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Polymerization of 1,3-Conjugated Dienes with Rare-Earth Metal Precursors

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Molecular Catalysis of Rare-Earth Elements

Part of the book series: Structure and Bonding ((STRUCTURE,volume 137))

Abstract

This chapter surveys the publications except patents related to cis-1,4-, trans-1,4-, 3,4-regio-, and stereoselective polymerizations of 1,3-conjugated dienes with rare-earth metal-based catalytic systems during the past decade from 1999 to 2009. The concerned catalyst systems are classified into the conventional Ziegler–Natta catalysts, the modified Ziegler–Natta catalysts, and the single-site cationic systems composed of lanthanocene and noncyclopentadienyl precursors, respectively. For the conventional Ziegler–Natta catalysts of the most promising industry applicable recipe, the multicomponents based on lanthanide carboxylate or phosphate or alkoxide precursors, research works concern mainly about optimizing the catalyst preparation and polymerization techniques. Special emphases are put on the factors that influence the catalyst homogeneority, catalytic activity and efficiency, as well as cis-1,4-selectivity. Meanwhile, tailor-made lanthanide aryloxide and amide complexes are designed and fully characterized to mimic the conventional Ziegler–Natta catalysts, anticipated to elucidate the key processes, alkylation and cationization, for generating the active species. Regarding to the single-site catalytic systems generally comprising well-defined complexes containing lanthanide–carbon bonds, investigations cover their versatile catalytic activity and efficiency, and the distinguished regio- and stereoselectivity for both polymerization of dienes and copolymerization of dienes with alkenes. The correlation between the sterics and electronics of ligands and the molecular structures of the complexes and their catalytic performances are highlighted. The isolation of the probable active species in these polymerization processes from the stoichiometric reactions of the precursors with activators will be presented.

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Abbreviations

Ar:

Aryl

BD:

Butadiene

BR:

Polybutadiene rubber

Bu:

Butyl

CN:

Coordination number

cot:

Cyclooctatetraene

Cp:

Cyclopentadienyl

d:

Day(s)

DIBAC:

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

DIBAH:

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

DMAC:

Dimethylaluminum chloride

DME:

Dimethoxyethane

DMPE:

1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

EASC:

Ethylaluminum sesquichloride

equiv:

Equivalent(s)

Et:

Ethyl

Flu:

Fluorenyl

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

h:

Hour(s)

Hex:

Hexyl

HIBAO:

Hexaisobutylaluminoxane

iBu:

Isobutyl

Ind:

Indenyl

IP:

Isoprene

iPr:

Isopropyl

IR:

Polyisoprene rubber

L:

Liter(s)

Ln:

Rare-earth metal (i.e., Sc, Y, La–Lu)

MAO:

Methylaluminoxane

Me:

Methyl

Mes:

Mesityl

min:

Minute(s)

MMA:

Methyl methacrylate

MMAO:

Modified methylaluminoxane

ND:

Neodecanoate

NDH:

Neodecanoic acid

NdP:

Neodymium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate

NdV:

Neodymium versatate

NHC:

N-heterocyclic carbene

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NR:

Natural rubber

Oct:

Octyl

Ph:

Phenyl

Phen:

1,10-Phenanthroline

Pr:

Propyl

Py:

Pyridine

RT:

Room temperature

SBR:

Styrene–butadiene rubbers

SEC:

Size exclusion chromatography

TBP:

Tributylphosphate

tBu:

Tertbutyl

TEA:

Triethylaluminum

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

TIBA:

Triisobutylaluminum

TMA:

Trimethylaluminum

TNHA:

Tri(n-hexyl)aluminum

TNOA:

Tri(n-octyl)aluminum

TON:

Turnover number

VT:

Variable temperature

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Zhang, Z., Cui, D., Wang, B., Liu, B., Yang, Y. (2010). Polymerization of 1,3-Conjugated Dienes with Rare-Earth Metal Precursors. In: Roesky, P. (eds) Molecular Catalysis of Rare-Earth Elements. Structure and Bonding, vol 137. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2010_16

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