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Smelling, Tasting, Learning: Drosophila as a Study Case

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Chemosensory Systems in Mammals, Fishes, and Insects

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 47))

Abstract

Understanding brain function is to account for how the sensory system is integrated with the organism's needs to organize behaviour. We review what is known about these processes with regard to chemosensation and chemosensory learning in Drosophila. We stress that taste and olfaction are organized rather differently. Given that, e.g., sugars are nutrients and should be eaten (irrespective of the kind of sugar) and that toxic substances should be avoided (regardless of the kind of death they eventually cause), tastants are classified into relatively few behavioural matters of concern. In contrast, what needs to be done in response to odours is less evolutionarily determined. Thus, discrimination ability is warranted between different kinds of olfactory input, as any difference between odours may potentially be or become important. Therefore, the olfactory system has a higher dimensionality than gustation, and allows for more sensory—motor flexibility to attach acquired behavioural ‘meaning’ to odours. We argue that, by and large, larval and adult Drosophila are similar in these kinds of architecture, and that additionally there are a number of similarities to vertebrates, in particular regarding the cellular architecture of the olfactory pathway, the functional slant of the taste and smell systems towards classification versus discrimination, respectively, and the higher plasticity of the olfactory sensory—motor system. From our point of view, the greatest gap in understanding smell and taste systems to date is not on the sensory side, where indeed impressive advances have been achieved; also, a satisfying account of associative odour-taste memory trace formation seems within reach. Rather, we lack an understanding as to how sensory and motor formats of processing are centrally integrated, and how adaptive motor patterns actually are selected. Such an understanding, we believe, will allow the analysis to be extended to the motivating factors of behaviour, eventually leading to a comprehensive account of those systems which make Drosophila do what Drosophila's got to do.

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Acknowledgements

We express cordial thanks to the members and colleagues at our research institutions, and to the students in our groups, for the critique and discussions that shaped this review. Our research programmes are supported by the Volkswagen Foundation, the German-Israeli Foundation and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Heisenberg Fellowship, SFB 554, GK 1156 to B.G.), by the Swiss National Funds (grants nos. 31-63447.00 and 3100A0-105517 to R.F.S. and A.S.T.) and by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (to T.T.). E. Balamurugan from the Springer production team deserves our gratitude for extended patience.

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  1. Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany

    B. Gerber

  2. Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10, Chemin du Musée, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland

    R.F. Stocker & A.S. Thum

  3. Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 810-8560, Ropponmatsu, Japan

    T. Tanimura

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    Gerber, B., Stocker, R., Tanimura, T., Thum, A. (2009). Smelling, Tasting, Learning: Drosophila as a Study Case. In: Korsching, S., Meyerhof, W. (eds) Chemosensory Systems in Mammals, Fishes, and Insects. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 47. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/400_2008_9

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