Abstract
There are two main conclusions that emerge from this paper, besides clearing up some of the confusion that invariably results from not distinguishing different modes of “analogy” and talking about it as if it were just one process. First of all, I have emphasized the underlying process of interpretation that plays a key role in analogy by rendition and certain proportional analogy relations. In understanding and modeling this process lies one half of the problem of cognition. (The other half has to do with the process of accommodation, or what is more familiarly known as “learning.”).
The second conclusion concerns predictive analogy. The problem of justification of predictive analogy is merely a red herring, since no justification can ever be found. On the other hand, the real problem lies in understanding how our vaguely held background knowledge can sprout the necessary premises for analogical inferences.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Achinstein P., 1963, “Variety and Analogy in Confirmation Theory”, Philosophy of Science 30, No. 3, July 1963, pp. 207–227.
Agassi J., 1964, “Analogies as Generalizations”, Philosophy of Science 31, No. 4, Oct. 1964, pp. 351–356.
Black M., 1962a, Models and Metaphors, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Carbonell J.G., 1983, “Learning by Analogy: Formulating and Generalizing Plans from Past Experience”, in R.S. Michalski et al. (eds.) Machine Learning, pp. 137–161, Tioga Publishing Co., Palo Alto, Calif.
Carbonell J.G., 1986, “Derivational Analogy: A Theory of Reconstructive Problem Solving and Expertise Acquisition” in R.S. Michalski et al. (eds.) Machine Learning Vol. II, pp. 371–392, Morgan Kaufmann, Inc., Los Altos, Calif.
Carnap R., 1962, Logical Foundations of Probability, The Univ. of Chicago Press, 2nd ed.
Carnap R., 1963, “Variety, Analogy, and Periodicity in Inductive Logic”, Philosophy of Science 30, No. 3, July 1963, pp. 222–227.
Davies T.R. and Russell S.J., 1987, “A Logical Approach to Reasoning by Analogy”, Proc. of IJCAI 87, pp. 264–270.
Erman L.D., Hayes-Roth F., Lesser V.R., and Reddy D.R., 1980, “The Hearsay-II Speech-Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty”, Computing Surveys 12, pp. 213–253.
Evans T.G., 1963, A Heuristic Program to Solve Geometric-Analogy Problems, Ph.D., Dissertation, Dept. of Mathematics, M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass.
Gentner D., 1982, “Are Scientific Analogies Metaphors?”, in D.S. Miall (ed.) Metaphor: Problems and Perspectives, Harvester Press Ltd.
Gentner D., 1983, “Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy”, Cognitive Science 7, pp. 155–170.
Gentner D. and Gentner D.R., 1983, “Flowing Water or Teeming Crowds: Mental Models of Electricity”, in D. Gentner & A.L. Stevens (eds.) Mental Models, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 99–129.
Gick M.L. and Holyoak K.J., 1980, “Analogical Problem Solving”, Cognitive Psychology 12, pp. 306–355.
Gick M.L. and Holyoak K.J., 1983, “Schema Induction and Analogical Transfer”, Cognitive Psychology 15, pp. 1–38.
Gordon W.J.J., 1961, Synectics: The Development of Creative Capacity, Collier Books Edition (1968), New York, NY.
Greiner R., 1985, Learning by Understanding Analogies, Ph.D. Dissertation, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
Gruber H.E., 1978, “Darwin's ‘Tree of Nature’ and Other Images of Wide Scope”, in J. Wechsler (ed.) On Aesthetics in Science, MIT Press (1978), Cambridge, Mass., pp. 121–40.
Halasz F. & Moran T.P., 1982, “Analogies Considered Harmful”, ACM Proc. of Human Factors in Computer Systems, pp. 383–386.
Hall R.P., 1988, “Computational Approaches to Analogical Reasoning: A Comparative Analysis”, to appear in Artificial Intelligence.
Harrod R., 1956, Foundations of Inductive Logic, MacMillan, republished 1974.
Hesse M.B., 1959a, Analogy-Structure in a Thesaurus, Technical Report ML 101, The Cambridge Language Research Unit, Cambridge, U.K.
Hesse M.B., 1959b, “On Defining Analogy”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society LX, pp. 79–100.
Hesse M.B., 1964, “Analogy and Confirmation Theory”, Philosophy of Science 31, No. 4, Oct. 1964, pp. 319–327.
Hesse M.B., 1966, Models and Analogies in Science, Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind.
Hesse M.B., 1980, Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science, Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomigton, Ind.
Hofstadter D.R., 1981, “Metamagical Themas: Roles and Analogies in Human and Machine Thought,” Scientific American, Vol. 245, No. 3, Sept. 1981; reprinted with some additional material as “Analogies and Role in Human and Machine Thinking”, in Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern, Basic Books, Inc. (1985), New York; Chap. 24 (pp. 547–603).
Hofstadter D.R., 1984, “The Copycat Project: An Experiment in Nondeterminism and Creative Analogies,” A.I. Memo 755, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
Holland J.H., Holyoak K.J., Nisbett R.E. and Thagard P.R., 1986, Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Indurkhya B., 1987, “Approximate Semantic Transference: A Computational Theory of Metaphors and Analogies”, Cognitive Science 11, pp. 445–480.
Indurkhya B., 1989, “Some Remarks on Rationality of Induction,” submitted to Synthese.
Indurkhya B., forthcoming, Metaphor and Cognition, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Kedar-Cabelli S., 1985, “Purpose-Directed Analogy,” ML-TR-1, Technical Report, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
Keynes J.M., 1921, A Treatise on Probability, MacMillan & Co., London.
Kling R.E., 1971, Reasoning by Analogy with Application to Heuristic Problem-Solving: A Case Study, Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
Koestler A., 1964, The Act of Creation, Hutchinsons of London; 2nd Danube ed., 1976.
Langer S.K., 1967, An Introduction to Symbolic Logic, 3rd revised ed., Dover Publications Inc.
Lenat D., Prakash M., and Shepherd M., 1986, “CYC: Using Common Sense Knowledge to Overcome Brittleness and Knowledge Acquisition Bottlenecks”, AI Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 65–85.
O'Hara S., in preparation, “An Algebraic Approach to Proportional Analogy,” Technical Report, Computer Science Department, Boston University, Boston, Mass.
Polya G., 1945, How to Solve it, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey, (2en ed. 1973).
Ricoeur P., 1976, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning, The Texas Christian Univ. Press, Fort Worth, Tex.
Riseman E.M. and Hanson A.R., 1987, “A Methodology for the Development of General Knowledge-Based Vision Systems”, in M.A. Arbib and A.R. Hanson (eds.) Vision, Brain, and Cooperative Computation, MIT Press (Bradford Books), Cambridge, Mass., pp. 285–328.
Russell S.J., 1987, Analogical and Inductive Reasoning, Ph.D. Thesis, Computer Science Dept., Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
Schön D.A., 1963, Displacement of Concepts, Humanities Press, New York.
Schön D.A., 1979, “Generative Metaphor: A Perspective on Problem-Setting in Social Policy”, in A. Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge Univ. Press (1979), Cambridge, UK, pp. 154–283.
Von Wright G.H., 1965, The Logical Problem of Induction, 2nd revised ed., Oxford Univ. Press.
Weitzenfeld J.S., 1984, “Valid Reasoning by Analogy”, Phil. of Science 51, pp. 137–149.
Weymouth T.E., 1986, Using Object Descriptions in a Schema Network for Machine Vision, Ph.D. Dissertation Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.
Wilson P.R., 1964, “On the Argument by Analogy”, Philosophy of Science 31, No. 1, Jan. 1964, pp. 34–39.
Winston P.H., 1978, “Learning by Creatifying Transfer Frames”, Artificial Intelligence 10, pp. 147–172.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Indurkhya, B. (1989). Modes of analogy. In: Jantke, K.P. (eds) Analogical and Inductive Inference. AII 1989. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 397. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-51734-0_63
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-51734-0_63
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51734-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-46798-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive