Summary
People have difficulty detecting repetition of a word within rapid lists, although they can report the identities of many of the list words. This repetition blindness effect has been explained through a “type/token” account, which assumes a refractory period for registering second occurrences. In contradiction of that idea, holding the time course constant, we observed release from repetition blindness when critical words were marked while the rapid list was in progress. Also contrary to that account, we observed that subjects can become aware of repetition without becoming aware of what was repeated. We present an account of on-line repetition detection and blindness based instead on construction and attribution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994). Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1063–1087.
Anderson, J. R. & Bower, G. H. (1973). Human associative memory. Washington: Winston & Sons.
Anderson, J. R. (1976). Language, memory and thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Armstrong, I. T., & Mewhort, D. J. K. (1995). Repetition deficit in RSVP displays: Encoding failure or retrieval failure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 1044–1052.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bavelier, D., & Potter, M. C. (1992). Visual and phonological codes in repetition blindness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 134–147.
Bavelier, D., Prasada, S., & Segui, J. (1994). Repetition blindness between words: Nature of the orthographic and phonological representations involved. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1437–1455.
Becker, S., Moscovitch, M., Behrmann, M., & Joordens, S. (1997). Long-term semantic priming: A computational account and empirical evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 23, 1059–1082.
Begg, I., & Armour, V. (1991). Repetition and the ring of truth: Biasing comments. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 23, 195–213.
Bjork, E. L., Bjork, R. A., & Anderson, M. C. (1998). Varieties of goal-directed forgetting. In J. M. Golding & C. M. MacLeod (Eds.), Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 104–137). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 309–330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1971). The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology, 2, 331–350.
Chialant, D., & Caramazza, A. (1997). Identity and similarity factors in repetition blindness: Implications for lexical processing. Cognition, 63, 79–119.
Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 109–127.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic priming. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240–247.
Descartes, R. (1978). Descartes, his moral philosophy and psychology. Translated by J. J. Blom. New York: New York University Press.
DeSchepper, B., & Triesman, A. (1996). Visual memory for novel shapes: Implicit coding without attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 27–47.
Fagot, C., & Pashler, H. (1995). Repetition blindness: Perception or memory failure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 275–292.
Helmholtz, H. (1962). Concerning the peceptions in general. In N. Warren & R. Warren (Eds.), Helmholtz on perception: Its physiology and development (pp. 171–203). New York: Riley.
Higham, P. A., & Vokey, J. R. (2000). Judgment heuristics and recognition memory: Prime identification and target-processing fluency. Memory & Cognition, 28, 575–584.
Hobbes, T. (1651/1967). Leviathan. London: Oxford University Press.
Hughes, A. D., & Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2003). Long-term semantic transfer: An overlapping-operations account. Memory & Cognition, 31, 401–411.
Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306–340.
Jacoby, L. L., & Whitehouse, K. (1989). An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 126–135.
Jacoby, L. L., & Woloyshyn, V., & Kelley, C. (1989). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 115–125.
Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3–28.
Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67–85.
Johnston, J. C., Hochhaus, L., & Ruthruff, E. (2002). Repetition blindness has a perceptual locus: Evidence from online processing of targets in RSVP streams. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 477–489.
Joordens, S., & Becker, S. (1997). The long and short of semantic priming effects in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 23, 1083–1105.
Joordens, S., & Besner, D. (1992). Priming effects that span an intervening unrelated word: Implications for models of memory representation and retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 483–491.
Kanwisher, N. G. (1987). Repetition blindness: Type recognition without token individuation. Cognition, 27, 117–143.
Kanwisher, N. G. (1991). Repetition blindness and illusory conjunctions: Errors in binding visual types with visual tokens. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 404–421.
Kanwisher, N. G., & Potter, M. C. (1990). Repetition blindness: Levels of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 30–47.
Kanwisher, N., Yin, C., & Wojciulik, E. (1999). Repetition blindness for pictures: Evidence for the rapid computation of abstract visual descriptions. In V. Coltheart (Ed.), Fleeting memories: Cognition of brief visual stimuli (pp. 119–150). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Klein, R. (1988). Inhibitory tagging system facilitates visual search. Nature, 334, 430–431.
Kolers, P. A. (1973). Remembering operations. Memory & Cognition, 1, 347–355.
Kolers, P. A. (1976). Reading a year later. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 2, 554–565.
Light, L. L., & Carter-Sobell, L. (1970). Effects of changed semantic context on recognition memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 9, 1–11.
Lindsay, D. S., & Kelley, C. M. (1996). Creating illusions of familiarity in a cued recall remember/know paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 197–211.
Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19–31.
Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J.C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585–589.
Logan, G. D. (1980). Attention and automaticity in Stroop and priming tasks: Theory and data. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 523–553.
MacLeod, C. M., Dodd, M. D., Sheard, E. D., Wilson, D. E., & Bibi, U. (2003). In opposition to inhibition. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 43, pp. 162–214). San Diego: Academic Press.
Mandler, G., Nakamura, Y., & van Zandt, B. J. (1987). Nonspecific effects of exposure to stimuli that cannot be recognized. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 646–648.
Marcel, A. J. (1983). Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 238–300.
Masson, M. E. J. (1995). A distributed memory model of semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 3–23.
Masson, M. E. J., Caldwell, J. I., & Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2000) When lust is lost: Orthographic similarity effects in the encoding and reconstruction of rapidly presented word lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 26, 1005–1022.
Masson, M. E. J. & MacLeod, C. M. (1996). Contributions of processing fluency to repetition effects in masked word identification. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 9–21.
McNamara, T. P. (1992). Theories of priming: I. Associative distance and lag. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 18, 1173–1190.
Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227–234.
Milliken, B., & Joordens, S. (1996). Negative priming without overt prime selection. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 333–366.
Milliken, B., & Joordens, S., Merikle, P. M., & Seiffert, A. E. (1998). A reevaluation of the implications of negative priming. Psychological Review, 105, 203–229.
Morris, A. L., & Harris, C. L. (2002). Sentence context, word recognition, and repetition blindness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 962–982.
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus test-appropriate strategies. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 16, 519–533.
Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226–254.
Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264–336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Neely, J. H., & Keefe, D. E. (1989). Semantic context effects on visual word processing: A hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 24, pp. 207–248). New York: Academic Press.
Neill, W. T. (1977). Inhibition and facilitation processes in selective attention Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 444–450.
Ortells, J. J,. & Tedula, P. (1996). Positive and negative semantic priming of attended and unattended parafoveal words in a lexical decision task. Acta Psychologica, 94, 209–226.
Park, J., & Kanwisher, N. (1994). Determinants of repetition blindness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 500–519.
Potter, M. C., Staub, A., & O’Connor, D. H. (2002). The time course of competition for attention: Attention is initially labile. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 1149–1162.
Rajaram, S., & Roediger, H. L. III (1997). Remembering and knowing as states of consciousness during retrieval. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 213–240). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1988). A retrieval theory of priming in memory. Psychological Review, 95, 385–408.
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 18, 849–860.
Sahakyan, L., & Kelley, C. M. (2002). A contextual change account of directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 18, 1064–1072.
Scarborough, D. L., Cortese, C., & Scarborough, H. S. (1977). Frequency and repetition effects in lexical memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 1–17.
Seamon, J. G., Luo, C. R., & Schwartz, M. A. (2002). Repetition can have similar or different effects on accurate and false recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 323–340.
Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1994). Attention to visual pattern information produces the attentional blink in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 351–371.
Simon, H. A., & Feigenbaum, E. A. (1964). An information processing theory of some effects of similarity, familiarity, and meaningfulness in verbal learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 3, 385–396.
Stadler, M. A., Roediger, H. L. III, & McDermott, K. B. (1999). Norms for words that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 27, 494–500.
Stolz, J. A., & Besner, D. (1999). On the myth of automatic semantic activation in reading. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 61–65.
Tipper, S. P. (1985). The negative priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 37A, 571–590.
Tipper, S. P., Meegan, D., & Howard, L. A. (2002). Action-centered negative priming: Evidence for reactive inhibition. Visual Cognition, 9, 591–614.
Whittlesea, B. W. A. (1997). Production, evaluation and preservation of experiences: Constructive processing in remembering and performance tasks. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 37, pp. 211–264). New York: Academic Press.
Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2002a). False memory and the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis: The prototype-familiarity illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 96–115.
Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2002b). Two routes to remembering (and another to remembering not). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 325–348.
Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2003). On the construction of behavior and subjective experience: The production and evaluation of performance. In J. Bowers & C. Marsolek (Eds.), Rethinking implicit memory (pp. 239–260). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Whittlesea, B. W. A., Dorken, M. D., & Podrouzek, K. W. (1995). Repeated events in rapid lists, Part 1: Encoding and representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 1670–1688.
Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Leboe, J. P. (2000). The heuristic basis of remembering and classification: Fluency, generation and resemblance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 84–106.
Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Leboe, J. P. (2003). Two fluency heuristics (and how to tell them apart). Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 62–79.
Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Podrouzek, K. W. (1995). Repeated events in rapid lists, Part 2: Remembering repetitions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 1689–1687.
Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Wai, K. H. (1997). Reverse “repetition blindness” and release from “repetition blindness”: Constructive variations on the “repetition blindness” effect. Psychological Research, 60, 173–182.
Witherspoon, D., & Allan, L. G. (1985). The effects of a prior presentation on temporal judgments in a perceptual identification task. Memory & Cognition, 13, 101–111.
Wood, T. J., & Milliken, B. (1998). Negative priming without ignoring. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 470–475.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Tokyo
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Whittlesea, B.W.A., Hughes, A.D. (2005). The Devil Is in The Detail: A Constructionist Account of Repetition Blindness. In: Ohta, N., MacLeod, C.M., Uttl, B. (eds) Dynamic Cognitive Processes. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-27431-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-27431-6_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-23999-4
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-27431-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)