Abstract
This bibliography contains a list of Z references that are either available as published papers, books or technical reports from institutions, from the author, the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (OUCL), or on-line. The bibliography is in alphabetical order by author name(s).
Funded by the UK Science and Engineering Research Council(SERC) on grant no.GR/J15186.
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References
G. D. Abowd. Agents: Communicating interactive processes. In D. Diaper, D. Gilmore, Gilbert Cockton, and Brian Shackel, editors, Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT'90, pages 143–148. Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland), 1990.
G. D. Abowd. Formal Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. DPhil thesis, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, 1991.
G. D. Abowd, R. Allen, and D. Garlan. Using style to understand descriptions of software architectures. ACM Software Engineering Notes, 18(5):9–20, December 1993.
G. D. Abowd, J. P. Bowen, A. J. Dix, M. D. Harrison, and R. Took. User interface languages: A survey of existing methods. Technical Report PRG-TR-5-89, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, October 1989.
J.-R. Abrial. The B tool. In Bloomfield et al. [40], pages 86–87.
J.-R. Abrial. The B method for large software, specification, design and coding (abstract). In Prehn and Toetenel [399], pages 398–405.
J.-R. Abrial. The B-Book. Cambridge University Press, To appear. Contents: Mathematical reasoning; Set notation; Mathematical objects; Introduction to abstract machines; Formal definition of abstract machines; Theory of abstract machines; Constructing large abstract machines; Example of abstract machines; Sequencing and loop; Programming examples; Refinement; Constructing large software systems; Example of refinement; Appendices: Summary of the most current notations; Syntax; Definitions; Visibility rules; Rules and axioms; Proof obligations.
J.-R. Abrial, S. A. Schuman, and B. Meyer. Specification language. In R. M. McKeag and A. M. Macnaghten, editors, On the Construction of Programs: An Advanced Course, pages 343–410. Cambridge University Press, 1980.
J.-R. Abrial and I. H. Sørensen. KWIC-index generation. In J. Staunstrup, editor, Program Specification: Proceedings of a Workshop, volume 134 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 88–95. Springer-Verlag, 1981.
M. Ainsworth, A. H. Cruikchank, P. J. L. Wallis, and L. J. Groves. Viewpoint specification and Z. Information and Software Technology, 36(1):43–51, 1994.
A. J. Alencar and J. A. Goguen. OOZE: An object-oriented Z environment. In P. America, editor, Proc. ECOOP'91 European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, volume 512 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 180–199. Springer-Verlag, 1991.
A. J. Alencar and J. A. Goguen. Two examples in OOZE. Technical Report PRG-TR-25-91, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, 1991.
P. Ammann and J. Offutt. Functional and test specifications for the Mistix file system. Technical Report ISSE-TR-93-100, Department of Information & Software Systems Engineering, George Mason University, USA, January 1993.
P. Ammann and J. Offutt. Using formal methods to mechanize category-partition testing. Technical Report ISSE-TR-93-105, Department of Information & Software Systems Engineering, George Mason University, USA, September 1993.
D. B. Arnold, D. A. Duce, and G. J. Reynolds. An approach to the formal specification of configurable models of graphics systems. In G. Maréchal, editor, Proc. EUROGRAPH-ICS '87, European Computer Graphics Conference and Exhibition, pages 439–463. Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland), 1987. The paper describes a general framework for the formal specification of modular graphics systems, illustrated by an example taken from the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) standard.
D. B. Arnold and G. J. Reynolds. Configuring graphics systems components. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 3(6):248–256, November 1988.
R. D. Arthan. Formal specification of a proof tool. In Prehn and Toetenel [398], pages 356–370.
R. D. Arthan. On free type definitions in Z. In Nicholls [375], pages 40–58.
K. Ashoo. The Genesis Z tool — an overview. BCS FACS FACTS, Series II, 3(1):11–13, May 1992.
S. Aujla, A. Bryant, and L. Semmens. A rigorous review technique: Using formal notations within conventional development methods. In Proc. 1993 Software Engineering Standards Symposium, pages 247–255. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
P. B. Austin, K. A. Murray, and A. J. Wellings. File system caching in large point-to-point networks. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 7(1):65–80, January 1992.
S. Austin and G. I. Parkin. Formal methods: A survey. Technical report, National Physical Laboratory, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK, March 1993.
C. Bailes and R. Duke. The ecology of class refinement. In Morris and Shaw [359], pages 185–196.
M. Bailey. Formal specification using Z. In Proc. Software Engineering anniversary meeting (SEAS), page 99, 1987.
J. Bainbridge, R. W. Whitty, and J. B. Wordsworth. Obtaining structural metrics of Z specifications for systems development. In Nicholls [373], pages 269–281.
J.-P. Banâtre. About programming environments. In J.-P. Banâtre, S. B. Jones, and D. de Métayer, editors, Prospects for Functional Programming in Software Engineering, volume 1 of Research Reports, chapter 1, pages 1–22. Springer-Verlag, 1991.
R. Barden and S. Stepney. Support for using Z. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 255–280.
R. Barden, S. Stepney, and D. Cooper. The use of Z. In Nicholls [375], pages 99–124.
R. Barden, S. Stepney, and D. Cooper. Z in Practice. BCS Practitioner Series. Prentice Hall, 1994.
G. Barrett. Formal methods applied to a floating-point number system. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 15(5):611–621, May 1989. This paper presents a formalization of the IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic in Z. The formal specification is refined into four components. The procedures presented form the basis for the floating-point unit of the Inmos IMS T800 transputer. This work resulted in a joint UK Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for Inmos Ltd and the Oxford University Computing Laboratory in 1990. It was estimated that the approach saved a year in development time compared to traditional methods.
L. M. Barroca and J. A. McDermid. Formal methods: Use and relevance for the development of safety-critical systems. The Computer Journal, 35(6):579–599, December 1992.
P. Baumann. Z and natural semantics. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 168–184.
M. Benjamin. A message passing system: An example of combining CSP and Z. In Nicholls [371], pages 221–228.
M. Benveniste. Operational semantics of a distributed object-oriented language and its Z formal specification. Rapport de recherche INRIA 1230, IRISA/INRIA-Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cédex, France, May 1990.
M. Benveniste. Writing operational semantics in Z: A structural approach. In Prehn and Toetenel [398], pages 164–188.
S. Bera. Structuring for the VDM specification language. In Bloomfield et al. [40], pages 2–25.
J. Bicarregui and B. Ritchie. Invariants, frames and postconditions: A comparison of the VDM and B notations. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 21(2):79–89, 1995.
P. G. Bishop, editor. Fault Avoidance, chapter 3, pages 56–140. Applied Science. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1990. Section 3.88 (pages 94–96) provides an overview of Z. Other sections describe related techniques.
D. Bjørner, C. A. R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors. VDM and Z — Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990. The 3rd VDM-Europe Symposium was held at Kiel, Germany, 17–21 April 1990. A significant number of papers concerned with Z were presented [105, 161, 191, 145, 203, 209, 290, 424, 458, 500, 530].
R. Bloomfield, L. Marshall, and R. Jones, editors. VDM — The Way Ahead, volume 328 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1988. The 2nd VDM-Europe Symposium was held at Dublin, Ireland, 11–16 September 1988. See [5, 36].
D. Blyth. The CICS application programming interface: Temporary storage. IBM Technical Report TR12.301, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd, Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2JN, UK, December 1990. One of a number of reports on the CICS application programming interface. See also [247, 289, 360].
A. Boswell. Specification and validation of a security policy model. In Woodcock and Larsen [527], pages 42–51. Revised version in [43].
A. Boswell. Specification and validation of a security policy model. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 21(2):99–106, 1995. This paper describes the development of a formal security model in Z for the NATO Air Command and Control System (ACCS): a large, distributed, multilevel-secure system. The model was subject to manual validation, and some of the issues and lessons in both writing and validating the model are discussed.
L. Bottaci and J. Jones. Formal Specification Using Z: A Modelling Approach. International Thomson Publishing, London, 1995.
J. P. Bowen. Formal specification and documentation of microprocessor instruction sets. Microprocessing and Microprogramming, 21(1–5):223–230, August 1987.
J. P. Bowen. The formal specification of a microprocessor instruction set. Technical Monograph PRG-60, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, January 1987. The Z notation is used to define the Motorola M6800 8-bit microprocessor instruction set.
J. P. Bowen, editor. Proc. Z Users Meeting, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, December 1987. Oxford University Computing Laboratory. The 1987 Z Users Meeting was held on Friday 8 December at the Department of External Studies, Rewley House, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, UK.
J. P. Bowen. Formal specification in Z as a design and documentation tool. In Proc. Second IEE/BCS Conference on Software Engineering, number 290 in Conference Publication, pages 164–168. IEE/BCS, July 1988.
J. P. Bowen, editor. Proc. Third Annual Z Users Meeting, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, December 1988. Oxford University Computing Laboratory. The 1988 Z Users Meeting was held on Friday 16 December at the Department of External Studies, Rewley House, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, UK. Issued with A Miscellany of Handy Techniques by R. Macdonald, RSRE, Practical Experience of Formal Specification: A programming interface for communications by J. B. Wordsworth, IBM, and a number of posters.
J. P. Bowen. Formal specification of window systems. Technical Monograph PRG-74, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, June 1989. Three existing window systems, X from MIT, WM from Carnegie-Mellon University and the Blit from AT&T Bell Laboratories are covered.
J. P. Bowen. POS: Formal specification of a UNIX tool. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 4(1):67–72, January 1989.
J. P. Bowen. Formal specification of the ProCoS/safemos instruction set. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 14(10):631–643, December 1990. This article is part of a special issue on Formal aspects of microprocessor design, edited by H. S. M. Zedan. See also [437).
J. P. Bowen. Z bibliography. Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 1990–1993. This bibliography is maintained in BibTEX database format at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory. To add entries, please send as complete information as possible to z forum-request@comlab.ox.ac.uk.
J. P. Bowen. X: Why Z? Computer Graphics Forum, 11(4):221–234, October 1992. This paper asks whether window management systems would not be better specified through a formal methodology and gives examples in Z of X11.
J. P. Bowen. Formal methods in safety-critical standards. In Proc. 1993 Software Engineering Standards Symposium, pages 168–177. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
J. P. Bowen. Report on Z User Meeting, London 1992. BCS FACS FACTS, Series III, 1(3):7–8, Summer 1993. Other versions of this report have appeared as follows
-. Z User Meetings, Safety Systems: The Safety-Critical Systems Club Newsletter, 3(1): 13, September 1993.
-. Z User Group activities, JFIT News, 46:5, September 1993.
-. Report on Z User Meeting, Information and Software Technology, 35(10):613, October 1993.
-. Z User Meeting Activities, High Integrity Systems, 1(1):93–94, 1994.
J. P. Bowen. Comp.specification.z and Z FORUM frequently asked questions. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 397–404.
J. P. Bowen. Select Z bibliography. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 359–396.
J. P. Bowen. Formal Specification and Documentation using Z: A Case Study Approach. International Thomson Press, London, 1995.
J. P. Bowen. Z glossary. Information and Software Technology, 37(5):333–334, May 1995.
J. P. Bowen, P. T. Breuer, and K. C. Lano. A compendium of formal techniques for software maintenance. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 8(5):253–262, September 1993.
J. P. Bowen, P. T. Breuer, and K. C. Lano. Formal specifications in software maintenance: From code to Z++ and back again. Information and Software Technology, 35(11/12):679–690, November/December 1993.
J. P. Bowen, R. B. Gimson, and S. Topp-Jørgensen. The specification of network services. Technical Monograph PRG-61, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, August 1987.
J. P. Bowen, R. B. Gimson, and S. Topp-Jørgensen. Specifying system implementations in Z. Technical Monograph PRG-63, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, February 1988.
J. P. Bowen and M. J. C. Gordon. Z and HOL. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 141–167.
J. P. Bowen and M. J. C. Gordon. A shallow embedding of Z in HOL. Information and Software Technology, 37(5):269–276, May 1995. Revised version of [65].
J. P. Bowen and J. A. Hall, editors. Z User Workshop, Cambridge 1994, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1994. Proceedings of the Eigth Annual Z User Meeting, St. John's College, Cambridge, UK. Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society. For individual papers, see [32, 65, 58, 57, 81, 103, 106, 151, 172, 174, 189, 210, 211, 215, 222, 298, 329, 393, 446, 504, 526, 531]. The proceedings also includes an Introduction and Opening Remarks, a Select Z Bibliography [58] and a section answering Frequently Asked Questions [57].
J. P. Bowen and M. G. Hinchey. Formal methods and safety-critical standards. IEEE Computer, 27(8):68–71, August 1994.
J. P. Bowen and M. G. Hinchey. Seven more myths of formal methods: Dispelling industrial prejudices. In Naftalin et al. [361], pages 105–117.
J. P. Bowen and M. G. Hinchey. Editorial. Information and Software Technology, 37(5):258–259, May 1995. A special issue on Z. See [60, 71, 66, 78, 190, 310, 326, 331, 497].
J. P. Bowen and M. G. Hinchey. Report on Z User Meeting (ZUM'94). Information and Software Technology, 37(5):335–336, May 1995.
J. P. Bowen and M. G. Hinchey. Seven more myths of formal methods. IEEE Software, 12(4), July 1995. This article deals with further myths in addition to those presented in [208]. Previous versions issued as
-Technical Report PRG-TR-7-94, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, June 1994.
-Technical Report 357, University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, January 1995.
J. P. Bowen and M. G. Hinchey. Ten commandments of formal methods. IEEE Computer, 28(4):56–63, April 1995. Previously issued as: Technical Report 350, University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, September 1994.
J. P. Bowen and M. G. Hinchey, editors. ZUM'95 — 9th International Conference of Z Users, Limerick 1995, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, 1995.
J. P. Bowen and J. E. Nicholls, editors. Z User Workshop, London 1992, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1993. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Z User Meeting, DTI Offices, London, UK. Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society. For individual papers, see [27, 79, 118, 124, 134, 132, 155, 238, 261, 293, 307, 319, 332, 376, 382, 400, 420, 482, 499]. The proceedings also includes an Introduction and Opening Remarks, a Select Z Bibliography and a section answering Frequently Asked Questions.
J. P. Bowen and V. Stavridou. The industrial take-up of formal methods in safety-critical and other areas: A perspective. In Woodcock and Larsen [527], pages 183–195.
J. P. Bowen and V. Stavridou. Safety-critical systems, formal methods and standards. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 8(4):189–209, July 1993. A survey on the use of formal methods, including B and Z, for safety-critical systems. Winner of the 1994 IEE Charles Babbage Premium award. A previous version is also available as Oxford University Computing Laboratory Technical Report PRG-TR-5-92.
J. P. Bowen, S. Stepney, and R. Barden. Annotated Z bibliography. Information and Software Technology, 37(5):317–332, May 1995. Revised version of [461].
A. Bradley. Requirements for Defence Standard 00-55. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 93–94.
P.T. Breuer. Z! in progress: Maintaining Z specifications. In Nicholls [373], pages 295–318.
P. T. Breuer and J. P. Bowen. Towards correct executable semantics for Z. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 185–209.
S. M. Brien. The development of Z. In D. J. Andrews, J. F. Groote, and C. A. Middelburg, editors, Semantics of Specification Languages (SoSL), Workshops in Computing, pages 1–14. Springer-Verlag, 1994.
S. M. Brien and J. E. Nicholls. Z base standard. Technical Monograph PRG-107, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, November 1992. Accepted for standardization under ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22. This is the first publicly available version of the proposed ISO Z Standard. See also [457] for the current most widely available Z reference manual.
C. Britton, M. Loomes, and R. Mitchell. Formal specification as constructive diagrams. Microprocessing and Microprogramming, 37(1–5):175–178, January 1993.
D. J. Brown and J. P. Bowen. The Event Queue: An extensible input system for UNIX workstations. In Proc. European Unix Users Group Conference, pages 29–52. EUUG, May 1987. Available from EUUG Secretariat, Owles Hall, Buntingford, Hertfordshire SG9 9PL, UK.
D. Brownbridge. Using Z to develop a CASE toolset. In Nicholls [371], pages 142–149.
A. Bryant. Structured methodologies and formal notations: Developing a framework for synthesis and investigation. In Nicholls [371], pages 229–241.
G. R. Buckberry. ZED: A Z notation editor and syntax analyser. BCS FACS FACTS, Series II, 2(3):13–23, November 1991.
A. Burns and I. W. Morrison. A formal description of the structure attribute model for tool interfacing. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 4(2):74–78, March 1989.
A. Burns and A. J. Wellings. Occam's priority model and deadline scheduling. In Proc. 7th Occam User Group Meeting, Grenoble, 1987.
A. Burns and A. J. Wellings. A formal description of Ada tasking in Z. Computer Science Report YCS122, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK, 1989.
A. Burns and A. J. Wellings. Priority inheritance and message passing communication: A formal treatment. Computer Science Report YCS116, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK, 1989.
J. S. Busby and D. Hutchison. The practical integration of manufacturing applications. Software Practice and Experience, 22(2): 183–207, 1992.
P. Butcher. A behavioural semantics for Linda-2. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 6(4): 196–204, July 1991.
M. J. Butler. Service extension at the specification level. In Nicholls [373], pages 319–336.
M. J. Butler. Feature interaction analysis using Z. Åbo Akademi University, Finland, 1994.
M. J. Butler. Z specification of the X400 reliable transfer service. Åbo Akademi University, Finland, 1994.
D. Carrington. ZOOM workshop report. In Nicholls [375], pages 352–364. This paper records the activities of a workshop on Z and object-oriented methods held in August 1992 at Oxford. A comprehensive bibliography is included.
D. Carrington, D. J. Duke, R. Duke, P. King, G. A. Rose, and G. Smith. Object-Z: An object-oriented extension to Z. In S. Vuong, editor, Formal Description Techniques, II (FORTE'89), pages 281–296. Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland), 1990.
D. Carrington, D. J. Duke, I. J. Hayes, and J. Welsh. Deriving modular designs from formal specifications. ACM Software Engineering Notes, 18(5):89–98, December 1993.
D. Carrington, D. J. Duke, I. J. Hayes, and J. Welsh. Deriving modular designs from formal specifications: The analysis phase. Technical Report 93-13, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, October 1993.
D. Carrington and G. Smith. Extending Z for object-oriented specifications. In Proc. 5th Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC90), pages 9–14, 1990.
D. Carrington and P. Stocks. A tale of two paradigms: Formal methods and software testing. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 51–68. Also available as Technical Report 94-4, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, 1994.
D. Carrington and P. Stocks. A tale of two paradigms: Formal methods and software testing. Technical Report 94-4, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, February 1994.
P. Chalin and P. Grogono. Z specification of an object manager. In Bjørner et al. [39], pages 41–71.
D. K. C. Chan and P. W. Trinder. An object-oriented data model supporting multi-methods, multiple inheritance, and static type checking: A specification in Z. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 297–315.
W. Chantatub and M. Holcombe. Software testing strategies for software requirements and design. In Proc. EuroSTAR'94, pages 40/1–40/29, 3000-2 Hartley Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32257, USA, 1994. Software Quality Engineering. The paper describes how to construct a detailed Z specification using traditional software engineering techniques (ERDs, DFDs, etc.) in a top down manner. It introduces a number of notational devices to help with the management of large Z specifications. Some issues about proving consistency between levels are also addressed.
A. S. K. Cheng, J. Han, J. Welsh, and A. Wood. Providing user-oriented support for software development by formal methods. Technical Report 92-8, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, December 1992.
S. J. Clarke, A. C. Combes, and J. A. McDermid. The analysis of safety arguments in the specification of a motor speed control loop. Computer Science Report YCS136, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK, 1990. This report describes some timing extensions to Z.
B. Cohen. Justification of formal methods for system specifications & A rejustification of formal notations. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 4(1):26–38, January 1989.
B. Cohen and D. Mannering. The rigorous specification and verification of the safety aspects of a real-time system. In COMPASS '90, 1990.
B. P. Collins, J. E. Nicholls, and I. H. Sørensen. Introducing formal methods: The CICS experience with Z. In B. Neumann et al., editors, Mathematical Structures for Software Engineering. Oxford University Press, 1991.
J. Cooke. Editorial — formal methods: What? why? and when? The Computer Journal, 35(5):417–418, October 1992. An editorial introduction to two special issues on Formal Methods. See also [31, 114, 344, 431, 524] for papers relevant to Z.
J. Cooke. Formal methods-mathematics, theory, recipes or what? The Computer Journal, 35(5):419–423, October 1992.
A. C. Coombes, L. Barroca, J. S. Fitzgerald, J. A. McDermid, L. Spencer, and A. Saeed. Formal specification of an aerospace system: The attitude monitor. In Hinchey and Bowen [245], pages 307–332.
A. C. Coombes and J. A. McDermid. A tool for defining the architecture of Z specifications. In Nicholls [373], pages 77–92.
A. C. Coombes and J. A. McDermid. Specifying temporal requirements for distributed real-time systems in Z. Computer Science Report YCS 176, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK, 1992.
A. C. Coombes and J. A. McDermid. Using diagrams to give a formal specification of timing constraints in Z. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 119–130.
D. Cooper. Educating management in Z. In Nicholls [371], pages 192–194.
V. A. O. Cordeiro, A. C. A. Sampaio, and S. L. Meira. From MooZ to Eiffel — a rigorous approach to system development. In Naftalin et al. [361], pages 306–325.
S. Craggs and J. B. Wordsworth. Hursley Lab wins another Queen's Award & Hursley and Oxford — a marriage of minds & Z stands for quality. Developments, IBM Hursley Park, 8:1–2, 21 April 1992.
I. Craig. The Formal Specification of Advanced AI Architectures. AI Series. Ellis Horwood, September 1991. This book contains two rather large (and relatively complete) specifications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems using Z. The architectures are the blackboard and Cassandra architectures. As well as showing that formal specification can be used in AI at the architecture level, the book is intended as a case-studies book, and also contains introductory material on Z (for AI people). The book assumes a knowledge of Z, so for non-AI people its primary use is for the presentation of the large specifications. The blackboard specification, with explanatory text, is around 100 pages.
D. Craigen, S. Gerhart, and T. Ralston. Formal methods technology transfer: Impediments and innovation. In Hinchey and Bowen [245], pages 399–419.
D. Craigen, S. L. Gerhart, and T. Ralston. An international survey of industrial applications of formal methods. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 1–5.
D. Craigen, S. L. Gerhart, and T. J. Ralston. Formal methods reality check: Industrial usage. In Woodcock and Larsen [527], pages 250–267. Revised version in [127].
D. Craigen, S. L. Gerhart, and T. J. Ralston. An international survey of industrial applications of formal methods. Technical Report NIST GCR 93/626-V1 & 2, Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada, US National Institute of Standards and Technology, and US Naval Research Laboratories, 1993. Volume 1: Purpose, Approach, Analysis and Conclusions; Volume 2: Case Studies. Order numbers: PB93-178556/AS & PB93-178564/AS; National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, USA.
D. Craigen, S. L. Gerhart, and T. J. Ralston. Formal methods reality check: Industrial usage. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 21(2):90–98, 1995. Revised version of [262].
D. Craigen, S. Kromodimoeljo, I. Meisels, W. Pase, and M. Saaltink. EVES: An overview. In Prehn and Toetenel [398], pages 389–405.
S. Croxall, P. Lupton, and J. B. Wordsworth. A formal specification of the CPI communications. IBM Technical Report TR12.277, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd, Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2JN, UK, 1990.
E. Cusack. Inheritance in object oriented Z. In P. America, editor, Proc. ECOOP'91 European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, volume 512 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 167–179. Springer-Verlag, 1991.
E. Cusack. Object oriented modelling in Z for open distributed systems. In J. de Meer, editor, Proc. International Workshop on ODP. Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland), 1992.
E. Cusack. Using Z in communications engineering. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 196–202.
E. Cusack and M. Lai. Object oriented specification in LOTOS and Z (or my cat really is object oriented!). In J. W. de Bakker, W. P. de Roever, and G. Rozenberg, editors, REX/FOOL School/Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages, volume 489 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 179–202. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
E. Cusack and C. Wezeman. Deriving tests for objects specified in Z. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 180–195.
R. S. M. de Barros. Formai specification of relational database applications: A method and an example. Research report GE-93-02, Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, UK, September 1993.
R. S. M. de Barros. Deriving relational database programs from formal specifications. In Naftalin et al. [361], pages 703–723.
R. S. M. de Barros. On the derivation of relational database programs from formal specifications. Research report GE-94-01, Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, UK, July 1994. An extended version of [136].
R. S. M. de Barros and D. J. Harper. Formal development of relational database applications. In D. J. Harper and M. C. Norrie, editors, Specifications of Database Systems, Glasgow 1991, Workshops in Computing, pages 21–43. Springer-Verlag, 1992. Zc, a Z-like formalism, is used.
R. S. M de Barros and D. J. Harper. A method for the specification of relational database applications. In Nicholls [375], pages 261–286.
A. M. L. de Vasconcelos and J. A. McDermid. Incremental type-checking in Z. Computer Science Report YCS185, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK, 1992.
C. N. Dean and M. G. Hinchey. Introducing formal methods through rôle-playing. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 27(1):302–306, March 1995.
B. Dehbonei and F. Mejia. Formal methods in the railways signalling industry. In Naftalin et al. [361], pages 26–34.
N. Delisle and D. Garlan. Formally specifying electronic instruments. In Proc. Fifth International Workshop on Software Specification and Design. IEEE Computer Society, May 1989. Also published in ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 14(3).
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I. J. Hayes, editor. Specification Case Studies. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 2nd edition, 1993. This is a revised edition of the first ever book on Z, originally published in 1987; it contains substantial changes to every chapter. The notation has been revised to be consistent with The Z Notation: A Reference Manual by Mike Spivey [457]. The CAVIAR chapter has been extensively changed to make use of a form of modularization. Divided into four sections, the first provides tutorial examples of specifications, the second is devoted to the area of software engineering, the third covers distributed computing, analyzing the role of mathematical specification, and the fourth part covers the IBM CICS transaction processing system. Appendices include comprehensive glossaries of the Z mathematical and schema notation. The book will be of interest to the professional software engineer involved in designing and specifying large software projects. The other contributors are W. Flinn, R. B. Gimson, S. King, C. C. Morgan, I. H. Sørensen and B. A. Sufrin.
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K. C. Lano and H. P. Haughton. The Z ++ Manual. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, 29 Wellesley Road, Croydon CRO 2AJ, UK, 1992.
K. C. Lano and H. P. Haughton, editors. Object Oriented Specification Case Studies. Object Oriented Series. Prentice Hall International, 1993. Contents: Chapters introducing object oriented methods, object oriented formal specification and the links between formal and structured object-oriented techniques; seven case studies in particular object oriented formal methods, including: The Unix Filing System: A MooZ Specification; An Object-Z Specification of a Mobile Phone System; Object-oriented Specification in VDM++; Specifying a Concept-recognition System in Z++; Specification in OOZE; Refinement in Fresco; SmallVDM: An Environment for Formal Specification and Prototyping in Smalltalk. A glossary, index and bibliography are also included. The contributors are some of the leading figures in the area, including the developers of the above methods and languages: Silvio Meira, Gordon Rose, Roger Duke, Antonio Alencar, Joseph Goguen, Alan Wills, Cassio Souza dos Santos, Ana Cavalcanti.
K. C. Lano and H. P. Haughton. Reuse and adaptation of Z specifications. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 62–90.
K. C. Lano and H. P. Haughton. Reverse Engineering and Software Maintenance: A Practical Approach. International Series in Software Engineering. McGraw Hill, 1993.
K. C. Lano and H. P. Haughton. Standards and techniques for object-oriented formal specification. In Proc. 1993 Software Engineering Standards Symposium, pages 237–246. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
K. C. Lano and H. P. Haughton. Formal development in B Abstract Machine Notation. Information and Software Technology, 37(5):303–316, May 1995.
K. C. Lano, H. P. Haughton, and P. T. Breuer. Using object-oriented extensions of Z for maintenance and reverse-engineering. Technical Report PRG-TR-22-91, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, 1991.
G. Laycock. Formal specification and testing: A case study. Software Testing, Verification and Reliability, 2(1):7–23, May 1992.
D. Lightfoot. Formal Specification using Z. Macmillan, 1991. Contents: Introduction; Sets in Z; Using sets to describe a system — a simple example; Logic: propositional calculus; Example of a Z specification document; Logic: predicate calculus; Relations; Functions; A seat allocation system; Sequences; An example of sequences — the aircraft example again; Extending a specification; Collected notation; Books on formal specification; Hints on creating specifications; Solutions to exercises. Also available in French.
P. A. Lindsay. Reasoning about Z specifications: A VDM perspective. Technical Report 93-20, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, October 1993.
P. A. Lindsay. On transferring VDM verification techniques to Z. In Naftalin et al. [361], pages 190–213. Also available as Technical Report 94-10, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, 1994.
P. A. Lindsay and E. van Keulen. Case studies in the verification of specifications in VDM and Z. Technical Report 94-3, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, March 1994.
R. L. London. Specifying reusable components using Z: Sets implemented by bit vectors. Technical Report CR-88-14, Tektronix Laboratories, P. O. Box 500, MS 50-662, Beaverton, Oregon 97077, USA, November 1988.
R. L. London and K. R. Milsted. Specifying reusable components using Z: Realistic sets and dictionaries. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 14(3):120–127, May 1989.
M. Love. Animating Z specifications in SQL*Forms3.0. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 294–306.
P. J. Lupton. Promoting forward simulation. In Nicholls [373], pages 27–49.
A. MacDonald and D. Carrington. Synthesising designs from formal specifications: A case study. Technical Report 93-21, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, November 1993.
R. Macdonald. Z usage and abusage. Report no. 91003, RSRE, Ministry of Defence, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK, February 1991. This paper presents a miscellany of observations drawn from experience of using Z, shows a variety of techniques for expressing certain class of idea concisely and clearly, and alerts the reader to certain pitfalls which may trap the unwary.
B. P. Mahony and I. J. Hayes. A case-study in timed refinement: A central heater. In Morris and Shaw [359], pages 138–149.
B. P. Mahony and I. J. Hayes. A case-study in timed refinement: A mine pump. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 18(9):817–826, September 1992.
B. P. Mahony, C. Millerchip, and I. J. Hayes. A boiler control system: A case-study in timed refinement. Technical report, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, 23 June 1993. A specification and top-level design of a steam generating boiler system is presented as an example of the formal development of a real-time system.
K. C. Mander and F. Polack. Rigorous specification using structured systems analysis and Z. Information and Software Technology, 37(5):285–291, May 1995. Revised version of [393].
A. Martin. Encoding W: A logic for Z in 2OBJ. In Woodcock and Larsen [527], pages 462–481.
P. Martin. The formal specification in Z of task migration on the testbed multicomputer. Technical Report ECS-CSG-2-94, Department of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK., February 1994. To appear in IEEE Software.
P. Mataga and P. Zave. Formal specification of telephone features. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 29–50.
P. Mataga and P. Zave. Multiparadigm specification of an AT&T switching system. In Hinchey and Bowen [245], pages 375–398.
P. Mataga and P. Zave. Using Z to specify telephone features. Information and Software Technology, 37(5):277–283, May 1995. Revised version of [329].
I. Maung and J. R. Howse. Introducing Hyper-Z — a new approach to object orientation in Z. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 149–165.
M. D. May. Use of formal methods by a silicon manufacturer. In C. A. R. Hoare, editor, Developments in Concurrency and Communication, University of Texas at Austin Year of Programming Series, chapter 4, pages 107–129. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990.
M. D. May, G. Barrett, and D. E. Shepherd. Designing chips that work. In C. A. R. Hoare and M. J. C. Gordon, editors, Mechanized Reasoning and Hardware Design, pages 3–19. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 1992.
M. D. May and D. E. Shepherd. Verification of the IMS T800 microprocessor. In Proc. Electronic Design Automation, pages 605–615, London, UK, September 1987.
I. A. McDermid. Special section on Z. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal 4(1):25–12, January 1989. A special issue on Z, introduced and edited by Prof. J. A. McDermid. See also [51, 110, 453, 519].
I. A. McDermid, editor. The Theory and Practice of Refinement: Approaches to the Formal Development of Large-Scale Software Systems. Butterworth Scientific, 1989. This book contains papers from the 1st Refinement Workshop held at the University of York, UK, 7–8 January 1988. Z-related papers include [366, 291].
J. A. McDermid. Formal methods: Use and relevance for the development of safety critical systems. In P. A. Bennett, editor, Safety Aspects of Computer Control. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1993. This paper discusses a number of formal methods and summarizes strengths and weaknesses in safety critical applications; a major safety-related example is presented in Z.
M. A. McMorran and J. E. Nicholls. Z user manual. Technical Report TR12.274, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd, Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2JN, UK, July 1989.
M. A. McMorran and S. Powell. Z Guide for Beginners. Blackwell Scientific, 1993.
S. L. Meira and A. L. C. Cavalcanti. Modular object-oriented Z specifications. In Nicholls [373], pages 173–192.
S. L. Meira and A. L. C. Cavalcanti. The MooZ specification language. Technical report, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Informática, Recife — PE, Brasil, 1992.
B. Meyer. On formalism in specifications. IEEE Software, 2(1):6–26, January 1985.
V. Mišić, D. Velašević, and B. Lazarević. Formal specification of a data dictionary for an extended ER data model. The Computer Journal, 35(6):611–622, December 1992.
J. D. Moffett and M. S. Sloman. A case study representing a model: To Z or not to Z? In Nicholls [373], pages 254–268.
B. Q. Monahan. Book review. Formal Aspects of Computing, 1(1):137–142, January–March 1989. A review of Understanding Z: A Specification Language and Its Formal Semantics by Mike Spivey [452].
B. Q. Monahan and R. C. Shaw. Model-based specifications. In J. A. McDermid, editor, Software Engineer's Reference Book, chapter 21. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1991. This chapter contains a case study in Z, followed by a discussion of the respective trade-offs in specification between Z and VDM.
C. C. Morgan. Data refinement using miracles. Information Processing Letters, 26(5):243–246, January 1988.
C. C. Morgan. Procedures, parameters, and abstraction: Separate concerns. Science of Computer Programming, 11(1), October 1988.
C. C. Morgan. The specification statement. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), 10(3), July 1988.
C. C. Morgan. Types and invariants in the refinement calculus. In Proc. Mathematics of Program Construction Conference, Twente, June 1989.
C. C. Morgan. Programming from Specifications. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 2nd edition, 1994. This book presents a rigorous treatment of most elementary program development techniques, including iteration, recursion, procedures, parameters, modules and data refinement.
C. C. Morgan and K. A. Robinson. Specification statements and refinement. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 31(5), September 1987.
C. C. Morgan and J. W. Sanders. Laws of the logical calculi. Technical Monograph PRG-78, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, September 1989. This document records some important laws of classical predicate logic. It is designed as a reservoir to be tapped by users of logic, in system development.
C. C. Morgan and B. A. Sufrin. Specification of the Unix filing system. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 10(2):128–142, March 1984.
C. C. Morgan and T. Vickers, editors. On the Refinement Calculus. Formal Approaches to Computing and Information Technology series (FACIT). Springer-Verlag, 1994. This book collects together the work accomplished at Oxford on the refinement calculus: the rigorous development, from state-based assertional specification, of executable imperative code.
C. C. Morgan and J. C. P. Woodcock. What is a specification? In D. Craigen and K. Summerskill, editors, Formal Methods for Trustworthy Computer Systems (FM89), Workshops in Computing, pages 38–43. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
C. C. Morgan and J. C. P. Woodcock, editors. 3rd Refinement Workshop, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1991. The workshop was held at the IBM Laboratories, Hursley Park, UK, 9–11 January 1990. See [434].
J. M. Morris and R. C. Shaw, editors. 4th Refinement Workshop, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1991. The workshop was held at Cambridge, UK, 9–11 January 1991. For Z related papers, see [23, 264, 323, 512, 522, 507].
P. Mundy and J. B. Wordsworth. The CICS application programming interface: Transient data and storage control. IBM Technical Report TR 12.299, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd, Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2JN, UK, October 1990. One of a number of reports on the CICS application programming interface. See also [41, 247, 289].
M. Naftalin, T. Denvir, and M. Bertran, editors. FME'94: Industrial Benefit of Formal Methods, volume 873 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Formal Methods Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1994. The 2nd FME Symposium was held at Barcelona, Spain, 24–28 October 1994. Z-related papers include [69, 120, 136, 173, 175, 180, 258, 315]. B-related papers include [142, 415, 472].
K. T. Narayana and S. Dharap. Formal specification of a look manager. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 16(9). 1089–1103, September 1990. A formal specification of the look manager of a dialog system is presented in Z. This deals with the presentation of visual aspects of objects and the editing of those visual aspects.
K. T. Narayana and S. Dharap. Invariant properties in a dialog system. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 15(4):67–79, September 1990.
T. C. Nash. Using Z to describe large systems. In Nicholls [371], pages 150–178.
Ph. W. Nehlig and D. A. Duce. GKS-9x: The design output primitive, an approach to specification. Computer Graphics Forum, 13(3):C–381–C–392, 1994.
D. S. Neilson. Hierarchical refinement of a Z specification. In McDermid [337].
D. S. Neilson. From Z to C: Illustration of a rigorous development method. Technical Monograph PRG-101, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, 1990.
D. S. Neilson. Machine support for Z: The zedB tool. In Nicholls [373], pages 105–128.
D. S. Neilson and D. Prasad. zedB: A proof tool for Z built on B. In Nicholls [375], pages 243–258.
J. E. Nicholls. Working with formal methods. Journal of Information Technology, 2(2):67–71, June 1987.
J. E. Nicholls, editor. Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1990. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Z User Meeting, Wolfson College & Rewley House, Oxford, UK, 14–15 December 1989. Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society. For the opening address see [384], For individual papers, see [33, 86, 87, 119, 146, 183, 204, 229, 242, 268, 301, 364, 388, 443, 459, 505].
J. E. Nicholls. A survey of Z courses in the UK. In Z User Workshop, Oxford 1990 [373], pages 343–350.
J. E. Nicholls, editor. Z User Workshop, Oxford 1990, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1991. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Z User Meeting, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, UK, 17–18 December 1990. Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society. For individual papers, see [25, 80, 95, 116, 187, 205, 232, 243, 252, 271, 274, 299, 341, 345, 368, 372, 381, 403, 430, 506, 536]. The proceedings also includes an Introduction and Opening Remarks, a Selected Z Bibliography, a selection of posters and information on Z tools.
J. E. Nicholls. Domains of application for formal methods. In Z User Workshop, York 1991 [375], pages 145–156.
J. E. Nicholls, editor. Z User Workshop, York 1991, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1992. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Z User Meeting, York, UK. Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society. For individual papers, see [18, 28, 139, 98, 149, 158, 217, 369, 374, 394, 422, 444, 483, 498, 525, 541].
J. E. Nicholls. Plain guide to the Z base standard. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 52–61.
J. E. Nicholls et al. Z in the development process. Technical Report PRG-TR-1-89, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, June 1989. Proceedings of a discussion workshop held on 15 December 1988 in Oxford, UK, with contributions by Peter Collins, David Cooper, Anthony Hall, Patrick Hall, Brian Hepworth, Ben Potter and Andrew Ricketts.
C. J. Nix and B. P. Collins. The use of software engineering, including the Z notation, in the development of CICS. Quality Assurance, 14(3): 103–110, September 1988.
A. Norcliffe and G. Slater. Mathematics for Software Construction. Series in Mathematics and its Applications. Ellis Horwood, 1991. Contents: Why mathematics; Getting started: sets and logic; Developing ideas: schemas; Functions; Functions in action; A real problem from start to finish: a drinks machine; Sequences; Relations; Generating programs from specifications: refinement; The role of proof; More examples of specifications; Concluding remarks; Answers to exercises.
A. Norcliffe and S. Valentine. Z readers video course. PAVIC Publications, 1992. Sheffield Hallam University, 33 Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK. Video-based Training Course on the Z Specification Language. The course consists of 5 videos, each of approximately one hour duration, together with supporting texts and case studies.
A. Norcliffe and S. H. Valentine. A video-based training course in reading Z specifications. In Nicholls [373], pages 337–342.
G. Normington. Cleanroom and Z. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 281–293.
C. O' Halloran. Evaluation semantics in Z. In Naftalin et al. [361], pages 502–518.
B. Oakley. The state of use of formal methods. In Nicholls [371], pages 1–5. A record of the opening address at ZUM'89.
C. O'Halloran. The software repeater (an exercise in Z specification). Report no. 4090, RSRE, Ministry of Defence, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK, 1987.
E. A. Oxborrow and H. M. Ismail. KBZ — an object-oriented approach to the specification and management of knowledge bases. Technical Report 51, Computing Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK, 1988. The report describes the important features of KBZ, an extension of Z which should better support the specification of the semantics of conceptual data models. The report then clarifies the use of KBZ by discussing its application in a distributed database environment.
C. E. Parker. Z tools catalogue. ZIP project report ZIP/BAe/90/020, British Aerospace, Software Technology Department, Warton PR4 1AX, UK, May 1991.
M. Phillips. CICS/ESA 3.1 experiences. In Nicholls [371], pages 179–185. Z was used to specify 37,000 lines out of 268,000 lines of code in the IBM CICS/ESA 3.1 release. The initial development benefit from using Z was assessed as being a 9% improvement in the total development cost of the release, based on the reduction of programmer days fixing problems.
M. Pilling, A. Burns, and K. Raymond. Formal specifications and proofs of inheritance protocols for real-time scheduling. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 5(5):263–279, September 1990.
P. R. H. Place and K. C. Kang. Safety-critical software: Status report and annotated bibli ography. Technical Report CMU/SEI-92-TR-5 & ESC-TR-93-182, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA, June 1993.
P. R. H. Place and W. Wood. Survey of formal specification techniques for reactive systems. CMU Technical Report CMU/SEI-90-TR-5, ADA22374, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA, 1990.
P. R. H. Place and W. Wood. Formal development of Ada programs using Z and Anna: A case study. CMU Technical Report CMU/SEI-91-TR-1, ADA235698, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA, February 1991. Copies available from: Research Access Inc., 3400 Forbes Avenue, Suite 302, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
F. Polack and K. C. Mander. Software quality assurance using the SAZ method. In Bowen and Hall [67], pages 230–249.
F. Polack, M. Whiston, and P. Hitchcock. Structured analysis — a draft method for writing Z specifications. In Nicholls [375], pages 261–286.
F. Polack, M. Whiston, and K. C. Mander. The SAZ project: Integrating SSADM and Z. In Woodcock and Larsen [527], pages 541–557.
B. F. Potter, J. E. Sinclair, and D. Till. An Introduction to Formal Specification and Z. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 1991.
B. F. Potter and D. Till. The specification in Z of gateway functions within a communications network. In Proc. IFIP WG10.3 Conference on Distributed Processing. Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland), October 1987.
S. Prehn and W. J. Toetenel, editors. VDM'91: Formal Software Development Methods, volume 551 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, 1991. Volume 1: Conference Contributions. The 4th VDM-Europe Symposium was held at Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 21–25 October 1991. Papers with relevance to Z include [17, 35, 128, 154, 193, 249, 501, 509, 540]. See also [399].
S. Prehn and W. J. Toetenel, editors. VDM'91: Formal Software Development Methods, volume 552 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, 1991. Volume 2: Tutorials. Papers with relevance to Z include [6, 523]. See also [398].
G-H. B. Rafsanjani and S. J. Colwill. From Object-Z to C++: A structural mapping. In Bowen and Nicholls [75], pages 166–179.
RAISE Language Group. The RAISE Specification Language. BCS Practitioner Series. Prentice Hall International, 1992.
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G. P. Randell. Data flow diagrams and Z. In Nicholls [373], pages 216–227.
G. P. Randell. Improving the translation from data flow diagrams into Z by incorporating the data dictionary. Report no. 92004, RSRE, Ministry of Defence, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK, January 1992.
D. Rann, J. Turner, and J. Whitworth. Z: A Beginner's Guide. Chapman & Hall, London, 1994.
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M. Rawson. OOPSLA'93: Workshop on formal specification of object-oriented systems — position paper. In H. Kilov and W. Harvey, editors, Proc. Workshop on Specification of Behavioral Semantics in Object-Oriented Information Modeling, pages 125–135, Institute for Information Management and Department of Computer and Information Systems, Robert Morris College, Coraopolos and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 1993. OOPSLA.
K. Raymond, P. Stocks, and D. Carrington. Using Z to specify distributed systems. Technical Report 181, Key Centre for Software Technology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia, 1990.
T. J. Read. Formal specification of reusable Ada software packages. In A. Burns, editor, Towards Ada 9X Conference Proceedings, pages 98–117, 1991.
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J. N. Reed and J. E. Sinclair. An algorithm for type-checking Z: AZ specification. Technical Monograph PRG-81, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK, March 1990.
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G. J. Reynolds. Yet another approach to the formal specification of a configurable graphics system. In Proc. Eurographics Association Formal Methods in Computer Graphics, June 1991.
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D. E. Shepherd and G. Wilson. Making chips that work. New Scientist, 1664:61–64, May 1989. A general article containing information on the formal development of the T800 floatingpoint unit for the transputer including the use of Z.
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L. N. Simcox. The application of Z to the specification of air traffic control systems: 1. Memorandum no. 4280, RSRE, Ministry of Defence, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK, April 1989.
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J. M. Spivey. Understanding Z: A Specification Language and its Formal Semantics, volume 3 of Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science. Cambridge University Press, January 1988. Published version of 1985 DPhil thesis.
J. M. Spivey. An introduction to Z and formal specifications. IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, 4(1):40–50, January 1989.
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Z archive. Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 1993. A computer-based archive server at the Programming Research Group in Oxford is available for use by anyone with World-Wide Web (WWW) access, anonymous FTP access or an electronic mail address. This allows people interested in Z (and other things) to access various archived files. In particular, messages from the Z FORUM electronic mailing list [544] and a Z bibliography [53] are available. The preferred method of access to the on-line Z archive is via the World-Wide Web (WWW) under the following ‘URL’ (Uniform Resource Locator): http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/z.html Simply follow the hyperlinks of interest. Much of the Z archive is also available via anonymous FTP on the Internet. Type the command ‘ftp ftp. comlab.ox.ac.uk’ (or alternatively if this does not work, ‘ftp 163.1.27.2') and use ‘anonymous’ as the login id and your e-mail address as the password when prompted. The FTP command ‘cd pub/Zforum’ will get you into the Z archive directory. The file readme gives some general information and 00 index gives a list of the available files. The Z bibliography may be retrieved using the FTP command ‘get z.bib', for example. If you wish to access any of the compressed PostScript files in the archive, please issue the ‘binary’ command first. For users without on-line access on the Internet, it is possible to access parts of the Z archive using electronic mail, send a message to archive-server@comlab.ox.ac.uk with the 'subject:’ line and/or the body of the message containing commands such as the following: help help on using the PRG archive server index general index of categories (e.g., ‘z') index z index of Z-related files send z z.bib send Z bibliography in BibTEX format send z file1 file2... send multiple files path name@site optionally specify return e-mail address If you have serious problems accessing the Z archive using WWW, anonymous FTP access or the electronic mail server and thus need human help, or if you wish to submit an item for the archive, please send electronic mail to archive-management@comlab.ox.ac.uk.
Z FORUM. Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 1986 onwards. Electronic mailing list: vol. 1.1–9 (1986), vol. 2.1–4 (1987), vol. 3.1–7 (1988), vol. 4.1–4 (1989), vol. 5.1–3 (1990). Z FORUM is an electronic mailing list. It was initiated as an edited newsletter by R. Macdonald of DRA (formerly RSRE), Malvern, Worcestershire, UK, and is now maintained by J. P. Bowen at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory. Contributions should be sent to zforum@comlab.ox.ac.uk. Requests to join or leave the list should be sent to zforum-request@comlab.ox.ac.uk. Messages are now forwarded to the list directly to ensure timeliness. The list is also gatewayed to the USENET newsgroup comp.specification.z at Oxford and messages posted on either will automatically appear on both. A message answering some frequently asked questions is maintained and sent to the list once a month. A list of back issues of newsletters and other Z-related material is available electronically via anonymous FTP from ftp.comlab.ox.ac.uk:/pub/Zforum in the file 00index or via e-mail from the OUCL archive server [543]. For messages from a particular month (e.g., May 1995), access a file such as zforum95-05; for the most recent messages, see the file zforum.
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Bowen, J.P. (1995). Select Z bibliography. In: Bowen, J.P., Hinchey, M.G. (eds) ZUM '95: The Z Formal Specification Notation. ZUM 1995. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 967. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60271-2_143
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