Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dinuclear Metal Complex-Mediated Formation of CO2-Based Polycarbonates

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Carbon Dioxide and Organometallics

Part of the book series: Topics in Organometallic Chemistry ((TOPORGAN,volume 53))

Abstract

This review describes selected metal catalysts for the copolymerisation of epoxides and carbon dioxide to produce polycarbonates. It highlights kinetic and mechanistic studies which have implicated di- or (multi-) metallic pathways for this catalysis and the subsequent development of highly active and selective di-/(multi-) nuclear catalysts. The emphasis is on homogeneous di-/bimetallic catalysts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

BDI:

β-Diiminate

BOXDIPY:

1,9-bis(2-oxidophenyl)dipyrrinate

CHC:

Cyclohexylene carbonate

CHO:

Cyclohexene oxide

CPO:

Cyclopentene oxide

dipp:

2,5-diisopropylphenyl

DMAP:

4-Dimethylaminopyridine

DMC:

Double Metal Cyanide

GPE:

Glycidyl phenyl ether

HH:

Head to head

N-MeIm:

N-MethylImidazole

PC:

Propylene carbonate

PCHC:

P(cyclohexylene carbonate)

PO:

Propylene oxide

PPC:

Poly(propylene carbonate)

PPN:

Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium

PSC:

Poly(styrene carbonate)

SO:

Styrene oxide

TH:

Tail to head

TOF:

Turn over frequency

TON:

Turn over number (mol/mol in this review)

TT:

Tail to tail

References

  1. Mikkelsen M, Jorgensen M, Krebs FC (2010) The teraton challenge. A review of fixation and transformation of carbon dioxide. Energy Environ Sci 3(1):43–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. MacDowell N, Florin N, Buchard A, Hallett J, Galindo A, Jackson G, Adjiman CS, Williams CK, Shah N, Fennell P (2010) An overview of CO2 capture technologies. Energy Environ Sci 3(11):1645–1669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Darensbourg DJ (2010) Chemistry of carbon dioxide relevant to its utilization: a personal perspective. Inorg Chem 49(23):10765–10780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. von der Assen N, Voll P, Peters M, Bardow A (2014) Life cycle assessment of CO2 capture and utilization: a tutorial review. Chem Soc Rev 43(23):7982–7994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Langanke J, Wolf A, Hofmann J, Bohm K, Subhani MA, Muller TE, Leitner W, Gurtler C (2014) Carbon dioxide (CO2) as sustainable feedstock for polyurethane production. Green Chem 16(4):1865–1870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Luinstra GA (2008) Poly(propylene carbonate), old copolymers of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide with new interests: catalysis and material properties. Polym Rev 48(1):192–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Korashvili R, Noernberg B, Bornholdt N, Borchardt E, Luinstra GA (2013) Poly(propylene carbonate) from carbon dioxide: challenges for large-scale application. Chem Ing Tech 85(4):437–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. http://www.empowermaterials.com/, http://www.novomer.com/, http://www.materialscience.bayer.de/Projects-and-Cooperations/CO2-Project.aspx, http://www.econic-technologies.com/. Accessed 23 Sept 2014

  9. von der Assen N, Bardow A (2014) Life cycle assessment of polyols for polyurethane production using CO2 as feedstock: insights from an industrial case study. Green Chem 16(6):3272–3280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Darensbourg DJ, Chung W-C, Wang K, Zhou H-C (2014) Sequestering CO2 for short-term storage in MOFs: copolymer synthesis with oxiranes. ACS Catal 4(5):1511–1515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Byrne CM, Allen SD, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (2004) Alternating copolymerization of limonene oxide and carbon dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 126(37):11404–11405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Winkler M, Romain C, Meier MAR, Williams CK (2015) Renewable polycarbonates and polyesters from 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Green Chem 17(1):300–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hu Y, Qiao L, Qin Y, Zhao X, Chen X, Wang X, Wang F (2009) Synthesis and stabilization of novel aliphatic polycarbonate from renewable resource. Macromolecules 42(23):9251–9254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jeon JY, Lee JJ, Varghese JK, Na SJ, Sujith S, Go MJ, Lee J, Ok M-A, Lee BY (2013) CO2/ethylene oxide copolymerization and ligand variation for a highly active salen-cobalt(III) complex tethering 4 quaternary ammonium salts. Dalton Trans 42(25):9245–9254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ren W-M, Liu Z-W, Wen Y-Q, Zhang R, Lu X-B (2009) Mechanistic aspects of the copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides using a thermally stable single-site cobalt(III) catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 131(32):11509–11518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Varghese JK, Park DS, Jeon JY, Lee BY (2013) Double metal cyanide catalyst prepared using H3Co(CN)(6) for high carbonate fraction and molecular weight control in carbon dioxide/propylene oxide copolymerization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 51(22):4811–4818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dong Y, Wang X, Zhao X, Wang F (2012) Facile synthesis of poly(ether carbonate)s via copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide under combinatorial catalyst of rare earth ternary complex and double metal cyanide complex. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 50(2):362–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang X-H, Wei R-J, Sun X-K, Zhang J-F, Du B-Y, Fan Z-Q, Qi G-R (2011) Selective copolymerization of carbon dioxide with propylene oxide catalyzed by a nanolamellar double metal cyanide complex catalyst at low polymerization temperatures. Polymer 52(24):5494–5502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sun XK, Zhang XH, Liu F, Chen S, Du BY, Wang Q, Fan ZQ, Qi GR (2008) Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide catalyzed by silicon dioxide/Zn-Co-III double metal cyanide complex hybrid catalysts with a nanolamellar structure. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 46(9):3128–3139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Robertson NJ, Qin ZQ, Dallinger GC, Lobkovsky EB, Lee S, Coates GW (2006) Two-dimensional double metal cyanide complexes: highly active catalysts for the homopolymerization of propylene oxide and copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide. Dalton Trans 45:5390–5395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kim I, Yi MJ, Lee KJ, Park D-W, Kim BU, Ha C-S (2006) Aliphatic polycarbonate synthesis by copolymerization of carbon dioxide with epoxides over double metal cyanide catalysts prepared by using ZnX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I). Catal Today 111(3–4):292–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chen S, Qi G-R, Hua Z-J, Yan H-Q (2004) Double metal cyanide complex based on Zn3[Co(CN)6]2 as highly active catalyst for copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 42(20):5284–5291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Darensbourg DJ, Adams MJ, Yarbrough JC, Phelps AL (2003) Synthesis and structural characterization of double metal cyanides of iron and zinc: catalyst precursors for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides. Inorg Chem 42(24):7809–7818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Darensbourg DJ, Adams MJ, Yarbrough JC (2001) Toward the design of double metal cyanides for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. Inorg Chem 40(26):6543–6544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Klaus S, Lehenmeier MW, Herdtweck E, Deglmann P, Ott AK, Rieger B (2011) Mechanistic insights into heterogeneous zinc dicarboxylates and theoretical considerations for CO2-epoxide copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 133(33):13151–13161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ree M, Hwang Y, Kim JS, Kim H, Kim G (2006) New findings in the catalytic activity of zinc glutarate and its application in the chemical fixation of CO2 into polycarbonates and their derivatives. Catal Today 115(1–4):134–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hwang Y, Kim H, Ree M (2005) Zinc glutarate catalyzed synthesis and biodegradability of poly(carbonate-co-ester)s from CO2, propylene oxide, and epsilon-caprolactone. Macromol Symp 224:227–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim JS, Kim H, Ree M (2004) Hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystalline zinc glutarate and its structural determination. Chem Mater 16(16):2981–2983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kim JS, Ree M, Shin TJ, Han OH, Cho SJ, Hwang YT, Bae JY, Lee JM, Ryoo R, Kim H (2003) X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopic investigations of zinc glutarates prepared from various zinc sources and their catalytic activities in the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. J Catal 218(1):209–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim JS, Ree M, Lee SW, Oh W, Baek S, Lee B, Shin TJ, Kim KJ, Kim B, Lüning J (2003) NEXAFS spectroscopy study of the surface properties of zinc glutarate and its reactivity with carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. J Catal 218(2):386–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hwang Y, Jung J, Ree M, Kim H (2003) Terpolymerization of CO2 with propylene oxide and ε-caprolactone using zinc glutarate catalyst. Macromolecules 36(22):8210–8212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Meng YZ, Du LC, Tiong SC, Zhu Q, Hay AS (2002) Effects of the structure and morphology of zinc glutarate on the fixation of carbon dioxide into polymer. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 40(21):3579–3591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Klaus S, Lehenmeier MW, Anderson CE, Rieger B (2011) Recent advances in CO2/epoxide copolymerization-New strategies and cooperative mechanisms. Coord Chem Rev 255(13–14):1460–1479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nozaki K (2004) Asymmetric catalytic synthesis of polyketones and polycarbonates. Pure Appl Chem 76(3):541–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kuran W (1998) Coordination polymerization of heterocyclic and heterounsaturated monomers. Prog Polym Sci 23(6):919–992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Darensbourg DJ, Holtcamp MW (1996) Catalysts for the reactions of epoxides and carbon dioxide. Coord Chem Rev 153:155–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Darensbourg DJ, Yeung AD (2013) Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide-epoxide copolymerization and kinetics of the metal-free degradation: a computational study. Macromolecules 46(1):83–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lu X-B, Darensbourg DJ (2012) Cobalt catalysts for the coupling of CO2 and epoxides to provide polycarbonates and cyclic carbonates. Chem Soc Rev 41(4):1462–1484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Darensbourg DJ, Wilson SJ (2012) What’s new with CO2? Recent advances in its copolymerization with oxiranes. Green Chem 14(10):2665–2671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Darensbourg DJ (2007) Making plastics from carbon dioxide: salen metal complexes as catalysts for the production of polycarbonates from epoxides and CO2. Chem Rev 107(6):2388–2410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Childers MI, Longo JM, Van Zee NJ, LaPointe AM, Coates GW (2014) Stereoselective epoxide polymerization and copolymerization. Chem Rev 114(16):8129–8152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Darensbourg DJ, Yeung AD (2014) A concise review of computational studies of the carbon dioxide-epoxide copolymerization reactions. Polym Chem 5(13):3949–3962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kember MR, Buchard A, Williams CK (2011) Catalysts for CO2/epoxide copolymerisation. Chem Commun 47(1):141–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Buchard A, Bakewell CM, Weiner J, Williams CK (2012) Recent developments in catalytic activation of renewable resources for polymer synthesis. In: Meier MAR, Weckhuysen BM, Bruijnincx PCA (eds) Organometallics and renewables, vol 39, Topics in organometallic chemistry. Springer, Berlin, pp 175–224. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28288-1_5

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  45. Coates GW, Moore DR (2004) Discrete metal-based catalysts for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides: discovery, reactivity, optimization, and mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed 43(48):6618–6639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Darensbourg DJ (2014) Personal adventures in the synthesis of copolymers from carbon dioxide and cyclic ethers. In: Michele A, van Rudi E (eds) Advances in inorganic chemistry, vol 66. Academic, Burlington, pp 1–23. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420221-4.00001-9

    Google Scholar 

  47. Inoue S, Koinuma H, Tsuruta T (1969) Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide. J Polym Sci B Polym Lett 7:287–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Inoue S (1979) Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide: functionality of the copolymer. J Macromol Sci A 13(5):651–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Sugimoto H, Inoue S (2004) Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 42(22):5561–5573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Nakano K, Kobayashi K, Nozaki K (2011) Tetravalent metal complexes as a new family of catalysts for copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 133(28):10720–10723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Quadri CC, Le Roux E (2014) Copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with CO2 catalyzed by tridentate N-heterocyclic carbene titanium(iv) complexes. Dalton Trans 43(11):4242–4246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Robert C, Ohkawara T, Nozaki K (2014) Manganese-corrole complexes as versatile catalysts for the ring-opening homo- and Co-polymerization of epoxide. Chem Eur J 20(16):4789–4795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Darensbourg DJ, Frantz EB (2007) Manganese(III) Schiff base complexes: chemistry relevant to the copolymerization of epoxides and carbon dioxide. Inorg Chem 46(15):5967–5978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kuroki M, Aida T, Inoue S (1988) (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato)manganese acetate as a novel initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of 1,2-epoxypropane. Makromol Chem 189(6):1305–1313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Nakano K, Kobayashi K, Ohkawara T, Imoto H, Nozaki K (2013) Copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide catalyzed by iron–corrole complexes: synthesis of a crystalline copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 135(23):8456–8459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Buchard A, Kember MR, Sandeman KG, Williams CK (2011) A bimetallic iron(iii) catalyst for CO2/epoxide coupling. Chem Commun 47(1):212–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cui D, Nishiura M, Tardif O, Hou Z (2008) Rare-earth-metal mixed hydride/aryloxide complexes bearing mono(cyclopentadienyl) ligands. Synthesis, CO2 fixation, and catalysis on copolymerization of CO2 with cyclohexene oxide. Organometallics 27(11):2428–2435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Cui D, Nishiura M, Hou Z (2005) Alternating copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide catalyzed by organo rare earth metal complexes. Macromolecules 38(10):4089–4095

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Aida T, Ishikawa M, Inoue S (1986) Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide catalyzed by the aluminum porphyrin-quaternary organic salt or -triphenylphosphine system. Synthesis of polycarbonate with well-controlled molecular weight. Macromolecules 19(1):8–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sârbu T, Beckman EJ (1999) Homopolymerization and copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with carbon dioxide using zinc and aluminum catalysts. Macromolecules 32(21):6904–6912

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sarbu T, Styranec T, Beckman EJ (2000) Non-fluorous polymers with very high solubility in supercritical CO2 down to low pressures. Nature 405(6783):165–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sugimoto H, Ohtsuka H, Inoue S (2005) Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide catalyzed by an aluminum Schiff base–ammonium salt system. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 43(18):4172–4186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kember MR, Williams CK (2012) Efficient magnesium catalysts for the copolymerization of epoxides and CO2; using water to synthesize polycarbonate polyols. J Am Chem Soc 134(38):15676–15679

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Xiao Y, Wang Z, Ding K (2005) Intramolecularly dinuclear magnesium complex catalyzed copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with CO2 under ambient CO2 pressure: kinetics and mechanism. Macromolecules 39(1):128–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kember MR, Jutz F, Buchard A, White AJP, Williams CK (2012) Di-cobalt(ii) catalysts for the copolymerisation of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide: support for a dinuclear mechanism? Chem Sci 3(4):1245–1255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tsai C-Y, Huang B-H, Hsiao M-W, Lin C-C, Ko B-T (2014) Structurally diverse copper complexes bearing NNO-tridentate Schiff-base derivatives as efficient catalysts for copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide. Inorg Chem 53(10):5109–5116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Li C-H, Chuang H-J, Li C-Y, Ko B-T, Lin C-H (2014) Bimetallic nickel and cobalt complexes as high-performance catalysts for copolymerization of carbon dioxide with cyclohexene oxide. Polym Chem 5(17):4875–4878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Chisholm MH, Zhou Z (2004) Concerning the mechanism of the ring opening of propylene oxide in the copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide to give poly(propylene carbonate). J Am Chem Soc 126(35):11030–11039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Chatterjee C, Chisholm MH (2011) The influence of the metal (Al, Cr, and Co) and the substituents of the porphyrin in controlling the reactions involved in the copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide by porphyrin metal(III) complexes. 1. Aluminum chemistry. Inorg Chem 50(10):4481–4492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Chatterjee C, Chisholm MH (2012) Influence of the metal (Al, Cr, and Co) and the substituents of the porphyrin in controlling the reactions involved in the copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide by porphyrin metal(III) complexes. 2. Chromium chemistry. Inorg Chem 51(21):12041–12052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Chatterjee C, Chisholm MH, El-Khaldy A, McIntosh RD, Miller JT, Wu T (2013) Influence of the metal (Al, Cr, and Co) and substituents of the porphyrin in controlling reactions involved in copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide by porphyrin metal(III) complexes. 3. Cobalt chemistry. Inorg Chem 52(8):4547–4553

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Harrold ND, Li Y, Chisholm MH (2013) Studies of ring-opening reactions of styrene oxide by chromium tetraphenylporphyrin initiators. Mechanistic and stereochemical considerations. Macromolecules 46(3):692–698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mang S, Cooper AI, Colclough ME, Chauhan N, Holmes AB (1999) Copolymerization of CO2 and 1,2-cyclohexene oxide using a CO2-soluble chromium porphyrin catalyst. Macromolecules 33(2):303–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sugimoto H, Ohshima H, Inoue S (2003) Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide by manganese porphyrin: the first example of polycarbonate synthesis from 1-atm carbon dioxide. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 41(22):3549–3555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Darensbourg DJ, Mackiewicz RM, Phelps AL, Billodeaux DR (2004) Copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides catalyzed by metal salen complexes. Acc Chem Res 37(11):836–844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ellis WC, Jung Y, Mulzer M, Di Girolamo R, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (2014) Copolymerization of CO2 and meso epoxides using enantioselective β-diiminate catalysts: a route to highly isotactic polycarbonates. Chem Sci 5(10):4004–4011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Moore DR, Cheng M, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (2003) Mechanism of the alternating copolymerization of epoxides and CO2 using β-diiminate zinc catalysts: evidence for a bimetallic epoxide enchainment. J Am Chem Soc 125(39):11911–11924

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cheng M, Moore DR, Reczek JJ, Chamberlain BM, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (2001) Single-site β-diiminate zinc catalysts for the alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides: catalyst synthesis and unprecedented polymerization activity. J Am Chem Soc 123(36):8738–8749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lehenmeier MW, Kissling S, Altenbuchner PT, Bruckmeier C, Deglmann P, Brym A-K, Rieger B (2013) Flexibly tethered dinuclear zinc complexes: a solution to the entropy problem in CO2/epoxide copolymerization catalysis? Angew Chem Int Ed 52(37):9821–9826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Rajendran NM, Haleel A, Reddy ND (2013) Copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide: β-diketiminate-supported Zn(II)OMe and Zn(II)Et complexes as initiators. Organometallics 33(1):217–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Pilz MF, Limberg C, Lazarov BB, Hultzsch KC, Ziemer B (2007) Dinuclear zinc complexes based on parallel beta-diiminato binding sites: syntheses, structures, and properties as CO2/epoxide copolymerization catalysts. Organometallics 26(15):3668–3676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Piesik DFJ, Range S, Harder S (2008) Bimetallic calcium and zinc complexes with bridged Î2-diketiminate ligands: investigations on epoxide/CO2 copolymerization. Organometallics 27(23):6178–6187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Saini PK, Romain C, Williams CK (2014) Dinuclear metal catalysts: improved performance of heterodinuclear mixed catalysts for CO2-epoxide copolymerization. Chem Commun 50(32):4164–4167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Buchard A, Jutz F, Kember MR, White AJP, Rzepa HS, Williams CK (2012) Experimental and computational investigation of the mechanism of carbon dioxide/cyclohexene oxide copolymerization using a dizinc catalyst. Macromolecules 45(17):6781–6795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Jutz F, Buchard A, Kember MR, Fredriksen SB, Williams CK (2011) Mechanistic investigation and reaction kinetics of the low-pressure copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide catalyzed by a dizinc complex. J Am Chem Soc 133(43):17395–17405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kember MR, White AJP, Williams CK (2010) Highly active Di- and trimetallic cobalt catalysts for the copolymerization of CHO and CO2 at atmospheric pressure. Macromolecules 43(5):2291–2298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kember MR, White AJP, Williams CK (2009) Di- and Tri-zinc catalysts for the Low-pressure copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide. Inorg Chem 48(19):9535–9542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kember MR, Knight PD, Reung PTR, Williams CK (2009) Highly active dizinc catalyst for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide at one atmosphere pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed 48(5):931–933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Inoue S (2000) Immortal polymerization: the outset, development, and application. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 38(16):2861–2871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Guerin W, Diallo AK, Kirilov E, Helou M, Slawinski M, Brusson J-M, Carpentier J-F, Guillaume SM (2014) Enantiopure isotactic PCHC synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of cyclohexene carbonate. Macromolecules 47(13):4230–4235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Nakano K, Hashimoto S, Nakamura M, Kamada T, Nozaki K (2011) Stereocomplex of poly(propylene carbonate): synthesis of stereogradient poly(propylene carbonate) by regio- and enantioselective copolymerization of propylene oxide with carbon dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(21):4868–4871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Cheng M, Darling NA, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (2000) Enantiomerically-enriched organic reagents via polymer synthesis: enantioselective copolymerization of cycloalkene oxides and CO2 using homogeneous, zinc-based catalysts. Chem Commun 20:2007–2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Cohen CT, Chu T, Coates GW (2005) Cobalt catalysts for the alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide: combining high activity and selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 127(31):10869–10878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Liu Y, Ren W-M, Liu J, Lu X-B (2013) Asymmetric copolymerization of CO2 with meso-epoxides mediated by dinuclear cobalt(III) complexes: unprecedented enantioselectivity and activity. Angew Chem Int Ed 52(44):11594–11598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wu G-P, Zu Y-P, Xu P-X, Ren W-M, Lu X-B (2013) Microstructure analysis of a CO2 copolymer from styrene oxide at the diad level. Chem Asian J 8(8):1854–1862

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wu G-P, Xu P-X, Lu X-B, Zu Y-P, Wei S-H, Ren W-M, Darensbourg DJ (2013) Crystalline CO2 copolymer from epichlorohydrin via Co(III)-complex-mediated stereospecific polymerization. Macromolecules 46(6):2128–2133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wu G-P, Ren W-M, Luo Y, Li B, Zhang W-Z, Lu X-B (2012) Enhanced asymmetric induction for the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide with unsymmetric enantiopure SalenCo(III) complexes: synthesis of crystalline CO2-based polycarbonate. J Am Chem Soc 134(12):5682–5688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ren W-M, Wu G-P, Lin F, Jiang J-Y, Liu C, Luo Y, Lu X-B (2012) Role of the co-catalyst in the asymmetric coupling of racemic epoxides with CO2 using multichiral Co(III) complexes: product selectivity and enantioselectivity. Chem Sci 3(6):2094–2102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Lu X-B, Ren W-M, Wu G-P (2012) CO2 copolymers from epoxides: catalyst activity, product selectivity, and stereochemistry control. Acc Chem Res 45(10):1721–1735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Li B, Wu G-P, Ren W-M, Wang Y-M, Rao D-Y, Lu X-B (2008) Asymmetric, regio- and stereo-selective alternating copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide catalyzed by chiral chromium Salan complexes. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 46(18):6102–6113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Li B, Zhang R, Lu X-B (2007) Stereochemistry control of the alternating copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide catalyzed by SalenCrX complexes. Macromolecules 40(7):2303–2307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Lu XB, Shi L, Wang YM, Zhang R, Zhang YJ, Peng XJ, Zhang ZC, Li B (2006) Design of highly active binary catalyst systems for CO2/epoxide copolymerization: polymer selectivity, enantioselectivity, and stereochemistry control. J Am Chem Soc 128(5):1664–1674

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Nakano K, Hiyama T, Nozaki K (2005) Asymmetric amplification in asymmetric alternating copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide. Chem Commun 14:1871–1873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Nozaki K, Nakano K, Hiyama T (1999) Optically active polycarbonates: asymmetric alternating copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 121(47):11008–11009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Kobayashi M, Tang Y-L, Tsuruta T, Inoue S (1973) Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide using dialkylzinc/dihydric phenol system as catalyst. Makromol Chem 169(1):69–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Inoue S, Koinuma H, Yokoo Y, Tsuruta T (1971) Stereochemistry of copolymerization of carbon dioxide with epoxycyclohexane. Makromol Chem 143(1):97–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kobayashi M, Inoue S, Tsuruta T (1973) Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide by the dialkylzinc–carboxylic acid system. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 11(9):2383–2385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hirano T, Inoue S, Tsuruta T (1975) Stereochemistry of the copolymerization of carbon dioxide with optically active phenylepoxyethane. Makromol Chem 176(7):1913–1917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hirano T, Inoue S, Tsuruta T (1976) Stereochemistry of copolymerization of optically active cyclohexylepoxyethane with carbon dioxide. Makromol Chem 177(11):3237–3243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hasebe Y, Tsuruta T (1987) Structural studies of poly(1,2-cyclohexene oxide) prepared with well-defined organozinc compounds. Makromol Chem 188(6):1403–1414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hasebe Y, Tsuruta T (1988) Mechanism of stereoselective polymerization of propylene oxide with [{MeOCH2CH(Me)OZnOCH(Me)CH2OMe}2 · {EtZnOCH(Me)CH2OMe}2] as initiator. Makromol Chem 189(8):1915–1926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Yoshino N, Suzuki C, Kobayashi H, Tsuruta T (1988) Some features of a novel organozinc complex, [{MeOCH2CH(Me)OZnOCH(Me)CH2OMe}2 · {EtZnOCH(Me)CH2OMe}2], as an enantiomorphic catalyst for stereoselective polymerization of propylene oxide. Makromol Chem 189(8):1903–1913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Ishimori M, Hagiwara T, Tsuruta T, Kai Y, Yasuoka N, Kasai N (1976) The structure and reactivity of [Zn(OMe)2. (EtZnOMe)6]. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 49(4):1165–1166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kuran W, Pasynkiewicz S, Skupińska J, Rokicki A (1976) Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide in the presence of organometallic catalysts. Makromol Chem 177(1):11–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Eberhardt R, Allmendinger M, Zintl M, Troll C, Luinstra GA, Rieger B (2004) New zinc dicarboxylate catalysts for the CO2/propylene oxide copolymerization reaction: activity enhancement through Zn(II)-ethylsulfinate initiating groups. Macromol Chem Phys 205(1):42–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Wang SJ, Du LC, Zhao XS, Meng YZ, Tjong SC (2002) Synthesis and characterization of alternating copolymer from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. J Appl Polym Sci 85(11):2327–2334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Ree M, Bae JY, Jung JH, Shin TJ (1999) A new copolymerization process leading to poly(propylene carbonate) with a highly enhanced yield from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 37(12):1863–1876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kim I, Yi MJ, Byun SH, Park DW, Kim BU, Ha CS (2005) Biodegradable polycarbonate synthesis by copolymerization of carbon dioxide with epoxides using a heterogeneous zinc complex. Macromol Symp 224(1):181–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Hinz W, Dexheimer EM, Bohres E, Grosch GH (2004) Process for the copolymerization of alkylene oxides and carbon dioxide using suspensions of multi-metal cyanide compounds

    Google Scholar 

  120. Hinz W, Wildeson J, Dexheimer EM (2007) Reacting an H-functional initiator, an alkylene oxide, and CO2 in the presence of the modified multimetal cyanide compound to form the polyethercarbonate polyol

    Google Scholar 

  121. Hinz W, Wildeson J, Dexheimer EM, Neff R (2004) Formation of polymer polyols with a narrow polydispersity using double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts

    Google Scholar 

  122. Kruper WJ, Swart DJ (1985) Carbon dioxide oxirane copolymers prepared using double metal cyanide complexes

    Google Scholar 

  123. Kuyper J, Lednor PW, Pogany GA (1989) Double metal cyanide catalyst

    Google Scholar 

  124. Kuyper J, Lednor PW, Pogany GA (1989) Process for the preparation of polycarbonates

    Google Scholar 

  125. Kuyper J, Lednor PW, Pogany GA (1989) Process for the preparation of polycarbonates from epoxy compound and carbon dioxide

    Google Scholar 

  126. Chen S, Hua Z, Fang Z, Qi G (2004) Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide with highly effective zinc hexacyanocobaltate(III)-based coordination catalyst. Polymer 45(19):6519–6524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Sun X-K, Zhang X-H, Liu F, Chen S, Du B-Y, Wang Q, Fan Z-Q, Qi G-R (2008) Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide catalyzed by silicon dioxide/Zn-CoIII double metal cyanide complex hybrid catalysts with a nanolamellar structure. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 46(9):3128–3139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Zhou T, Zou Z, Gan J, Chen L, Zhang M (2011) Copolymerization of epoxides and carbon dioxide by using double metal cyanide complex (DMC) with high crystallinity. J Polym Res 18(6):2071–2076

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Darensbourg DJ, Wildeson JR, Yarbrough JC (2002) Solid-state structures of zinc(II) benzoate complexes. Catalyst precursors for the coupling of carbon dioxide and epoxides. Inorg Chem 41(4):973–980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Darensbourg DJ, Wildeson JR, Yarbrough JC (2001) Synthesis and structures of (dialkylamino)ethylcyclopentadienyl derivatives of zinc. Organometallics 20(21):4413–4417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Darensbourg DJ, Wildeson JR, Yarbrough JC, Reibenspies JH (2000) Bis 2,6-difluorophenoxide dimeric complexes of zinc and cadmium and their phosphine adducts: lessons learned relative to carbon dioxide/cyclohexene oxide alternating copolymerization processes catalyzed by zinc phenoxides. J Am Chem Soc 122(50):12487–12496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Darensbourg DJ, Holtcamp MW, Struck GE, Zimmer MS, Niezgoda SA, Rainey P, Robertson JB, Draper JD, Reibenspies JH (1998) Catalytic activity of a series of Zn(II) phenoxides for the copolymerization of epoxides and carbon dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 121(1):107–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Darensbourg DJ, Holtcamp MW (1995) Catalytic activity of zinc(II) phenoxides which possess readily accessible coordination sites. Copolymerization and terpolymerization of epoxides and carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 28(22):7577–7579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Takeda N, Inoue S (1978) Polymerization of 1,2 epoxypropane and co-polymerization with carbon-dioxide catalysed by metalloporphyrins. Makromol Chem 179(5):1377–1381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Hampel O, Rode C, Walther D, Beckert R, Görls H (2002) New derivatives of quinoxaline Ð syntheses, complex formation and their application as controlling ligands for zinc catalyzed epoxide-CO2ÐCopolymerization. Naturforsch B 57:946–956

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Cheng M, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (1998) Catalytic reactions involving C1 feedstocks: new high-activity Zn(II)-based catalysts for the alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides. J Am Chem Soc 120(42):11018–11019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Darensbourg DJ, Yarbrough JC (2002) Mechanistic aspects of the copolymerization reaction of carbon dioxide and epoxides, using a chiral salen chromium chloride catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 124(22):6335–6342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Eberhardt R, Allmendinger M, Rieger B (2003) DMAP/Cr(III) catalyst ratio: the decisive factor for poly(propylene carbonate) formation in the coupling of CO2 and propylene oxide. Macromol Rapid Commun 24(2):194–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Qin Z, Thomas CM, Lee S, Coates GW (2003) Cobalt-based complexes for the copolymerization of propylene oxide and CO2: active and selective catalysts for polycarbonate synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 42(44):5484–5487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Lu X-B, Wang Y (2004) Highly active, binary catalyst systems for the alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides under mild conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed 43(27):3574–3577

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Bok T, Yun H, Lee BY (2006) Bimetallic fluorine-substituted anilido-aldimine zinc complexes for CO2/(cyclohexene oxide) copolymerization. Inorg Chem 45(10):4228–4237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Lee BY, Kwon HY, Lee SY, Na SJ, Han S-I, Yun H, Lee H, Park Y-W (2005) Bimetallic anilido-aldimine zinc complexes for epoxide/CO2 copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 127(9):3031–3037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Anderson CE, Vagin SI, Hammann M, Zimmermann L, Rieger B (2013) Copolymerisation of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide by dinuclear cobalt porphyrins. ChemCatChem 5(11):3269–3280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Xiao YL, Wang Z, Ding KL (2005) Copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with CO2 by using intramolecular dinuclear zinc catalysts. Chem Eur J 11(12):3668–3678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Williams CK, Breyfogle LE, Choi SK, Nam W, Young VG, Hillmyer MA, Tolman WB (2003) A highly active zinc catalyst for the controlled polymerization of lactide. J Am Chem Soc 125(37):11350–11359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Williams CK, Brooks NR, Hillmyer MA, Tolman WB (2002) Metalloenzyme inspired dizinc catalyst for the polymerization of lactide. Chem Commun 18:2132–2133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Sugimoto H, Ogawa A (2007) Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide by dinuclear zinc Schiff base complex. React Funct Polym 67(11):1277–1283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Nakano K, Nozaki K, Hiyama T (2003) Asymmetric alternating copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and CO2 with dimeric zinc complexes. J Am Chem Soc 125(18):5501–5510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Nishioka K, Goto H, Sugimoto H (2012) Dual catalyst system for asymmetric alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide with chiral aluminum complexes: Lewis base as catalyst activator and Lewis acid as monomer activator. Macromolecules 45(20):8172–8192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Bernard A, Chatterjee C, Chisholm MH (2013) The influence of the metal (Al, Cr and Co) and the substituents of the porphyrin in controlling the reactions involved in the copolymerization of propylene oxide and cyclic anhydrides by porphyrin metal(III) complexes. Polymer 54(11):2639–2646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Konsler RG, Karl J, Jacobsen EN (1998) Cooperative asymmetric catalysis with dimeric salen complexes. J Am Chem Soc 120(41):10780–10781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Ready JM, Jacobsen EN (2002) A practical oligomeric [(salen)Co] catalyst for asymmetric epoxide ring-opening reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 41(8):1374–1377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Hirahata W, Thomas RM, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (2008) Enantioselective polymerization of epoxides: a highly active and selective catalyst for the preparation of stereoregular polyethers and enantiopure epoxides. J Am Chem Soc 130(52):17658–17659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Widger PCB, Ahmed SM, Coates GW (2011) Exploration of cocatalyst effects on a bimetallic cobalt catalyst system: enhanced activity and enantioselectivity in epoxide polymerization. Macromolecules 44(14):5666–5670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Nakano K, Hashimoto S, Nozaki K (2010) Bimetallic mechanism operating in the copolymerization of propylene oxide with carbon dioxide catalyzed by cobalt-salen complexes. Chem Sci 1:369–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Vagin SI, Reichardt R, Klaus S, Rieger B (2010) Conformationally flexible dimeric salphen complexes for bifunctional catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 132(41):14367–14369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Lehenmeier MW, Bruckmeier C, Klaus S, Dengler JE, Deglmann P, Ott A-K, Rieger B (2011) Differences in reactivity of epoxides in the copolymerisation with carbon dioxide by zinc-based catalysts: propylene oxide versus cyclohexene oxide. Chem Eur J 17(32):8858–8869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Thomas RM, Widger PCB, Ahmed SM, Jeske RC, Hirahata W, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW (2010) Enantioselective epoxide polymerization using a bimetallic cobalt catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 132(46):16520–16525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Klaus S, Vagin SI, Lehenmeier MW, Deglmann P, Brym AK, Rieger B (2011) Kinetic and mechanistic investigation of mononuclear and flexibly linked dinuclear complexes for copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. Macromolecules 44(24):9508–9516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Ohkawara T, Suzuki K, Nakano K, Mori S, Nozaki K (2014) Facile estimation of catalytic activity and selectivities in copolymerization of propylene oxide with carbon dioxide mediated by metal complexes with planar tetradentate ligand. J Am Chem Soc 136(30):10728–10735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Nakano K, Kamada T, Nozaki K (2006) Selective formation of polycarbonate over cyclic carbonate: copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide catalyzed by a cobalt(III) complex with a piperidinium end-capping arm. Angew Chem Int Ed 45(43):7274–7277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Noh EK, Na SJ, Sujith S, Kim S-W, Lee BY (2007) Two components in a molecule: highly efficient and thermally robust catalytic system for CO2/epoxide copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 129(26):8082–8083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Sujith S, Min JK, Seong JE, Na SJ, Lee BY (2008) A highly active and recyclable catalytic system for CO2/propylene oxide copolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed 47(38):7306–7309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Yoo J, Na SJ, Park HC, Cyriac A, Lee BY (2010) Anion variation on a cobalt(iii) complex of salen-type ligand tethered by four quaternary ammonium salts for CO2/epoxide copolymerization. Dalton Trans 39(10):2622–2630

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Na SJ, Sujith S, Cyriac A, Kim BE, Yoo J, Kang YK, Han SJ, Lee C, Lee BY (2009) Elucidation of the structure of a highly active catalytic system for CO2/epoxide copolymerization: a salen-cobaltate complex of an unusual binding mode. Inorg Chem 48(21):10455–10465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Cyriac A, Jeon JY, Varghese JK, Park JH, Choi SY, Chung YK, Lee BY (2012) Unusual coordination mode of tetradentate Schiff base cobalt(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 41(5):1444–1447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Seong JE, Na SJ, Cyriac A, Kim B-W, Lee BY (2009) Terpolymerizations of CO2, propylene oxide, and various epoxides using a cobalt(III) complex of salen-type ligand tethered by four quaternary ammonium salts. Macromolecules 43(2):903–908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Cyriac A, Lee SH, Lee BY (2011) Connection of polymer chains using diepoxide in CO2/propylene oxide copolymerizations. Polym Chem 2(4):950–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Cyriac A, Lee SH, Varghese JK, Park JH, Jeon JY, Kim SJ, Lee BY (2011) Preparation of flame-retarding poly(propylene carbonate). Green Chem 13(12):3469–3475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Cyriac A, Lee SH, Varghese JK, Park ES, Park JH, Lee BY (2010) Immortal CO2/propylene oxide copolymerization: precise control of molecular weight and architecture of various block copolymers. Macromolecules 43(18):7398–7401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Lee SH, Cyriac A, Jeon JY, Lee BY (2012) Preparation of thermoplastic polyurethanes using in situ generated poly(propylene carbonate)-diols. Polym Chem 3(5):1215–1220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Ren W-M, Zhang X, Liu Y, Li J-F, Wang H, Lu X-B (2010) Highly active, bifunctional Co(III)-salen catalyst for alternating copolymerization of CO2 with cyclohexene oxide and terpolymerization with aliphatic epoxides. Macromolecules 43(3):1396–1402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Darensbourg DJ, Chung W-C, Wilson SJ (2013) Catalytic coupling of cyclopentene oxide and CO2 utilizing bifunctional (salen)Co(III) and (salen)Cr(III) catalysts: comparative processes involving binary (salen)Cr(III) analogs. ACS Catal 3(12):3050–3057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Darensbourg DJ, Wilson SJ (2013) Synthesis of CO2-derived poly(indene carbonate) from indene oxide utilizing bifunctional cobalt(III) catalysts. Macromolecules 46(15):5929–5934

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Darensbourg DJ, Wei S-H, Yeung AD, Ellis WC (2013) An efficient method of depolymerization of poly(cyclopentene carbonate) to its comonomers: cyclopentene oxide and carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 46(15):5850–5855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Ren W-M, Liu Y, Wu G-P, Liu J, Lu X-B (2011) Stereoregular polycarbonate synthesis: alternating copolymerization of CO2 with aliphatic terminal epoxides catalyzed by multichiral cobalt(III) complexes. J Polym Chem A Polym Chem 49(22):4894–4901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Wu G-P, Wei S-H, Lu X-B, Ren W-M, Darensbourg DJ (2010) Highly selective synthesis of CO2 copolymer from styrene oxide. Macromolecules 43(21):9202–9204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Wu G-P, Wei S-H, Ren W-M, Lu X-B, Xu T-Q, Darensbourg DJ (2011) Perfectly alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epichlorohydrin using cobalt(III)-based catalyst systems. J Am Chem Soc 133(38):15191–15199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Li H, Niu Y (2011) Alternating copolymerization of CO2 with propylene oxide and terpolymerization with aliphatic epoxides by bifunctional cobalt Salen complex. Polym J 43(2):121–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

    Charles Romain, Arnaud Thevenon, Prabhjot K. Saini & Charlotte K. Williams

Authors
  1. Charles Romain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arnaud Thevenon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prabhjot K. Saini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Charlotte K. Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charlotte K. Williams .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China

    Xiao-Bing Lu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Romain, C., Thevenon, A., Saini, P.K., Williams, C.K. (2015). Dinuclear Metal Complex-Mediated Formation of CO2-Based Polycarbonates. In: Lu, XB. (eds) Carbon Dioxide and Organometallics. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry, vol 53. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/3418_2015_95

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation