Abstract
Karloff and Zwick obtained recently an optimal 7/8-approximation algorithm for MAX 3-SAT. In an attempt to see whether similar methods can be used to obtain a 7/8-approximation algorithm for MAX SAT, we consider the most natural generalization of MAX 3-SAT, namely MAX 4-SAT. We present a semidefinite programming relaxation of MAX 4-SAT and a new family of rounding procedures that try to cope well with clauses of various sizes. We study the potential, and the limitations, of the relaxation and of the proposed family of rounding procedures using a combination of theoretical and experimental means. We select two rounding procedures from the proposed family of rounding procedures. Using the first rounding procedure we seem to obtain an almost optimal 0.8721-approximation algorithm for MAX 4-SAT. Using the second rounding procedure we seem to obtain an optimal 7/8-approximation algorithm for satisfiable instances of MAX 4-SAT. On the other hand, we show that no rounding procedure from the family considered can yield an approximation algorithm for MAX 4-SAT whose performance guarantee on all instances of the problem is greater than 0.8724.
Although most of this paper deals specifically with the MAX 4-SAT problem, we believe that the new family of rounding procedures introduced, and the methodology used in the design and in the analysis of the various rounding procedures considered would have a much wider range of applicability.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
F. Alizadeh. Interior point methods in semidefinite programming with applications to combinatorial optimization. SIAM Journal on Optimization, 5:13–51, 1995.
S. Arora, C. Lund, R. Motwani, M. Sudan, and M. Szegedy. Proof verification and the hardness of approximation problems. Journal of the ACM, 45:501–555, 1998.
S. Arora and S. Safra. Probabilistic checking of proofs: A new characterization of NP. Journal of the ACM, 45:70–122, 1998.
T. Asano. Approximation algorithms for MAX SAT: Yannakakis vs. Goemans-Williamson. In Proceedings of the 3nd Israel Symposium on Theory and Computing Systems, Ramat Gan, Israel, pages 24–37, 1997.
T. Asano, T. Ono, and T. Hirata. Approximation algorithms for the maximum satisfiability problem. Nordic Journal of Computing, 3:388–404, 1996.
M. Bellare, O. Goldreich, and M. Sudan. Free bits, PCPs, and nonapproximability—towards tight results. SIAM Journal on Computing, 27:804–915, 1998.
M. Bellare, S. Goldwasser, C. Lund, and A. Russell. Effcient probabilistically checkable proofs and applications to approximation. In Proceedings of the 25rd Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, San Diego, California, pages 294–304, 1993. See Errata in STOC’94.
H.S.M. Coxeter. The functions of Schläfli and Lobatschefsky. Quarterly Journal of of Mathematics (Oxford), 6:13–29, 1935.
U. Feige and M.X. Goemans. Approximating the value of two prover proof systems, with applications to MAX-2SAT and MAX-DICUT. In Proceedings of the 3nd Israel Symposium on Theory and Computing Systems, Tel Aviv, Israel, pages 182–189, 1995.
U. Feige, S. Goldwasser, L. Lovász, S. Safra, and M. Szegedy. Interactive proofs and the hardness of approximating cliques. Journal of the ACM, 43:268–292, 1996.
M.X. Goemans and D.P. Williamson. New 3/4-approximation algorithms for the maximum satisfiability problem. SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, 7:656–666, 1994.
M.X. Goemans and D.P. Williamson. Improved approximation algorithms for maximum cut and satisfiability problems using semidefinite programming. Journal of the ACM, 42:1115–1145, 1995.
M. Grötschel, L. Lovász, and A. Schrijver. Geometric Algorithms and Combinatorial Optimization. Springer Verlag, 1993. Second corrected edition.
J. Håstad. Some optimal inapproximability results. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, El Paso, Texas, pages 1–10, 1997. Full version available as E-CCC Report number TR97-037.
W.Y. Hsiang. On infinitesimal symmetrization and volume formula for spherical or hyperbolic tetrahedrons. Quarterly Journal of Mathematics (Oxford), 39:463–468, 1988.
D.S. Johnson. Approximation algorithms for combinatorical problems. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 9:256–278, 1974.
H. Karloff and U. Zwick. A 7/8-approximation algorithm for MAX 3SAT? In Proceedings of the 38rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Miami Beach, Florida, pages 406–415, 1997.
S. Khanna, R. Motwani, M. Sudan, and U. Vazirani. On syntactic versus computational views of approximability. In Proceedings of the 35rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Santa Fe, New Mexico, pages 819–830, 1994.
Y. Nesterov and A. Nemirovskii. Interior Point Polynomial Methods in Convex Programming. SIAM, 1994.
Y. E. Nesterov. Semidefinite relaxation and nonconvex quadratic optimization. Optimization Methods and Software, 9:141–160, 1998.
C.H. Papadimitriou and M. Yannakakis. Optimization, approximation, and complexity classes. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 43:425–440, 1991.
P. Raghavan. Probabilistic construction of deterministic algorithms: Approximating packing integer programs. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 37:130–143, 1988.
P. Raghavan and C. Thompson. Randomized rounding: A technique for provably good algorithms and algorithmic proofs. Combinatorica, 7:365–374, 1987.
L. Schläfli. On the multiple integral ∫n dx dy... dz, whose limits are p 1 = a 1 x + b 1 y +... + h 1 z > 0, p 2 > 0,..., p n > 0, and x 2 + y 2 +... + z 2 < 1. Quarterly Journal of Mathematics (Oxford), 2:269–300, 1858. Continued in Vol. 3 (1860), pp. 54–68 and pp. 97–108.
L. Trevisan. Approximating satisfiable satisfiability problems. In Proceedings of the 5th European Symposium on Algorithms, Graz, Austria, 1997. 472–485.
L. Trevisan, G.B. Sorkin, M. Sudan, and D.P. Williamson. Gadgets, approximation, and linear programming (extended abstract). In Proceedings of the 37rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Burlington, Vermont, pages 617–626, 1996.
E.B. Vinberg. Volumes of non-Euclidean polyhedra. Russian Math. Surveys, 48:15–45, 1993.
M. Yannakakis. On the approximation of maximum satisfiability. Journal of Algorithms, 17:475–502, 1994.
U. Zwick. Approximation algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems involving at most three variables per constraint. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, San Francisco, California, pages 201–210, 1998.
U. Zwick. Finding almost-satisfying assignments. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Dallas, Texas, pages 551–560, 1998.
U. Zwick. Outward rotations: a tool for rounding solutions of semidefinite programming relaxations, with applications to max cut and other problems. In Proceedings of the 31th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Atlanta, Georgia, 1999. To appear.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Halperin, E., Zwick, U. (1999). Approximation Algorithms for MAX 4-SAT and Rounding Procedures for Semidefinite Programs. In: Cornuéjols, G., Burkard, R.E., Woeginger, G.J. (eds) Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization. IPCO 1999. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1610. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48777-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48777-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-66019-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48777-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive