Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Separation Techniques Thermodynamics Liquid Crystal Polymers pp 115–177Cite as

Lyotropic main chain liquid crystal polymers

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 98))

Abstract

The synthesis, rheology, and spinning, as well as the mechanical and morphological properties of high-strength/high-modulus fibres made from lyotropic main chain liquid crystal polymers are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on those polymers that have attained (semi)-commercial status. Quantitative relations observed between the rheological and the spinning parameters, and between the structure and the mechanical properties, are extensively discussed. It is shown that these relations fit theoretical expectations as far as the modulus is concerned. A complete model for the strength of these fibers needs further development. A first attempt to provide a theoretical explanation of the long term properties, like creep and stress relaxation, is presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

a:

exponent Mark-Houwink equation

c:

concentration

c*:

critical concentration

°C:

degree Celsius

DSC:

differential scanning calorimetry

DTA:

differential thermal analysis

ec :

chain modulus

E:

tensile modulus

Ed :

delocalization energy

ED:

electron diffraction

f(ϕ):

orientation distribution

f(τ):

retardation time spectrum

g0 :

modulus for shear between adjacent chains

gII :

lattice distortion parameter of the second kind

G:

filament shear modulus

ΔH♯ :

activation enthalpy

IR:

infrared

k:

Boltzmann constant

K:

degree Kelvin

Lc :

contour length

L0 :

test length

Lp :

persistence length

LG :

critical Griffith length

L(T):

contour projection length

LC:

liquid crystalline

LCP:

liquid crystal polymers

m:

Weibull modulus

M:

molecular weight

Mw :

weight average molecular weight

n∥ :

longitudinal refractive index

n⊥ :

lateral refractive index

na, nb, nc :

axes refractive index ellipsoid

nr :

radial refractive index

nt :

tangential refractive index

Δn:

birefringence

Δn1 :

lateral birefringence

NMP:

N-methyl pyrrolidone

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

p:

orientability parameter

PBO:

poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole)

PBT:

poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole)

P2 :

second order Legendre polynomial

\(\overline {P_2 }\) :

order parameter of the director field

〈P2〉:

order parameter inside the domains

\(\overline {\left\langle {P_2 } \right\rangle }\) :

overall order parameter

P(σ):

cumulative failure probability

PmBA:

poly(m-benzamide)

PmPTA:

poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide)

PpBA:

poly(p-benzamide)

PpBAT:

poly(4,4′-benzanilidylene terephthalamide)

PpPTA:

poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)

PPA:

polyphosphoric acid

PPD:

p-phenylene diamine

q:

strength orienting potential

r:

intermolecular distance

s44, s55 :

diagonal elements compliance matrix

S:

compliance

ΔS♯ :

activation entropy

SAXS:

small-angle X-ray scattering

t:

time

T:

temperature

Tg :

glass transition temperature

Tm :

melting temperature

Tni :

clearing point or nematic-isotropic transition temperature

TDC:

terephthaloyl chloride

U:

anisotropic potential

V:

volume

w/w:

weight fraction

WAXS:

wide-angle X-ray scattering

Z:

partition function

α β, γ:

mechanical relaxation peaks

δ:

loss factor

ε:

strain

εb :

elongation at break

εc :

chain stretching contribution to the strain

ε0 :

imposed strain during stress relaxation

εr :

rotational contribution to the strain

Δε:

anisotropy of polarizability

[η]:

intrinsic viscosity

λ:

draw ratio

λa :

draw ratio in the air gap

λmax :

maximum draw ratio

λ0 :

predraw ratio

μ:

relaxation constant

ϱc :

crystalline density

σ:

stress

σb :

tensile strength or tenacity

σc :

compressive strength

σn :

normal stress

σ0 :

imposed stress during creep

σs :

shear stress

τ:

retardation time

ϕ:

orientation angle with respect to director

ω:

torsion angle

5 References

  1. Elliot A, Ambrose EJ (1950) Discuss Faraday Soc 9: 246

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dobb MG, McIntyre JE (1984) Adv Polym Sci 60/61: 61

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kwolek SL, Morgan PW, Schaefgen JR (1988) In: Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, 2nd edn, Wiley-Interscience, vol 9 p 1

    Google Scholar 

  4. Percec V (1988) Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 155(B): 1

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wegner G (1988) Journal de Physique 49: 6815

    Google Scholar 

  6. Villaine P, Janin C, Intern Pat Applic WO 85/05115

    Google Scholar 

  7. Roche EJ, O'Brien JP, Allen SR (1986) Polym Commun 27: 138

    Google Scholar 

  8. Odijk T (1986) Macromolecules 19: 2313

    Google Scholar 

  9. Vollbracht L (1989) In: Allen G (ed) Comprehensive polymer science, Pergamon, 1989, vol 5 chap 22

    Google Scholar 

  10. Preston J (1988) In: Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, 2nd ed, 11: 381, Wiley-Interscience

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kwolek SL, Morgan PW, Schaefgen JR, Gulrich LW (1977) Macromolecules 10: 1390

    Google Scholar 

  12. Vollbracht L, Veerman TJ, U.S. Patent 4308374 (CA, 1976, 85: 160859v)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Borkent G, Tijssen PAT, Roos JP, Van Aartsen JJ (1976) Rec Trav Chim Pays-Bas 95: 84

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kuzmin NI, Zhizdyuk BI, Chegolya AS (1986) Fibre Chem 18: 13

    Google Scholar 

  15. Higashi F, Ogata S, Aoki Y (1982) J Polym Sci, Chem edn 20: 2081

    Google Scholar 

  16. Krigbaum WR, Kotek R, Mihara Y, Preston J (1984) J Polym Sci, Chem edn 22: 4045

    Google Scholar 

  17. Krigbaum WR, Kotek R, Mihara Y, Preston J (1985) J Polym Sci, Chem edn 23: 1907

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shin H, US Patent 4009153 (CA, 1977, 86: 141532n)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Oishi Y, Kakimoto M, Imai Y (1987) Macromolecules 20: 703

    Google Scholar 

  20. Higashi F, Nishi T (1988) J Polym Sci, Chem edn 26: 3235

    Google Scholar 

  21. Critchley JP, Knight CJ, Wright WW (1983) Heat resistant polymers, Plenum, London

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sillion B (1989) In: Comprehensive polymer science, vol 5 chap 30, Pergamon

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wolfe JF, Arnold FE (1981) Macromolecules 14: 909

    Google Scholar 

  24. Wolfe JF, Loo BH, Arnold FE (1981) Macromolecules 14: 915

    Google Scholar 

  25. Won Choe E, Kim SN (1981) Macromolecules 14: 920

    Google Scholar 

  26. Evers RC, Arnold FE, Helminiak TE (1981) Macrmolecules 14: 925

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cotts DB, Berry GC (1981) Macromolecules 14: 930

    Google Scholar 

  28. Wellman MW, Adams WW, Wolff RA, Dudis DS, Wiff DR, Fratini AV (1981) Macromolecules 14: 935

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chu SG, Venkatraman S, Berry GC, Einaga Y (1981) Macromolecules 14: 939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Welsh WJ, Bhaumik D, Mark JE (1981) Macromolecules 14: 947

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wolfe JF (1988) In: Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, 2nd ed 11: 601, Wiley-Interscience

    Google Scholar 

  32. Schmitt RJ, Ross DS, Hardee JR, Wolfe JF (1988) J Org Chem 53: 5568

    Google Scholar 

  33. Inbasokaran MN, Eur Pat Appl 87304344

    Google Scholar 

  34. Chow AW, Sandell JF, Wolfe JF (1988) Polymer 29: 1307

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rusanov AL (1986) Pol Sci USSR 28: 1745

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ciferri A, Marsano E (1987) Gazz Chim Ital 117: 567

    Google Scholar 

  37. Picken S (1989) Macromolecules 22: 1766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Picken S (1990) Macromolecules 23: 464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Papkov SP, Kulichikhin VG, Kalmykova VD, Malkin AY (1974) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 12: 1753

    Google Scholar 

  40. Bair TI, Morgan PW, Killian FL (1977) Macromolecules 10: 1396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Arpin M, Strazille C (1977) Polymer 18: 591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Panar M, Beste LF (1977) Macromolecules 10: 1401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Tsvetkov VN, Shtennikova IN (1978) Macromolecules 11: 306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsvetkov VN, Rjumtsev EI, Shtennikova IN (1978) In: Liquid crystalline order in polymers, chap 2, Blumstein A (ed), Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wong CP, Ohnuma H, Berry GC (1978) J Pol Sci, Pol Symp 65: 173

    Google Scholar 

  46. Berry GC, Metzger Cotts P, Chu S (1981) Brit Polym J 13: 47

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kulichikhin VG, Kudryavtsev GI, Papkov SP (1982) Intern J Polym Mater 9: 239

    Google Scholar 

  48. US Patent 3600350, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  49. US Patent 3767756, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  50. US Patent 3869430, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kawai T (1980) Makromol Chem, Rapid Commun 1: 187

    Google Scholar 

  52. Doi M (1981) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 19: 229

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ying Q, Chu B (1984) Makromol Chem, Rapid Commun 5: 785

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ying Q, Chu B, Qian R, Bao J, Zhang J, Xu C (1985) Polymer 26: 1401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Chu B, Ying Q, Wu C, Ford JR, Dhadal HS (1985) Polymer 26: 1408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Scheafgen JR, Foldi VS, Logullo FM, Good VH, Gulrich LW, Killian FL (1976) ACS Polymer Prepr 17: 69

    Google Scholar 

  57. Tsvetkov VN, Kudryavtsev GI, Shtennikova IN, Peker TV, Zakharova EN, Kalmykova VD, Volokhina AV (1976) Eur Polym J 12: 517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Crosby CR, Ford NC, Karasz FE, Langley KH (1981) J Chem Phys 75: 4298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Metzger Cotts P, Berry GC (1983) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 21: 1255

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sartirana ML, Marsano E, Bianchi E, Ciferri A (1986) Macromolecules 19: 1176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Flory PJ, Ronca G (1979) Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 54: 289

    Google Scholar 

  62. Onsager L (1949) Ann NY Acad Sci 51: 627

    Google Scholar 

  63. Flory PJ (1956) Proc Roy Soc (London), Ser A 234: 73

    Google Scholar 

  64. Flory PJ (1978) Macromolecules 11: 1141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. De Jeu WH (1980) Physical properties of liquid crystalline materials, Gordon and Breach, London

    Google Scholar 

  66. Jähnig F (1979) J Chem Phys 70: 3279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Ten Bosch A, Maissa P, Sixou P (1983) Phys Letts 94(A): 298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Warner M, Gunn JMF, Baumgartner A (1985) J Phys A18: 3007

    Google Scholar 

  69. Weyland HG (1980) Polym Bull 3: 331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Baird DG (1980) J Rheology 24: 465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Onogi S, Asada T (1980) In: Rheology and rheo-optics of polymer liquid crystals. Astarita G, Marrucci G, Nicolais L (eds) Rheology, Plenum, New York, vol 1 p 127

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wissbrun KF (1981) J of Rheology 25: 619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Onogi Y, White JL, Fellers JF (1980) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 18: 663

    Google Scholar 

  74. Onogi Y, White JL, Fellers JF (1980) J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 7: 121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Millaud B, Thierry A, Skoulios A (1978) J Phys (Paris) 39: 1109

    Google Scholar 

  76. Marrucci G (1985) Pure & Appl. Chem 57: 1545

    Google Scholar 

  77. Picken SJ (1988) Proc 12th Intern Liq Cryst Conf, Freiburg, 15–19 August; (1989) Liquid Crystals 5: 1635

    Google Scholar 

  78. Marucci G, Ciferri A (1977) J Polym Sci, Lett edn 15: 643

    Google Scholar 

  79. Doppert HL, Picken SJ (1987) Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 153: 109

    Google Scholar 

  80. Khokhlov AR, Semenov A (1982) Macromolecules 15: 1272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Maissa P, Ten Bosch A, Sixou P (1983) J Polym Sci, Lett edn 21: 757

    Google Scholar 

  82. Bahar I, Erman B (1986) J Polym Sci, Phys. edn B24: 1361

    Google Scholar 

  83. Ciferri A, Valenti B (1977) In: Ultra-high modulus polymers, chap 7, Ciferri A, Ward IM (ed), Applied Science Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  84. US Patent 3414645, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  85. British Patent Specification 389336, 1933

    Google Scholar 

  86. Conio G, Bruzzone R, Ciferri A, Bianchi E, Tealdi A (1987) Polymer J 19: 757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Kenig S (1987) Polym Eng Sci 27: 887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Kuhn W, Grün F (1942) Kolloidzschr 101: 248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Ward IM (1962) Proc Phys Soc 80: 1176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Hermans PH, Platzek P (1939) Koll Zeitschr 88: 68

    Google Scholar 

  91. Tsvetkov VN (1976) Eur Polym 12: 867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Vitovskaia MG, Astapenko EP, Nikolaev VJ, Didenko SA, Tsvetkov VN (1976) Polym Sci USSR 18: 788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Northolt MG, Van Aartsen JJ (1973) J Polym Sci, Lett edn 11: 333

    Google Scholar 

  94. Northolt MG (1974) Eur Polym J 10: 799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Blake CCF, Small RWH (1972) Acta Cryst B28: 2201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Brown CJ (1966) Acta Cryst 21: 442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Cobbledick RE, Small RWH (1972) Acta Cryst B28: 2893

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Harkema S, Gaymans RJ (1977) Acta Cryst B33: 3609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Harkema S, Gaymans RJ, Van Hummel GJ, Zylberlicht D (1979) Acta Cryst B35: 506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Kazaryan LG, Tsvankin DY, Vasilev VA, Dakhis MA, Tolkachev YA (1975) Pol Sci USSR 17: 1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Kakida H, Chatani Y, Tadokoro H (1976) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 14: 427

    Google Scholar 

  102. Calabrese JC, Gardner KH (1985) Acta Cryst C41: 389

    Google Scholar 

  103. Lauprètre F, Monnerie L (1978) Eur Polym J 14: 415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Lauprètre F, Monnerie L, Fayolle B (1980) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 18: 2243

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hummel JP, Flory PJ (1980) Macromolecules 13: 479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Tashiro K, Kobayashi M, Tadokoro H (1977) Macromolecules 10: 413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Welsh WJ, Bhaumik D, Jaffe HH, Mark JE (1984) Polym Eng Sci 24: 218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Odell JA, Keller A, Atkins EDT, Miles MJ (1981) J. Mat Sci 16: 3309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Northolt MG, Stuut HA (1978) J Polym Sci, Phys edn, 16: 939

    Google Scholar 

  110. Haraguchi K, Kajiyama T, Takayanagi M (1979) J Appl Polym Sci 23: 903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Haraguchi K, Kajiyama T, Takayanagi M (1979) J Appl Polym Sci 23: 915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Northolt MG (1981) Brit Polym J 13: 64

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hasegawa R, Kimoto K, Chatani Y, Tadokoro H (1973) Meet Soc Cryst Japan, Abstr, Osaka, Japan, p 21

    Google Scholar 

  114. Aerts J, Akzo Res Lab, Unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  115. Dobb MG, Johnson DJ, Saville BP (1977) J Polym Sci, Polym Symp 58: 237

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hosemann R, Wilke W (1968) Makromol Chem 118: 230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Yabuki K, Ito H, Ota T (1975) Sen-I Gakkaishi 31: T-524

    Google Scholar 

  118. Northolt MG, Van Aartsen JJ (1977) J Polym Sci, Polym Symp 58: 283

    Google Scholar 

  119. Panar M, Avakian P, Blume RC, Gardner KH, Gierke TD, Yang HH (1983) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 21: 1955

    Google Scholar 

  120. Barton R (1985–86) J Macromol Sci Phys B24: 119

    Google Scholar 

  121. Krenzer E, Ruland W (1985) Colloid & Polym Sci 263: 554

    Google Scholar 

  122. Vainshtein BK (1966) Diffraction by chain molecules, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  123. Dobb MG, Johnson DJ, Majeed A, Saville BP (1979) Polymer 20: 1284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Aerts J, Akzo Res Lab, Unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  125. Dobb MG, Johnson DJ, Saville BP (1977) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 15: 2201

    Google Scholar 

  126. Dobb MG, Hindeleh AM, Johnson DJ, Saville BP (1975) Nature 253: 189

    Google Scholar 

  127. Shimamura K, Minter JR, Thomas EL (1983) J Mater Sci Lett 2: 54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Roche EJ, Takahashi T, Thomas EL (1980) In: Fibre diffraction methods, chap 18, ACS Symp Ser 141, French AD, Gardner KH (ed)

    Google Scholar 

  129. Adams WW, Azaroff LV, Kulshreshtha AK (1979) Zeitschr f Krist 150: 321

    Google Scholar 

  130. Allen SR, Farris RJ, Thomas EL (1985) J Mater Sci 20: 4583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Cohen Y, Thomas EL (1988) Macromolecules 21: 436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Ballou JW (1976) ACS Polymer Prepr 17: 75

    Google Scholar 

  133. Simmens SC, Hearle JWS (1980) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 18: 871

    Google Scholar 

  134. US Patent 3869430, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  135. Faust RC (1954) Proc Phys Soc 67: 138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Yabuki K, Ito H, Ota T (1976) Sen-I Gakkaishi 32: T-55

    Google Scholar 

  137. Warner SB (1983) Macromolecules 16: 1546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Hamza AA, Sikorsky J (1978) J Microsc 113: 15

    Google Scholar 

  139. Weeda A, Akzo Res Lab, Unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  140. Carter GB, Schenk VTJ (1975) In: Structure and properties of oriented polymers, chap 13, Ward IM (ed), Appl Science Publ, London

    Google Scholar 

  141. Hagege R, Jarrin M, Sotton M (1979) J Microsc 115: 65

    Google Scholar 

  142. Northolt MG (1980) Polymer 21: 1199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Northolt MG, Van der Hout R (1985) Polymer 26: 310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Morgan RJ, Pruneda CO, Steele WJ (1983) J Pol Sci, Phys edn 21: 1757

    Google Scholar 

  145. Li LS, Allard LF, Bigelow WC (1983) J Macromol Sci Phys B22: 269

    Google Scholar 

  146. Termonia Y, Meakin P, Smith P (1985) Macromolecules 18: 2246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Termonia Y, Smith P (1986) Polymer 27: 1845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Smith P, Termonia Y (1989) Polym Commun 30: 66

    Google Scholar 

  149. Cohen Y, Thomas EL (1988) Macromolecules 21: 433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Allen SR, Filippov AG, Farris RJ, Thomas EL (1981) J Appl Polym Sci 26: 291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Northolt MG, De Vries H (1985) Angew Makromol Chem 133: 183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Northolt MG (1987) In: Integr Fund Polym Sci and Techn, vol 1, p 567, Lemstra PJ, Kleintjes LA (ed), Elsevier Appl Sci, London

    Google Scholar 

  153. Iovleva MM, Papkov SP (1982) Polym Sci USSR 24: 236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Papkov SP, Iovleva MM, Banduryan SI, Ivanova NA, Andreyeva IN, Kalmykova VD, Volokhina AV (1979) Polym Sci USSR 20: 742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Gardner KH, Matheson RR, Avakian P, Chia YT, Gierke TD (1983) Abstr ACS Meeting 186: nr macr-14

    Google Scholar 

  156. Arpin M, Strazielle C, Skoulios A (1977) J de Physique 38: 307

    Google Scholar 

  157. Xu D, Okuyama K, Kumamaru F, Takayanagi M (1984) Polym J 16: 31

    Google Scholar 

  158. Gardner KH (1984) Abstr ACS Meeting 188: nr cell-60

    Google Scholar 

  159. Takahashi T, Iwamoto H, Inoue K, Tsujimoto I (1979) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 17: 115

    Google Scholar 

  160. Takahashi T, Yamamoto T, Tsujimoto I (1979) J Macromol Sci Phys B16: 539

    Google Scholar 

  161. Xu D, Okuyama K, Kumamaru F, Takayana M, Zhang S, Qian R (1982) J Polym Sci, Lett edn 20: 159

    Google Scholar 

  162. Van der Zwaag S, Akzo Res Lab, To be published

    Google Scholar 

  163. Van der Zwaag S, Aerts J, Northolt MG, Akzo Res Lab, Unpubl results

    Google Scholar 

  164. Chen S, Jin Y, Qian R, Cai L (1987) Makromol Chem 188: 2713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Picken SJ, To be publ

    Google Scholar 

  166. Ernst B, Navard P (1989) Macromolecules 22: 1419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. Horio M, Ishikawa S, Oda K (1985) J Appl. Pol Sci, Appl Pol Symp 41: 269

    Google Scholar 

  168. Takase M, Krigbaum WR, Hacker H (1986) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 24: 1115

    Google Scholar 

  169. Takase M, Ciferri A, Krigbaum WR, Hacker H (1986) J Polym Sci, Phys edn 24: 1675

    Google Scholar 

  170. Allen SR, Filippov AG, Farris RJ, Thomas EL, Wong CP, Berry GC, Chenevey EC (1981) Macromolecules 14: 1138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Allen SR, Filippov AG, Farris RJ, Thomas EL (1983) In: The strength and stiffness of polymers, chap 9, Zachariades AE, Porter RS (ed), Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  172. Feldman L, Zihlif AM, Farris RJ, Thomas EL (1987) J Mater Sci 22: 1199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Galiotis C, Robinson IM, Young RJ, Smith BJE, Batchelder DN (1985) Polym Commun 26: 354

    Google Scholar 

  174. Van der Zwaag S, Northolt MG, Young RJ, Robinson IM, Galiotis C, Batchelder DN (1987) Polym Commun 28: 276

    Google Scholar 

  175. Fielding-Russell GS (1971) Text Res J 41: 861

    Google Scholar 

  176. Treloar LRG (1960) Polymer 1: 95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Kooijman H, Kroon-Batenburg LMJ, Northolt MG, To be published

    Google Scholar 

  178. Gaymans RJ, Tijssen J, Harkema S, Bantjes A (1976) Polymer 17: 517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Ii T, Tashiro K, Kobayashi M, Tadokoro H (1987) Macromolecules 20: 347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Tashiro K, Tadokoro H (1981) Macromolecules 14: 781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Deteresa SJ, Allen SR, Farris RJ, Porter RS (1984) J Mater Sci 19: 57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Knoff WF (1987) J. Mater Sci 6: 1392

    Google Scholar 

  183. Krause SJ, Vezie DL, Adams WW (1989) Polym Commun 30: 10

    Google Scholar 

  184. Adams WW, Wierschke SG, Lenhert PG, Stewart JJP, Klei HE, Eby RK, Jiang H (1988) Proc 7th Intern Conf Def Yield and Fract Polym, The Plast Rubb Inst, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  185. Allen SR, Farris RJ, Thomas EL (1985) J Mater Sci 20: 2727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Weber W (1835) Ann Physik u phys Chem (Pogg Ann Physik) 4: 247

    Google Scholar 

  187. Weber W (1841) Ann. Physik u phys Chem (Pogg Ann Physik) 24: 1

    Google Scholar 

  188. Leaderman H (1944) Elastic and creep properties of filamentous materials and other high polymers, The Textile Foundation, Washington DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  189. Walton PL, Majumdar AJ (1983) J Mater Sci 18: 2939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Ericksen RH (1985) Polymer 26: 733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. Northolt MG, Kampschreur JH, Van der Zwaag S (1989) In: Integr Fund Polym Sci and Techn, vol 3, p 157, Lemstra PJ, Kleintjes LA (ed), Elsevier Appl Sci, London

    Google Scholar 

  192. Northolt MG, Roos A, Kampschreur JH (1989) J Polym Sci Phys ed 27: 1107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Kuhn W, Kunzle O, Preismann A (1947) Helv Chim Acta 30: 307

    Google Scholar 

  194. Kuhn W, Kunzle O, Preismann A (1947) Helv Chim Acta 30: 464

    Google Scholar 

  195. Frosini V, Butta E (1971) J Polym Sci Lett edn 9: 253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Kunugi T, Watanabe H, Hashimoto M (1979) J Appl Polym Sci 24: 1039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Pottick LA, Allen SR, Farris RJ (1984) J Appl Pol Sci 29: 3915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Rojstaczer S, Cohn D, Marom G (1984) J Mater Sci Lett 3: 1028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Rojstaczer S, Cohn D, Marom G (1985) J Mater Sci Lett 4: 1233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Kelly A (1973) Strong solids, 2nd ed, Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  201. Weibull W (1939) Ingen Vetensk Akad Handl 151: 5

    Google Scholar 

  202. Weibull W (1951) J Appl Mech 18: 293

    Google Scholar 

  203. Van der Zwaag S, (1989) J Testing and Evaluation 17: 292

    Google Scholar 

  204. Van der Zwaag S, Elkink F, Submitted to J. Mater Sci

    Google Scholar 

  205. Griffith AA (1920) Phil Trans Roy Soc A221: 163

    Google Scholar 

  206. Kinloch AJ, Young RJ (1983) Fracture behaviour of polymers, Applied Science Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  207. Wu HF, Phoenix SL, Schwartz P (1988) J Mat Sci 23: 1851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. Aoki H, Onogi Y, White JL, Fellers JF (1980) Polym Eng Sci 20: 221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Bodaghi H, Kaito T, Flood JE, Fellers JF, White JL (1984) Polym Eng Sci 24: 242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Feldman L, Farris RJ, Thomas EL (1985) J Mater Sci 20: 2719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Greenwood JH, Rose PG (1974) J Mater Sci 9: 1809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. Konopasek L, Hearle JWS (1977) J Appl Polym Sci 21: 2791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  213. Dobb M, Johnson DJ, Saville BP (1981) Polymer 22: 960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Northolt MG (1981) J Mater Sci Lett 16: 2025

    Google Scholar 

  215. Takahashi T, Miura M, Sakurai K (1983) J Appl Polym Sci 28: 579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. Allen SR (1987) J Mater Sci 22: 853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Van der Zwaag S, Kampschoer G (1988) In: Integr Fund Polym Sci and Techn, vol 2, p 545, Lemstra PJ, Kleintjes LA (ed), Elsevier Appl Sci, London

    Google Scholar 

  218. Van der Zwaag S, Picken SJ, Van Sluijs CP (1989) In: Integr Fund Polym Sci and Techn, vol 3, p 199, Lemstra PJ, Kleintjes LA (ed), Elsevier Appl Sci, London

    Google Scholar 

  219. Van Dreumel WHM (1982) Report LR-341, Dept Aerospace Eng, Delft Univ of Techn, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  220. Van Dreumel WHM (1982) Report LR-356, Dept Aerospace Eng, Delft Univ of Techn, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  221. Brown JR, Ennis BC (1977) Text Res J 47: 62

    Google Scholar 

  222. Witteveen AJ, Akzo Res Lab, Unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  223. Butta E, de Petris S, Frosini V, Pasquini M (1971) Eur Polym J 7: 387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  224. Wilfong RE, Zimmerman J (1973) J Appl Polym Sci 17: 2039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  225. Penn L, Larsen F (1979) J Appl Polym Sci 23: 59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  226. Chaudhuri AK, Min BY, Pearce EM (1980) J Polym Sci, Chem edn 18: 2949

    Google Scholar 

  227. Khanna YP, Pearce EM (1982) J Appl Polym Sci 27: 2053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  228. Twaron technical documentation, Akzo, Division of Fibres and Polymers, Arnhem, The Netherlands, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  229. Van der Zwaag S, Akzo Res Lab, Unpublished results

    Google Scholar 

  230. Picken S, Van der Zwaag S, Northolt MG, To be published

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Akzo Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB, Arnhem, The Netherlands

    M. G. Northolt & D. J. Sikkema

Authors
  1. M. G. Northolt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. J. Sikkema
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Northolt, M.G., Sikkema, D.J. (1990). Lyotropic main chain liquid crystal polymers. In: Separation Techniques Thermodynamics Liquid Crystal Polymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 98. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53135-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53135-1_6

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-53135-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-46724-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation