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References
See Werner, 2002; Neuhoff, 2003 and 2005; Hirschfeld, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003; Scheurle, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004; Wünschmann, 2005.
See WIK, 2005; Newbery, 2000, discusses also more network markets.
See Kahn, 1988, p. 127.
See Heng, 2005, p. 3, for a complete listing of the relevant green-papers.
See Büchner, 1990.
See Schütz, 2005a, pp. 166 ff., for an overview of the key decisions of the German NRA.
See Bundeskartellamt, 2002.
See Fredebeul-Krein/ Freytag, 1999.
See Commission of the European Communities, 2002b, Article 4 (1); Heun et al., 2002, p. 426, for the German telecommunications market; in the German TKG 2004 this is regulated in § 16.
See Ritter, 2004; Büchner, 1990; Jäger, 1994, Knieps, 2004, for an overview of the developments, especially in the German telecommunications market.
See Scherer, 2002. Tele2, 2005, offers an international overview of the regulatory situation in Europe. See Coen, 2005, for a critical view on the convergence into a single European regulatory model.
See Schütz, 2005a, pp. 189 ff.; Kurth, 2005.
See EITO, 2005, pp. 93 ff.; Arthur D. Little, 2005.
See EITO, 2005, pp. 12 ff., for a description of the dynamic development of the telecommunication markets worldwide. 18 See Bijl/ Peitz, 2005, for an international overview of the (regulatory-) problems of this bottleneck, mostly discussed under the heading ‘local loop unbundling’.
See Elixmann/ Schäfer/ Schwab, 2004, for an overview of the German value added services market.
See Putz & Partner, 2004, for a complete listing of the associations in the telecommunications market in Germany.
See Dialog Consult/ VATM, 2004; see RegTP, 2005a, for data on the competitive market situation in Germany. See Scholl, 1998; Büchner, 1999, for the political background. See Neumann/ Stamm, 2002, for an overview of the discussion on further reform.
See Koenig/ Vogelsang/ Winkler, 2005.
See Hempell, 2005.
See Monopolkommission, 2004a; Soltwedel et al., 1986, p. 198.
See Rickert, 2004; FAZ, 2004d, p. 14.
See Koch, 2004; Commission of the European Communities, 2005b.
See RegTP, 2005a and 2003b; Monopolkommission, 2004a.
See Frost & Sullivan, 2004, who state that WLAN could be a product which moves in between the two products fixed and mobile. This could hinder the substitution even more, as it drives the markets further apart. At present however, it seems as if it would connect the two markets. 30 See Lunden, 2005; Kuthan, 2004; Sisalem, 2004.
See RegTP, 2004b.
See Golvin, 2004; Rodini/ Ward/ Woroch, 2003; Deutsche Bank, 2004.
See Frost & Sullivan, 2004; Koenig/ Vogelsang/ Winkler, 2005.
See OECD, 1998, pp. 191 ff.
See Polatschek, 2004; Die Bahn, 2005a, allows for a technical overview of this complexity of running a railway.
See Kirchner, 2003, for an overview of the European rail transport markets.
See Friebel/ Ivaldi/ Vibes, 2004, p. 2; OECD, 1998, pp. 141 ff. See Miller, 2003, for a historic worldwide overview of the economic development of the rail transport sector.
See OECD, 1998, p. 147.
See OECD, 1998, p. 12, for more details on this study called ‘Untersuchung Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Bahn’.
For the reform process of the rail sector in Germany see: OECD, 1998; Bennemann, 1994, Julitz, 1997, Berndt/ Kunz, 2000. For a critical view see VCD, 2004a; Ilgmann, 2003.
See OECD, 1998, p. 12.
See Bundesregierung, 2002a; PSPC, 2003; Bundesrat, 2005, for the reform of the AEG.
See EBA, 2004; Schweinsberg, 2002.
See Allianz pro Schiene, 2004, for a critical appraisal of the reform. For the political dimension of the German liberalisation see Friedrich, 2003.
See Brauner/ Kühlwetter, 2002, p. 493; in the AEG this is regulated in § 14 (4); Schweinsberg, 2002.
See Kirchner, 2003 and 2004, for an overview and structure.
See OECD, 1998, p. 12, for more details on this study called ‘Untersuchung Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Bahn’.
For the reform process of the rail sector in Germany see: OECD, 1998; Bennemann, 1994, Julitz, 1997, Berndt/ Kunz, 2000. For a critical view see VCD, 2004a; Ilgmann, 2003.
See OECD, 1998, p. 12.
See Bundesregierung, 2002a; PSPC, 2003; Bundesrat, 2005, for the reform of the AEG.
See EBA, 2004; Schweinsberg, 2002.
See Allianz pro Schiene, 2004, for a critical appraisal of the reform. For the political dimension of the German liberalisation see Friedrich, 2003.
See Brauner/ Kühlwetter, 2002, p. 493; in the AEG this is regulated in’ 14 (4); Schweinsberg, 2002.
See Kirchner, 2003 and 2004, for an overview and structure.
See Stinnes, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2005b.
See Miller, 2003, p. 58.
See Scherer, 2002, p. 283
See Miller, 2003, p. 13.
See Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003.
See SPD, 2004.
See RegTP, 2004a; Tele2, 2005.
See Fredebeul-Krein/ Freytag, 1999.
See Kiessling/ Blondeel, 1998.
See Kirchner, 2003 and 2004, for the railway markets.
See Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Scheurle, 2003.
Pelkmans, 2001, p. 437.
See Commission of the European Communities, 2004d.
See ERG, 2003b, for an example of the working groups of the national regulators and their discussion of harmonisation of remedies to counter the market failures.
See Ruhle, 2005, p. 11.
See Yan, 2001.
See Heinrichs, 2003; Scheurle, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Bundesregierung, 2002b, pp. 16 and 44 ff.
See Winkler, 2005; in the German TKG 2004 this arbitration is regulated in § 51 and mediation in § 124.
See Kurth, 2002; Schütz, 2005a, p. 159.
See Wünschmann, 2005; Rochlitz, 2003; Scheurle, 2003.
See Kurth, 2002.
See Bijl / Peitz, 2002, p. xi, for regulation in telecommunication markets. For a critical view on asymmetrical regulation in the broadband market see Crandall/ Sidak/ Singer, 2002.
See Ritter, 2004. pp. 110 ff.
See Ernst, 2001.
See Rochlitz, 2003.
See Neuhoff, 2003.
See Mai, 2004, p. 4.
See Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Nett/ Neumann/ Vogelsang, 2004; Freytag/ Winkler, 2003; Nolte/ König, 2005.
See Wirtschaftsrat, 2004, pp. 2 ff., demonstrating that the mobile operators express a belief that it should stay that way.
See Koenig/ Vogelsang/ Winkler, 2005; Crandall/ Sidak, 2004; Deutsche Bank, 2004; Rodini/ Ward/ Woroch, 2003; Frost&Sullivan, 2004; Wengler/ Schäfer, 2003; Monopolkommission, 2004a, for the fixed to mobile termination issue and the regulatory problems around it
See Winkelhage, 2005, p. 20.
See ecta, 2004.
See Ludewig, 2005, p. 19.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003; Scheurle, 2003.
See Giovannetti, 2005, p. 46.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003.
See McKinsey, 2002, p. 2.
See OECD, 1998, p. 23 and pp. 169 ff., on regulation in railway markets.
See Canoy/ Bijl/ Kemp, 2004, pp. 161 ff.
See Engel, 2002a.
See Kiessling/ Blondeel, 1998, p. 571.
See Héritier, 2001b, p. 24.
This paragraph builds on Schaaffkamp, 2004; Balzuweit/ Brümmer, 2002; Wiesmann/ Steinbach, 2002.
See Rochlitz, 2002, p. 1, for a critical view on tender-competition.
See OECD, 1998, p. 12.
See Werner, 2002.
See Friebel/ Ivaldi/ Vibes, 2004, p. 2, for the rail markets and Ritter, 2004, pp. 272 ff., for the telecommunications market.
See Friebel/ Ivaldi/ Vibes, 2004, p. 4.
See Ypsilanti/ Xavier, 1998, p. 653; in the German TKG 2004 this is regulated in § 23.
See Stoffels, 2004, p. 6, discusses the possibilities of the operators to negotiate standard contracts and adapt them to their own needs with the incumbent DT. He finds that even though negotiations take place, DT is not willing to change core issues of the contract.
See Better Regulation Task Force, 2001, p. 5; OECD, 1998, pp. 211 ff.
See Ritter, 2004, pp. 273 ff.
See Perrucci/ Cimatoribus, 1997, p. 508.
See Susskind/ McKearnan/ Thomas-Larmer, 1999.
See Scheurle, 2002.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004.
See Frühbrodt, 2002b, p. 14.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Kirchner, 2003 and 2004, for an overview of the legal situation over time in the rail markets in Europe.
See Handelsblatt, 2001, which shows that in 2001 there were about 1,200 cases in Germany where RegTPs decisions were appealed by operators. The exact numbers are not published.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004; Rochlitz, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2002b–2005b.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004.
See Scheurle, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Ritter, 2004, pp. 177 ff., for a detailed description on the genesis of the EBC ruling.
See Gifford, 2003, pp. 477 ff. He even claims for the public utilities regulators that “it is a wonder that they can do their job at all.”
See Kiessling/ Blondeel, 1998.
See Rawls, 1971, pp. 136 ff.
See Canoy/ Bijl/ Kemp, 2004, p. 162.
See Büllingen/ Hillebrand/ Wörter, 2002, pp. 65 ff.
See Heinrichs, 2004.
See Krummheuer, 2005b, p. 17, for the example of Connex, which publicly claims that they will go to court and to the EU commission to gain access to the network of DB.
See Wünschmann, 2005; Scheurle, 2003.
See Heinrichs, 2004.
See Neuhoff, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003.
See Elixmann/ Metzler/ Schäfer, 2004.
See Monopolkommission, 2004b. For a critical view see Heinacher, 2004
See Rochlitz/ Winkler, 2005.
See Bundesrat, 2004, for an illustration on just how deep into details the discussion goes.
See Cave, 2004, p. 27.
See Ruhle/ Lichtenberger/ Kittl, 2005, p. 127, for Austria; Scheurle, 2003, for Germany.
See Eberlein, 2001, p. 381.
See McKinsey, 2002, pp. 2 ff., highlighting the importance of lobbying within Deutsche Bahn.
See Commission of the European Communities, 2003, describing the timephasing of monopolies.
See Scheurle, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Neuhoff, 2003.
See Neuscheler, 2005, p. 45; Jamison, 2005.
See Wirtschaftsrat, 2003, p.3.
See Neuhoff, 2003.
See Germis, 2004, p. 45.
See FAZ, 2004a, pp. 13–15.
See Keuter/ Waitschies, 2004.
See FAZ, 2005c, p. 13; FAZ, 2005a, p. 11.
See Neuhoff, 2005; Handelsblatt, 2005c, p. 4.
See Rochlitz/ Winkler, 2005.
See Handelsblatt, 2005b, p. 4.
See Ilgmann, 2001.
See Tomik, 2002, pp. 41 ff.
See PSPC, 2004, pp. 51 ff.
See Héritier, 2001b, pp. 7 ff.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Werner, 2002.
See Gifford, 2003, pp. 471 ff.
See VATM, 2002.
See Die Bahn, 2002b, p. 29. DB denies that long term contracts are signed in order to cut out the competition, but only to be able to make investments.
See FAZ, 2002a, p. 15.
See Schaaffkamp, 2004.
See Werner et al., 2004.
See Hirschfeld, 2003.
See PSPC, 2004, pp. 16 ff.
See Scheerer/ Nonnast, 2005, p. 3.
See Handelsblatt, 2005a, p. 11.
See Lyon/ Huang, 2002, p. 112, point to the following order of actions in a regulated market: negotiation, conflict, regulation, then again negotiation.
See Pelkmans, 2001, p. 436, for an overview of the dynamic development of the EU liberalisation.
See Wegmann, 2001, pp. 50 ff., for this paradox
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Newbery, 2000, p. 141.
See OECD, 1998, p. 22.
See Ermert, 2004.
See Werner, 2002.
See Wünschmann, 2005.
See Héritier, 2001a, p. 28.
See Newbery, 2000.
See Canoy/ Bijl/ Kemp, 2004.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Scheurle, 2003.
See Heng, 2004b.
See FAZ, 2005g, p. 18.
See Michalowitz, 2004, pp. 17ff.
See Miller, 2003, pp. 76 ff., for examples in the rail sector; EON, 2005, for an example in the electricity market.
See Neuhoff, 2003; Werner, 2002.
See Cassel, 2001, p. 112.
See Evans/ Fingleton, 2002, p. 15; Strauch, 1993, p. 7.
See Althaus, 2004, p. 8.
See Strauch, 1993, pp. 147 ff.
See Schönborn/ Wiebusch, 2002, p. VIII.
This paragraph builds on Putz & Partner, 2004.
See Baethge/ Hübner, 2004, for an overview of the efficiency of the German lobby-associations in general.
See Schönborn/ Wiebusch, 2002, pp. 93 ff., for a specific example of a campaign run by the internet-provider AOL.
See Rochlitz, 2005, for the difference between personal and institutional influence with examples.
See Werner, 2002; Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Epstein/ Nitzan, 2005, pp. 15 ff.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Althaus, 2004, p. 7; Putz & Partner, 2004.
See Freytag, 1998; Soltwedel et al., 1986, pp. 284 ff.; Becker, 1983 and 1985; Fockenbrock, 2005, p. 24, on the explicit example of DT.
See Strauch, 1993, p. 8; Schönborn/ Wiebusch, 2002, p. 11. For a critical view see Grass, 2005, who states that lobbying as such is a danger for society.
See Glachant, 2002, p. 297.
See Stigler, 1971.
See Knieps, 2004, pp. 18 ff.
For both markets examples of the misuse of power in connection with essential facilities exist. For the telecommunications market see VATM, 2001. For the rail market see Mehr Bahnen, 2003 and 2005; McKinsey, 2002. Kirchner, 2003 and 2004 list all the theoretical market barriers for rail markets and structure them.
See Heinen, 2001; Peltzman/ Winston, 2000; Vogelsang, 2002; Wissenschaftlicher Beirat beim Bundesminister für Verkehr, 2002. See PSPC, 2004, for a listing of the essential facilities in the German rail market.
See Engel, 2002b.
See Bijl/ Peitz, 2002, p. 243.
See Scheurle, 2003; Heinrichs, 2003.
See Shapiro/ Varian, 1999, p. 2.
See Die Bahn, 2004, p. 17, for the point of view of an incumbent on essential facilities in the rail sector.
See Kirchner, 2003.
See Freytag/ Winkler, 2003; Ewers/ Ilgmann, 2001a, p. 6.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See Knieps/ Brunekreeft, 2000.
See Monopolkommission, 2004a; RegTP, 2003b.
See Vanberg, 2002, pp. 8 ff., for the details of this case.
See Die Bahn, 2004, pp. 34 ff.
See Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2002b, pp. 31 ff.
See Rochlitz, 2003.
See Schweinsberg, 2002, for a listing of the different cases. 75% of those revolve around issues of access.
See Heinrichs, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004.
See Krummheuer, 2005a, p. 17.
See FAZ, 2003b, p. 12.
See Die Bahn, 2004, pp. 34 ff., for a discussion of these ‘extra-services’.
See Petersdorff, 2005, p. 33.
See RegTP, 2002, for this case.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003.
See Scheurle, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See Berke, 2005, p. 10.
See Winkler/ Rochlitz, 2005; BDI, 2005, pp. 8 ff.
See Die Bahn, 2002b, p. 7. Even the incumbent DB admits that the crucial characteristic of a competitive market is the open access to it. Obviously, different actors have different ideas as to what ‘open’ means.
See OECD, 1998, pp. 7 ff., for the theoretical discussion on alternative models of ownership and control in the rail transport markets and an extensive overview of 15 countries. Here only the German and the UK market will be considered in greater detail. For a critical view that the separation has a positive effect on regulatory reform, see Friebel/ Ivaldi/ Vibes, 2004, p. 4.
See PSPC, 2004, pp. 46 ff.
See Knieps, 2004, p. 2.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Die Bahn, 2002b.
See Hirschhausen/ Siegmann, 2004.
See Lavender, 2005. In the telecommunications market the incumbent BT is (in 2005) about to set up a separate ‘Access Service Division’ with its own headquarters and brand but which will remain part of BT.
See Böhmer/ Schnitzler, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2004, pp. 20 ff.; Die Bahn, 2005b, p. 39. The incumbent DB is obviously against such an approach and voices its opposition loudly.
See NZZ, 2004.
See for the current discussion Allianz pro Schiene, 2004; FDP, 2004; Ewers/ Ilgmann, 2001b; BDI, 2005, pp. 8 ff; FAZ, 2004c.
See Ewers/ Ilgmann, 2001a, p. 6. They look at the pricing system of Deutsche Bahn, which discriminates between the competitors: not so much on pricing issues but on quality aspects. These are the issues that are hard to prove and can be extremely disturbing as they cause cost in terms of time and legal expenses.
See Werner, 2002.
See Köster, 1999.
See Siedenbiel, 2003, p. 78. Connex took one of its main lines in Germany out of service, because the level of usage dropped. One of the reasons for the end of the service was the lack of connection with the incumbent’s trains.
See Schintler et al., 2004.
See Scheurle, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, 2003; Schäfer, 2003, gives a detailed telecommunications market overview from the perspective of the consumers.
See Werner, 2002.
See Neuhoff, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003.
See FAZ, 2005h, for a listing of the TOP 100 companies in Germany.
See A.T. Kearney, 2004.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; FAZ, 2005e, p. 19.
See Wünschmann, 2005; Scheurle, 2003.
Die Bahn, 2004, p. 1, points to the complexity of the day to day work in respect to the changes necessary when working with many new, small companies — a process which is caused and controlled by regulation.
See Höckels/ Rottenbiller, 2003. The incumbent feels discriminated against in terms of his ability to introduce innovative products.
See Balsen, 2005, p. 10.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Wünschmann, 2005.
See Frühbrodt, 2002a p. 15.
See Monopolkommission, 2004b. See Pergande, 2004, p. 18, for an example of such a product variation.
See Schütz, 2005a, p. 166.
See IRG, 2005, for an international overview of the concept of reciprocity.
See Ruhle/ Lichtenberger/ Kittl, 2005, p. 10, who describe that the concept of reciprocity is also seen as a basis of the economic liberalisation principles in Austria.
See RegTP, 2003a.
See Williamson, 1993, pp. 45 ff. Neumann, 2004, p. 3, discusses reciprocity as a (necessary) part of a consistent pricing regime.
See Commission of the European Communities, 2005a.
See FAZ, 2005d, p. 13, for a description of the same effect in the rail sector.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Werner, 2002.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003; Werner, 2002.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003.
See Winkler, 2003.
See Tele2, 2005, pp. 27 ff., for this example.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Rochlitz, 2005.
See Heinrichs, 2004; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Stoffels, 2004, p. 6, who describes that in practice the incumbent can even use the non-discrimination clause against the new operators, when he is not willing to give access to a new product or price.
See Riedel, 2002.
See Wendel, 2004, on the internal problem within DT of implementing this reform. See Tartler, 2005, for an example of DB trying to keep up the propaganda; Neuhoff, 2003; Heinrichs, 2003.
See Armstrong, 1998; Scheurle, 2003.
See Grabitz, 2003.
See Wünschmann, 2005.
See Scheurle, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Arnback, 2005.
See Werner, 2002.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003; Werner, 2002.
See Michalowitz, 2004, pp. 229 ff.
See Märker/ Trénel, 2003, p. 7.
See VCD, 2004b.
See Köster, 1999, p. 168.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Werner, 2002; Wünschmann, 2005.
See Schneider, 1995.
See Engel, 2002b, p. 18.
See Heinrichs, 2004.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2004.
See Neuhoff, 2003.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See FAZ, 2003a, p. 11; Rochlitz, 2005.
This case builds on Jahn/ Prüfer, 2004.
See Donegan, 2005, p. 29, for more technical details.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003.
See Engel, 2002b. See Bundesministerium für Verkehr, 2001; Wissenschaftlicher Beirat beim Bundesminister für Verkehr, 2002; Monopolkommission, 2004a; RegTP, 2002 and 2003b, for a description of the possible instruments.
See Scheurle, 2003; Werner, 2002.
See Kohlstedt, 2003b.
See Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003.
This case builds on Freytag/ Winkler, 2004. See Ritter, 2004, pp. 195 ff., for a detailed description on the genesis of the billing contract.
See Stüwe, 2004, p. 14.
See Mechnig, 2004.
See Deutsche Telekom, 2004.
See VATM, 2005.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See Schütz, 2005a, p. 170.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Piepenbrock, 2004.
See RegTP, 2004a, p. 769.
See Koenig/ Vogelsang/ Winkler, 2005, pp. 47 ff.; Bauer, 2004, p. 19.
See Koenig/ Vogelsang/ Winkler, 2005. pp. 32 ff.
See Koenig/ Vogelsang/ Winkler, 2005. They demonstrate that even when the so-called market analysis for this market is concluded by all EU member states, the national regulators will decide how they interfere in the markets.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Rochlitz, 2003.
See Rochlitz, 2003.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003
See McKinsey, 2002, for a ‘blueprint’ on negotiation strategies of an incumbent in a network market.
See RegTP, 2002 and 2003; Monopolkommission, 2004b, for cases in the telecommunications markets. See Schweinsberg, 2002, p. 16, for cases in the rail sector.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003; Heinrichs, 2003; Scheurle, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2002b–2005b; Mehr Bahnen, 2003; VATM, 2001 and 2002, for typical position papers which represent this style.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Heinrichs, 2003; Scheurle, 2003.
See Schütz, 2005a, pp. 166 ff.
See RegTP, 2004. This is obviously not the case for all circumstances, as for example RegTP publishes a project plan every year.
See Schütz, 2005a, pp. 178 ff., for a definition of MVNO; Bieler, 2005, for the market situation of MVNOs in Germany.
See Kruse, 1992, p. 4, for a discussion on scarcity of frequencies.
See Bornshten/ Schjter, 2003, for an international overview.
See Cullen International, 2005, table 29.
See Tele2, 2005, pp. 15 ff., for an example of such an MVNO.
See Deutscher Bundestag, 2003.
See Spiller, 2004.
See Wirtschaftsrat, 2004, p. 3.
See Frost&Sullivan, 2004, for an international overview of how this issue is handled differently (based on individual situations) in the different countries.
See Heinrichs, 2004.
See Die Bahn, 2005b, pp. 34 ff.
See Kirchner, 2003.
See Miller, 2003, pp. 170 ff.
See Scheurle, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003; Werner, 2003.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See TK-dialog, 2004.
See Scheurle, 2003, for this specific example. See Poel, 2002, for an overview of all such associations that exist internationally; Kohlstedt, 2003a, gives an overview of the AKNN; Bruce/ Marriottt, 2002, p. 52, present the ACIF as an international example of how such associations can develop to become a support mechanism for all actors.
See Drahos, 2003, p. 2.
See Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, 2003, for an example of such a benchmark produced on a regular basis in Germany by the federal ministry of economics.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Vogelsang, 2001.
See Schütz, 2005b, p. VI.
See Schmidt/ Winkelhage, 2005, p. 13; Telekom-Control-Kommission, 2005.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See VATM, 2003, pp. 1 ff., as a demonstration that the VATM in Germany seems to have made a leap forward by moving from the ‘regulatoryassociation’ to a association that moves forward on (innovative) contents.
See Newbery, 2000; Pelkmans, 2001, p. 455; Bundesregierung, 2004.
See Piepenbrock, 2004. He highlights the fact that conflicts do not disembogue into regulatory cases because of the contents, but because negotiations never take place.
See Engel, 2002b, for a description of how negotiations are run in network markets.
See Die Bahn, 2002b–2005b.
See Die Bahn, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2004, p. 31.
See Die Bahn, 2003.
See RegTP, 2005b.
See Kirchner, 2002, for background and case; Neumann, 2002.
See Scheurle, 2003.
See Rochlitz, 2005.
See Böhmer/ Delhaes, 2004, p. 62; Ott, 2004.
See Krummheuer, 2005b, p. 17. “There is no peace between DB and Connex, because there was no war — only competition and our effort to gain fair access to infrastructure.” Own translation from German to English.
See Wünschmann, 2005.
See Heng, 2004a, demonstrating that in the mobile telecommunications sector cooperation between some groups of operators and non-cooperation between others is executed at the same time.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Röthig, 2002; FAZ, 2002b, p. 67.
See Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Werner, 2002.
See FAZ, 2005b, p. 11.
See Die Bahn, 2002a, p. 21; Heng, 2003.
See Die Bahn, 2004, pp. 23 ff. The incumbent DB describes here the cases that were handled by the EBA in the past year. In describing some of the cases DB tries to show that the reproaches of misuse of power were not conscious moves of Deutsche Bahn. See Die Bahn, 2003, p. 20 and Die Bahn, 2002b, pp. 15 ff., for a complete listing of the EBA cases from 2000–2002. DB differentiates between different classes of misuses and even comes to the conclusion that there are quite a few cases where the incumbent hurt himself the most, to make way for his competitors.
See Die Bahn, 2002b, p. 1, where the incumbent DB points to the fact that transparency is of importance in getting rid of strategic games.
See Die Bahn, 2002a, p. 21. Here it is openly stated that using the market power is seen as a promising strategy. But probably not even DB would consider this to be a fair strategy.
See Werner, 2002.
See Axelrod, 1988.
See Tele2, 2005, pp. 13 ff.
See Vogelsang, 2001.
See Dialog Consult/ VATM, 2004. See Schmidt, 2004, for an opposing opinion.
See Höckels/ Rottenbiller, 2003, for the opinion of the incumbent. 400 See Essig, 2004.
See Balsen, 2004, p. 9.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Niemeier, 2002.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003; Scheurle, 2003.
See TK-dialog, 2004.
See McKinsey, 2002; Die Bahn, 2002a.
See Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, 2003.
See Tele2, 2005.
See Scheurle, 2003; Armstrong, 1998; Ypsilanti/ Xavier, 1998.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Neuhoff, 2003.
See Elixmann/ Schäfer/ Schwab, 2004.
See Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Schütz, 2005a, pp. 166 ff.
See Frieden, 2004, for the example of MCI.
See Schmidt, 2005a, p. 14, demonstrating that it seems to be common knowledge that the actors play foul.
See Hirschfeld, 2003; Heinrichs, 2003.
See Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003.
See Michalowitz, 2004, pp. 269 ff.
See Schwerhoff, 2002.
See Heinrichs, 2004; Scheurle, 2003.
See Rochlitz, 2003; Hirschfeld, 2003.
See Ritter, 2004, p. 125. She states that this applies to the situation in the German telecommunications market.
See Schelling, 1957.
Take the example of the German market, where Arcor, the second largest telecommunications operator, was originally founded on the basis of the telecommunications network from Deutsche Bahn. The existence of telecommunications networks in the rail sector is based on the need for high quality information networks. For more details on these networks see Matthies/ Schinkel, 1991.
See Miller, 2003, p. 170; Die Bahn, 2004, explicitly puts the different networkmarkets telecommunication and rail into a context where one market can learn from the lessons of the other.
For a critical view see McKinsey, 2002, p. 2.
See Rochlitz/ Winkler, 2005; Neuscheler, 2005, p. 45; Bötsch, 2005, p. 13; Schütz, 2005c; Bundesrat, 2005; FAZ, 2005f, p. 14.
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(2006). Negotiations in network markets. In: Negotiations with Asymmetrical Distribution of Power. Contributions to Economics. Physica-Verlag HD. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7908-1744-9_3
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