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How to Adapt Chemical Risk Assessment for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Extraction Related to the Water System

  • Chapter
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 246

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 246))

Abstract

We identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps of chemical risk assessment related to unconventional drillings and propose adaptations. We discuss how chemical risk assessment in the context of unconventional oil and gas (UO&G) activities differs from conventional chemical risk assessment and the implications for existing legislation. A UO&G suspect list of 1,386 chemicals that might be expected in the UO&G water samples was prepared which can be used for LC-HRMS suspect screening. We actualize information on reported concentrations in UO&G-related water. Most information relates to shale gas operations, followed by coal-bed methane, while only little is available for tight gas and conventional gas. The limited research on conventional oil and gas recovery hampers comparison whether risks related to unconventional activities are in fact higher than those related to conventional activities. No study analyzed the whole cycle from fracturing fluid, flowback and produced water, and surface water and groundwater. Generally target screening has been used, probably missing contaminants of concern. Almost half of the organic compounds analyzed in surface water and groundwater exceed TTC values, so further risk assessment is needed, and risks cannot be waived. No specific exposure scenarios toward groundwater aquifers exist for UO&G-related activities. Human errors in various stages of the life cycle of UO&G production play an important role in the exposure. Neither at the international level nor at the US federal and the EU levels, specific regulations for UO&G-related activities are in place to protect environmental and human health. UO&G activities are mostly regulated through general environmental, spatial planning, and mining legislation.

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Abbreviations

AU:

Australia

BMDL:

Benchmark dose

CA:

Concentration addition

DE:

Germany

DWD:

Drinking Water Directive

EC50:

Half maximal effective concentration

EU:

European Union

GA:

Glutaraldehyde

GWD:

Groundwater Directive

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

IEA:

International Energy Agency

Koc:

Soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient

LC-HRMS:

Liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry

Log Kow:

n-octanol-water partition coefficient

MS:

Mass Spectrometry

NOAEL:

No adverse effect level

PBT:

Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic

PEC:

Predicted environmental concentration

PNEC:

Predicted no effect concentration

RfD:

Reference dose

RQ:

Risk quotient

TDS:

Total dissolved solids

TDI:

Tolerable daily intake

TTC:

Threshold of toxicological concern

UK:

United Kingdom

UO&G:

Unconventional oil and gas

USA:

United States of America

WFD:

Water Framework Directive

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Acknowledgments

This work is part of the research program “Shale Gas & Water” with project number 859.14.001, which is financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and the drinking water companies Brabant Water, Oasen, and Waterleiding Maatschappij Limburg.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Ann-Hélène Faber, Paul Schot & Annemarie van Wezel

  2. KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

    Ann-Hélène Faber, Mark Annevelink, Pim de Voogt & Annemarie van Wezel

  3. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Ann-Hélène Faber & Pim de Voogt

  4. Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Mark Annevelink

  5. Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Faculty of Law, Economics and Governance, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Herman Kasper Gilissen & Marleen van Rijswick

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  1. Ann-Hélène Faber
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Correspondence to Ann-Hélène Faber .

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    Pim de Voogt

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Faber, AH. et al. (2017). How to Adapt Chemical Risk Assessment for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Extraction Related to the Water System. In: de Voogt, P. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 246. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 246. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2017_10

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