Skip to main content

Creation Theory of Cognition: Is Memory Retrieved or Created?

  • Chapter
Dynamic Cognitive Processes

Summary

It could logically be proposed that all of the symbolic responses that we make are “created” from stored serial impulse patterns, that we do not require any symbols or rules in our memory representations, and that memory and perception are based on the same processes. The simulations in this chapter indicate that a very simple algorithm can create a symbolic pattern from non-symbolic patterns without any symbols or any encoding rules in memory. The success of the simulation indicates the potentialities of the creation theory of cognition that regards the creation of symbolic information from the interaction between a vast store of non-symbolic information and the externally input non-symbolic information as “cognition.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R., & Bower, G. H. (1972). Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79, 97–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R., & Bower, G. H. (1974a). A propositional theory of recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 2, 406–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R., & Bower, G. H. (1974b). Interference in memory for multiple contexts. Memory & Cognition, 2, 509–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1971). The control of short-term memory. Scientific American, 225, 82–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S., & Gronlund, S. (1996). Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 37–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1970). Facilitation of retrieval from semantic memory: The effect of repeating part of an inference. In A. F. Sanders (Ed.), Attention and performance III (pp. 304–314). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eich, J. M. (1982). A composite holographic associative recall model. Psychological Review, 89, 621–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eich, J. M. (1985). Levels of processing, encoding specificity, elaboration, and CHARM. Psychological Review, 92, 1–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glanzer, M., & Adams, J. K. (1990). The mirror effect in recognition memory: Data and theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 5–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, V. (1976). Word frequency, recognition and recall. In J. Brown (Ed.), Recall and recognition (pp. 183–216). London: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D. L. (1976). Repetition and memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 10 (pp. 47–91). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D. L. (1982). Are presentation frequency and spatial numerosity distinct attributes of memory? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 20, 196–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D. L. (1984). MINERVA 2: A simulation model of human memory. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 16, 96–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D. L. (1986). “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93, 411–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D. L. (1988). Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 95, 528–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D. L., & Block, R. A. (1971). Repetition and memory: Evidence for a multiple-trace hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 88, 297–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D. L., Nozawa, G., & Irmscher, M. (1982). Frequency as a nonpropositional attribute of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 127–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hintzman, D.L., & Stern, L. D. (1978). Contextual variability and memory for frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 539–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, M., & Cohen, N. J. (1989). Catastrophic interference in connectionist networks: The sequential learning problem. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 24 (pp. 109–165). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1982). A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information. Psychological Review, 89, 609–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1993). TODAM2: A model for the storage and retrieval of item, associative, and serial-order information. Psychological Review, 100, 183–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quillian, M. R. (1969). The teachable language comprehender: A simulation program and theory of language. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 12, 459–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1992). Models for recall and recognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 205–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliff, R. (1990). Connectionist models of recognition memory: Constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions. Psychological Review, 97, 285–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., & PDP Research Group (1986). Parallel distributed processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa, T. (1994) Inhibitory mechanism in recognition memory. Doctoral dissertation, University of Tsukuba. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa, T. (1996). Nonlinearity of interference in recognition memory for multiple contexts. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 67, 141–146. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa, T. (1997). Mechanism of recognition and permanence of memory. Tokyo: Kazama-shobo. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa, T. (2002). Memory and consciousness. In T. Mori (Ed.), Interesting memory laboratories. Kyoto: Kitaohji-shobo. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa, T. (2003) Data storing CAI system that enables lifetime individual learning: Developing a module on the basis of data from long-term learning experiments and human memory theory to estimate learner’s exam results. Report for the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)(2), Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsukahara, T., & Terasawa, T. (1997). Characteristics of MINERVA2 and its installation on a computer. Proceedings of the 14th annual meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (pp. 64–65). Japanese Cognitive Science Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Tokyo

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Terasawa, T. (2005). Creation Theory of Cognition: Is Memory Retrieved or Created?. In: Ohta, N., MacLeod, C.M., Uttl, B. (eds) Dynamic Cognitive Processes. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-27431-6_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics