, Italy

    Giuseppe Ippolito

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Bordi, L., Avsic-Zupanc, T., Lalle, E., Vairo, F., Rosaria Capobianchi, M., da Costa Vasconcelos, P.F. (2016). Emerging Zika Virus Infection: A Rapidly Evolving Situation. In: Rezza, G., Ippolito, G. (eds) Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 972. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_187

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