This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Altenburger R, Backhaus T, Boedeker W, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2000) Predictability of the toxicity of multiple chemical mixtures to Vibrio fischeri: Mixtures composed of similarly acting chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 19: 2341–2347
Altenburger R, Boedeker W, Faust M, Grimme LH (1993) Aquatic toxicology — Analysis of combination effects. In: Corn M (ed) Handbook of Hazardous Materials. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 15–27
Altenburger R, Nendza M, Schüürmann G (2003) Mixture toxicity and its modeling by quantitative structure-activity relationships. Environ Toxicol Chem 22: 1900–1915
Anderson PD, Weber LJ (1975) The toxicity to aquatic populations of mixtures containing certain heavy metals. Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Toronto, 27–31 October 1975, vol 2, pp 933–953
Backhaus T, Altenburger R, Arrhenius Å, Blanck H, Faust M, Finizio A, Gramatica P, Grote M, Junghans M, Meyer M, Pavan M, Porsbring T, Scholze M, Todeschini R, Vighi M, Walter H, Grimme KH (2003) The BEAM-project: Prediction and assessment of mixture toxicities in the aquatic environment. Continental Shelf Research 23: 1757–1769
Backhaus T, Altenburger R, Boedeker W, Faust M, Scholze M., Grimme LH (2000) Predictability of the toxicity of a multiple mixture of dissimilarly acting chemicals to Vibrio fischeri. Environ Toxicol Chem 19: 2348–2356
Backhaus T, Faust M, Scholze M, Gramatica P, Vighi M, Grimme LH (2004) Joint algal toxicity of phenylurea herbicides is equally predictable by concentration addition and independent action. Environ Toxicol Chem 23: 258–264
Backhaus T, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2000) The single substance and mixture toxicity of quinolones to the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Aquat Toxicol 49: 49–61
Berenbaum MC (1985) The expected effect of a combination of agents: the general solution. J Theor Biol 114: 413–431
Berenbaum MC (1989) What is synergy? Pharmacol Rev 41: 93–141
Bias R (2004) REACH und QSAR — gemeinsame Aufgabe von Industrie und Wissenschaft. Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie 10(1), Editorial
Bodar CWM, Berthault F, de Bruijn JHM, van Leeuwen CJ, Pronk MEJ, Vermeire TG (2003) Evaluation of EU risk assessment existing chemicals (EC Regulation 793/93). Chemosphere 53: 1039–1047
Bödeker W, Drescher K, Altenburger R, Faust M, Grimme LH (1993) Combined effects of toxicants: The need and soundness of assessment approaches in ecotoxicology. Sci Total Environ, Supplement, 931–939
Boedeker W, Altenburger R, Faust M, Grimme LH (1992) Synopsis of concepts and models for the quantitative analysis of combination effects: from biometrics to ecotoxicology. Archives of Complex Environmental Studies 4(3): 45–53
Broderius SJ, Kahl MD, Hoglund MD (1995) Use of joint toxic responses to define the primary mode of toxic action for diverse industrial organic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1591–1605
BUAV (The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection) and ECEAE (European Coalition to End Animal Experiments) (2001). The way forward — Action to end animal toxicity testing. Report compiled for the BUAV by Dr Gill Langley. (available at http://www.eceae.org/pdf/TheWayForward_part1.pdf)
Burczynski ME, McMillian M, Ciervo J, Li L, Parker JB, Dunn RT, Hicken S, Farr S, Johnson MD (2000) Toxicogenomics-based discrimination of toxic mechanism in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Toxicol Sci 58: 399–415
Calamari D, Vighi M (1992) A proposal to define quality objectives for aquatic life for mixtures of chemical substances. Chemosphere 25: 531–542
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2001a). A sustainable Europe for a better world: A European Union strategy for sustainable development. Brussels, 15.5.2001, COM(2001) 264 final. (zitiert in der amtlichen deutschen Textversion)
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2001b). White Paper „Strategy for a future chemicals policy“. Brussels, 27.2.2001, COM(2001) 88 final
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2003a) A European environment and health strategy. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee. Brussels, COM (2003) 338 final
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2003b). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and the Council concerning the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency and amending directive 1999/45/EC and regulation (EC) on persistent organic pollutants. Brussels, 29.10.2003, COM(2003) 644 final. (Zitate aus dem Englischen übersetzt)
Combes R, Barrat M, Balls M (2003). An overall strategy for the testing of chemicals for human hazard and risk assessment under the EU REACH system. ATLA 31: 7–19
Corn M (ed) (1993) Handbook of Hazardous Materials. Academic Press, San Diego
Cronin MTD (2002). The current status and future applicability of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) in predicting toxicity. ATLA 30,Supplement 2, 81–84
Cronin MTD, Walker JD, Jaworska, JS, Comber MHI, Watts CD, Worth AP (2003a) Use of QSARs in international decision-making framework to predict ecologic effects and environmental fate of chemical substances. Environ Health Perspect 111: 1376–1390
Cronin MTD, Jaworska, JS, Walker JD, Comber MHI, Watts CD, Worth AP (2003b) Use of QSARs in international decision-making framework to predict health effects of chemical substances. Environ Health Perspect 111: 1391–1401
Danish EPA (Danish Environmental Protection Agency) (2001) Report on the advisory list for selfclassification of dangerous substances. Environmental Project no. 636. (available at http://www.mst.dk)
De Wolf W, Canton JH, Deneer JW, Wegmann RCC, Hermens JLM (1988) Quantitative structure-activity relationships and mixture-toxicity studies of alcohols and chlorohydrocarbons: reproducibility of effects on growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicol 12: 39–49
EC (European Commission) (2003a) The future of risk assessment in the European Union. The second report on the harmonization of risk assessment procedures. SSC (Scientific Steering Committee), Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission
EC (European Commission) (2003b) Technical guidance document on risk assessment in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances, Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Part I–IV. European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals, EUR 20418 EN/1-4
EC (European Commission) (2004) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) on the BUAV-ECEAE report on „The way forward — Action to end animal toxicity testing“. Adopted by the CSTEE during the 41st plenary meeting of 8 January 2004. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Directorate C — Public Health and Risk Assessment, C7 — Risk Assessment, Brussels, C7/VR/csteeop/anat/080104 D(04)
ECB (European Chemicals Bureau) (2004) (available at http://ecb.jrc.it/existing-chemicals/, 01.08.04)
EIFAC (European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission, Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European freshwater fish) (1987) Revised report on combined effects on freshwater fish and other aquatic life of mixtures of toxicants in water. EIFAC Tech Pap 37, Rev 1
EP&C (European Parliament and the Council) (2002) Decision No. 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 2002 laying down the sixth community environment action programme. Official Journal of the European Communities, 10.9.2002, L 242/1-15
Esbjerg Declaration (1995) Ministerial declaration of the 4th international conference on the protection of the north sea. Esbjerg, 8–9 June 1995. (available at http://odin.dep.no/md/nsc/declaration/022001-990243/dok-bn.html#l.MINISTERIAL). (Zitate aus dem Englischen übersetzt)
European Council (2001) Gothenborg European Council, 15 and 16 June 2001 — presidency conclusions. SN 200/01. (zitiert in der amtlichen deutschen Textversion)
Faust M, Altenburger R, Backhaus T, Blanck H, Boedeker W, Gramatica P, Hamer V, Scholze M, Vighi M, Grimme LH (2001) Predicting the joint algal toxicity of multi-component s-triazine mixtures at low-effect concentrations of individual toxicants. Aquat Toxicol 56: 13–32
Faust M, Altenburger R, Backhaus T, Blanck H, Boedeker W, Gramatica P, Hamer V, Scholze M, Vighi M, Grimme LH (2003) Joint algal toxicity of 16 dissimilarly acting chemicals is predictable by the concept of independent action. Aquatic Toxicol 63: 43–63
Faust M, Scholze M (2003) Competing concepts for the prediction of mixture toxicity: Do the differences matter for regulatory purposes? EU-Project BEAM — EVK1-CT1999-00012, Workpackage 7 — Options for predictive mixture toxicity assessment, Final Report to project partners, consultants, and European Commission services. (publication in the open scientific literature in preparation)
FOE (Friends of the Earth) 2000 Crisis in Chemicals — The threat posed by the „Biomedical Revolution“ to the profits, liabilities, and regulation of industries making and using chemicals. Written by Warhurst M with assistance of Childs M, Taylor M, Bullock S, Smeardon L, Humber S, Hartley R on behalf of FOE. (available at http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/crisis_chemicals.pdf)
FOE (Friends of the Earth) (2002) Crisis in Chemicals Update. Report written by Warhurst AM (available at http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/crisis_chemicals_update.pdf)
Gramatica P, Vighi M, Consolaro F, Todeschini R, Finizio A, Faust M (2001) QSAR approach for the selection of congeneric compounds with a similar toxicological mode of action. Chemosphere 42: 873–883
Greco WR, Bravo G, Parsons JC (1995) The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective. Pharmacol Rev 47: 331–385
Greco WR, Unkelbach H-D, Pöch G, Sühnel J, Kundi M, Bödeker W (1992) Consensus on concepts and terminology for combined action assessment: The Saariselkä agreement. Archives of Complex Environmental Studies 4(3): 65–69
Gressel J (1990) Synergizing herbicides. Rev Weed Sci 5: 49–82
Hartung T, Bremer S, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Fortaner S, Gribaldo L, Haider M, Roi AJ, Prieto P, Sabbioni E, Worth A, Zuang V (2003) ECVAM’s response to the changing political environment for alternatives: Consequences of the European Union chemicals and cosmetics policies. ATLA 31: 473–481
Hewlett PS, Plackett RL (1979) The interpretation of quantal responses in biology. Edward Arnold, London
IEH (Institute for Environment and Health) (2001) Testing requirements for proposals under the EC White Paper „Strategy for a future chemicals policy“. Web Report W6, Leicester (UK). (available at http://www.le.ac.uk/ieh/webpub/webpub.html, posted July 2001)
ILSI (International Life Sciences Institute) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (2003) Technical Committee on Application of Genomics to Mechanism-Based Risk Assessment: Status, findings and next Steps, March 2003 (available at http://hesi.ilsi.org/file/ACF5D34.pdf)
Junghans M, Backhaus T, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2003a) Predictability of combined effects of 8 chloroacetanilide herbicides on algal reproduction. Pest Management Science 59: 1101–1110
Junghans M, Backhaus T, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2003b) Toxicity of sulfonylurea herbicides to the green alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus: Predictability of combination effects. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71: 585–593
Kalberlah F, Schneider K (1998) Quantification of extrapolation factors. Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven
Kodell RL, Pounds JG (1991) Assessing the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals. In: Krewski D, Franklin C (eds) Statistics in Toxicology. Gordon and Breach, New York, pp 559–591
Könemann WH, Pieters MN (1996) Confusion of concepts in mixture toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol 34: 1025–1031
Krewski D, Franklin C (eds) (1991) Statistics in Toxicology. Gordon and Breach, New York
Marchant GE (2002) Toxicogenomics and toxic torts. Trends in Biotechnology 20: 329–332
Marchant GE (2003) Genomics and toxic substances: Part II — Genetic susceptibility to environmental agents. Environmental Law Reporter 33: 10641–10667
Merrick BA, Tomer KB (2003) Toxicoproteomics: A parallel approach to identifying bio-markers. Environ Health Perspect 111: A578–579
Mumatz MM, DeRosa CT, Durkin PR (1994) Approaches and challenges in risk assessment of chemical mixtures. In: Yang RSH (ed) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 565–597
Munns Jr WR, Suter II GW, Damstra T, Kroes R, Reiter LW, Marafante E (2003) Integrated risk assessment — Results from an international workshop. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 9: 379–386
Oberemm A, Gundert-Remy U (2003) Toxicogenomics: Der Einsatz von Genexpressionsanalysen für die Risikobewertung von Chemikalien. Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie 9(1): 6–8
Payne J, Scholze M, Kortenkamp A (2001) Mixtures of four organochlorines enhance human breast cancer cell proliferation. Environ Health Perspect 109(4): 391–397
Pedersen F, de Bruijn J, Munn S, van Leeuwen K (2003a) Assessment of additional testing needs under REACH — Effects of (Q)SARs, risk based testing and voluntary initiatives. European Commission, Directorate General JRC, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/reach/docs/reach/testing_needs-2003_10_29.pdf)
Pedersen F, de Bruijn J, Munn S, Worth A, van Leeuwen K (2003b) The cost-saving potential of QSARs. Stakeholder Workshop on Impact Assessment of REACH, 21 November 2003, Brussels. European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, IHCP (Institute for Health and Consumer Protection) (available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/reach/docs/reach/presentat2-2003_11_21.pdf)
Pennie W, Pettit SD, Lord PG (2004) Toxicogenomics in risk assessment: An overview of an HESI collaborative research program. Environ Health Perspect 112: 417–419
Plackett RL, Hewlett PS (1967) A comparison of two approaches to the construction of models for quantal responses to mixtures of drugs. Biometrics 23: 27–44
Pöch G (1993) Combined effects of drugs and toxic agents. Modern evaluation in theory and practice. Springer, Wien
Rajapakse N, Silva E, Kortenkamp A (2002) Combining xenoestrogens at levels below individual No-observed-effect concentrations dramatically enhances steroid hormone action. Environ Health Perspect 110(9): 917–921
Risikokommission (2003) Ad hoc-Kommission „Neuordnung der Verfahren und Strukturen zur Risikobewertung und Standardsetzung im gesundheitlichen Umweltschutz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland“. Abschlußbericht der Risikokommission. Im Auftrag des Bundesministers für Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung und des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. Geschäftsstelle der Risikokommission beim Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Salzgitter
Schmidt CW (2004) Metabolomics: what’s happening downstream of DNA. Environ Health Perspect 112: A410–415
Scholze M, Boedeker W, Faust M, Backhaus T, Altenburger R, Grimme LH (2001) A general best fit method for concentration-response curves and the estimation of low effect concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 20: 448–457
Silva E, Rajapakse N, Kortenkamp A (2002) Something from „nothing“ — Eight weak estrogenic chemicals combined at concentrations below NOECs produce significant mixture effects. Environ Sci Technol 36(8): 1751–1756
Streffer C, Bücker J, Cansier A, Cansier D, Gethmann CF, Guderian R, Hankamp G, Henschler D, Pöch G, Rehbinder E, Renn O, Slesina M, Wuttke K (2000) Umweltstandards — Kombinierte Exposition und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Menschen und seine Umwelt. Springer, Berlin
Svendsgaard DJ, Hertzberg RC (1994) Statistical methods for the toxicological evaluation of the additivity assumption as used in the Environmental Protection Agency Chemical Mixture Risk Assessment Guidelines. In: Yang RSH (ed) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 599–642
Tinwell H, Ashby J (2004) Sensitivity of the immature rat uterotrophic assay to mixtures of estrogens. Environ Health Perspect 112(5): 575–582
Travis CC, Bishop WE, Clarke DP (2003) The genomic revolution: What does it mean for human and ecological risk assessment? Ecotoxicology 12: 489–495
TWG Research Needs (Technical Working Group on Research Needs appointed by the European Commission within the Environment & Health Strategy) (2004) Research needs in the framework of the European environment and health strategy ((COM 2003) 338 final) — Proposal for actions. February 27, 2004. (http://www.brussels-conference.org/Download/Proposal_for_Actions_TWG_Research_Needs_fin.pdf)
UN (United Nations) (2002) Report of the world summit on sustainable development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August–4 September 2002. A/CONF.199/20, United Nations, New York. (Zitate aus dem Englischen übersetzt)
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2003) Framework for cumulative risk assessment. USEPA/600/P-02/00F, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington Office, Washington D.C.
Van Leeuwen CJ, Verhaar HJM, Hermens JLM (1996) Quality Criteria and risk assessment for mixtures of chemicals in the aquatic environment. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2: 419–425
Vighi M, Altenburger R, Arrhenius Å, Backhaus T, Boedeker W, Blanck H, Consolaro F, Faust M, Finizio A, Froehner K, Gramatica P, Grimme LH, Grönvall F, Hamer V, Scholze M, Walter H (2003) Water quality objectives for mixtures of toxic chemicals: problems and perspectives. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 54: 139–150
Walter H, Consolaro F, Gramatica P, Scholze M, Altenburger R (2002) Mixture toxicity of priority pollutants at no observed effect concentrations (NOECs). Ecotoxicology 11: 299–310
Waters M, Boorman G, Bushel P, Cunningham M, Irwin R, Merrick A, Olden K, Paules R, Selkirk J, Stasiewicz S, Weis B, Van Houten B, Walker N, Tennant R (2003) Systems toxicology and the chemical effects in biological systems (CEBS) knowledge base. Environ Health Perspect 111: 811–824
WHO (World Health Organisation) (2001) Integrated risk assessment. Report prepared for the WHO/UNEP/ILO International Programme on Chemical Safety. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 9: 267–386. (available at http://www.who.int/pcs/emerg_site/integr_ra/ira_report.htm). (Zitate aus dem englischen übersetzt)
Worth A, Balls M (ed) (2002) Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemical testing. Current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM working group on chemicals. ATLA 30,Supplement 1, pp 125 (Zitate aus dem Englischen übersetzt)
WWF (World Wildlife Fund) (2004) Chemical check up — An analysis of chemicals in the blood of members of the European Parliament. WWF DetoX Campaign, Brussels. (available at http://www.panda.org/downloads/europe/checkupmain.pdf)
Xu S, Nirmalakhandan N (1998) Use of QSAR models in predicting joint effects in multi-component mixtures of organic chemicals. Water Resources 32: 2391–2399
Yang RSH (1994) Introduction to the toxicology of chemical mixtures. In: Yang RSH (ed) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1–10
Yang RSH (ed) (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Academic Press, San Diego
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Physica-Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Faust, M., Backhaus, T. (2005). Innovative Risikobewertungsverfahren als Instrumente nachhaltiger Chemikalienpolitik. In: Hansjürgens, B., Nordbeck, R. (eds) Chemikalienregulierung und Innovationen zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften. Nachhaltigkeit und Innovation. Physica-Verlag HD. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7908-1657-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7908-1657-4_10
Publisher Name: Physica-Verlag HD
Print ISBN: 978-3-7908-1597-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-7908-1657-0
eBook Packages: Business and Economics (German Language)