Abstract
We stand at the edge of a new era; one in which our ability to take data far outstrips our ability to reduce it by human intensive means. We must develop methods of analyzing and classifying our observations so that we do not just arrange them according to what we know, but describe them in ways that allow us to increase our knowledge.
It will be a very long time before machines can look at data with the genius of a Morgan or a Zwicky, but that must be our goal. To achieve this we must build machines which interact with humans at ever increasingly higher levels of sophistication and knowledge.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Accomazzi, A., Bordogna, G., Mussio, P. and Rampini, A. (1989), “An approach to heuristic exploitation of astronomers' knowledge in automatic interpretation of optical pictures”, this volume.
Aristotle (1984), The Complete Works of Aristotle, translated by W.D. Ross, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
Cannon, A.J. (1918–1924), Harvard Ann., 91–99.
Chomsky, N. (1957), Syntactic Structures, Mouton, The Hague.
Courant, R. and Hilbert, D. (1968), Methoden der Mathematischen Physik, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Fu, K.-S. (1974), Syntactic Methods of Pattern Recognition, Academic Press, New York.
Fu, K.-S. (1982), Syntactic Pattern Recognition and Applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
Herzsprung, E. (1906), Zeitschrift fir Wissenschaflichen Photometrie, 3, 429.
Houk, N. (1978), Michigan Catalog of Two-Dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars, Vol. 2, Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Jacoby, G.H., Hunter, D.A. and Christian, C.A. (1983), “A Library of Stellar Spectra”, Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson.
Kant, I. (1976), Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt.
Keenan, P.C. (1987), “Spectral types and their uses”, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 99, 713–723.
Kurtz, M.J. (1982), “Automatic Spectral Classification”, Thesis, Dartmouth College.
Kurtz, M.J. (1983), “Classification methods: an introductory survey”, Statistical Methods in Astronomy, E. Rolfe (ed.), European Space Agency Special Publication SP-201, 47–58.
Kurtz, M.J. (1985), “Progress in automation techniques for MK classification”, The MK Process and Stellar Classification, R.F. Garrison (ed.), David Dunlap Observatory, Toronto, 136–152.
Kurtz, M.J. (1988a), “The search for structure: object classification in large data sets”, Astronomy from Large Databases: Scientific Objectives and Methodological Approaches, F. Murtagh and A. Heck (eds.), European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, 113–126.
Kurtz, M.J. (1988b), “Report to Commission 45 (Stellar Classification): IV Automated Spectral Classification”, Reports on Astronomy, XXA, J.-P. Swings (ed.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 637–638.
Kurtz, M.J., Mussio, P., and Ossorio, P.G. (1989), “An automatic cognition system for astronomical image interpretation”, Pattern Recognition Letters, to appear.
LaSala, J. (1988a), “A program for automatic two-dimensional spectral classification of objective-prism spectra”, Astronomy from Large Databases: Scientific Objectives and Methodological Approaches, F. Murtagh and A. Heck (eds.), European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, 127–133.
LaSala, J. (1988b), Invited Paper presented to special session on Automatic Spectral Classification, IAU Commission 45, IAU 20th General Assembly. Summary to appear in Highlights of Astronomy, R.F. Garrison (ed.).
Lynds, R. and Petrosian, V. (1987), “Giant luminous arcs in galaxy clusters”, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 18, 1014.
Maury, A.C. (1897), Harvard Ann., 28.
McCormick, B.H., DeFanti, T.A., and Brown, M.D., eds. (1987), “Visualization in Scientific Computing”, Computer Graphics, 21, No. 6 (special issue), ACM SIGGRAPH, New York.
Mendelson, B. (1975), Introduction to Topology, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Mihalas, D. (1985), “On the relevance of the MK system and process to the theory of stellar atmospheres, The MK Process and Stellar Classification, R.F. Garrison (ed.), David Dunlap Observatory, Toronto, 4–16.
Morgan, W.W. (1985), “The MK system and the MK process” The MK Process and Stellar Classification, R.F. Garrison (ed.), David Dunlap Observatory, Toronto, 18–25.
Morgan, W.W., Abt, H.A., and Tapscott, J.W. (1979), Revised MK Spectral Atlas for Stars Earlier than the Sun, Yerkes and Kitt Peak Observatories, Chicago and Houston.
Ossorio et al. (1988), Knowledge Dictionary System, Ellery Systems Corporation, Boulder.
Ossorio, P.G. (1978), What Really Happens: The Representation of Real World Phenomena, University of South Carolina Press.
Ossorio, P.G. (1966), “Classification space: a multivariate procedure for automatic document indexing and retrieval”, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 479–524.
Ossorio, P.G. and Kurtz, M.J. (1989), “Automated Classification of Resolved Galaxies”, Data Analysis in Astronomy III, V. di Gesú, L. Scarsi, P. Crane, J.H. Friedman, S. Levialdi and M.C. Maccarone (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, in press.
Plato (1962), The Republic, translated by C.M. Cornford, Oxford University Press, New York.
Simon, J.C., Backer, E., and Sallentin, J. (1980), “A Structural Approach of Pattern Recognition”, Signal Processing, 2, 5–22.
Schneps, M.H., Falco, E.E., Latham, J., and Kurtz, M.J. (1986), Einstein U.S.A. 15", Wolbach Image Processing Laboratory, Cambridge, MA.
Secchi, A. (1967), Memorie della Società Italiana della Scienze, 1, p. 47.
Shideler, M. (1988), Persons, Behavior and the World, University Press of Alabama.
Titchmarsh, E.C. (1937), The Theory of Functions, Oxford University Press, London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kurtz, M.J. (1989). Classification and knowledge. In: Heck, A., Murtagh, F. (eds) Knowledge-Based Systems in Astronomy. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 329. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-51044-3_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-51044-3_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51044-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-46139-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive