Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Relativistic Flows in Astrophysics pp 41–70Cite as

Jet Formation and Collimation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Physics ((LNP,volume 589))

Abstract

We briefly review our current understanding for the formation, acceleration and collimation of winds to jets associated with compact astrophysical objects such as AGN and μQuasars.

All such outflows may be considered to a first approximation as ideal MHD plasmas escaping from a rotating and magnetized accretion disk with a magnetosphere around a central black hole. A crucial ingredient for a correct modelling of the steady state problem is to place the appropriate boundary conditions, by taking into account how information can propagate through the outflow and ensuring, e.g., that shocks produced via the interaction of the flow with the external medium do not affect the overall structure. As an example underlining the role of setting the correct boundary conditions, we make the analogy of the critical surfaces in the steady and axisymmetric MHD problem with the event horizon and ergosphere of a rotating black hole in relativity.

We discuss the acceleration of the out.ow, by gas, radiation, or wave pressure gradients and also by magnetic mechanisms, showing the important role played by the disk corona in the vicinity of the black hole. Pressure and magnetic con.nement both may also play a role in con.ning the out.ow, although magnetic hoop stress con.nement is likely to be a rather dominant process in tightly collimated outflows. The possible asymptotical morphology that jets achieve and the instabilities which are likely to explain the observed structures but do not prevent jets to possess toroidal magnetic fields are also reviewed.

Finally, it is proposed that in a space where the two main variables are the energy of the magnetic rotator and the angle between the line of sight and the ejection axis, some observed characteristics of AGN jets can be understood. A criterion for the transition of the morphologies of the outflows from highly collimated jets to uncollimated winds is given. It is based on the analysis of a particular class of exact solutions and may somehow generalize other earlier suggestions, such as the spinning of the black hole, the fueling of the central object, or the effects of the environment.

Thus, while the horizontal AGN classification from Type 0 to Types 1 and 2 may well be an orientation effect—i.e. a dependence on the viewing angle between the source axis and the observer as in the standard model—the vertical AGN classiffication with uncollimated outflows (radio-quiet sources) and collimated outflows (radio-loud sources) depends both on the e.ciency of the magnetic rotator and the environment in which the outflows propagate.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Antonucci, R., ARA&A, 31, 473–521 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bardeen, J. M., Berger, B.K., ApJ, 221, 105–113 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Baum, S.A., Zirbel, E.I., O’Dea, C.P., ApJ, 451, 88–99 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Begelman, M.C.,ApJ, 493, 291–300 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Beskin, V. S., Okamoto, I., MNRAS, 313, 445–453 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Blandford, R.D., in Active Galactic Nuclei, eds. T.J.-L. Courvoiser and M. Mayor (Springer, Berlin, pp. 161–275 (1990)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Blandford, R. D., Begelman, M.C., MNRAS, 303, L1–L5 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Blandford, R. D., Levinson, A., ApJ, 441, 79–95 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Blandford, R. D., in Astrophysical Discs-An EC Summer School, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Conference series Vol.160, eds. J. A. Sellwood and J. Goodman, p. 265., AstroPh 9902001 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Blandford, R. D., in Magnetic Activity in Stars, Discs and Quasars, eds. D. Lynden-Bell, E. R. Priest and N. O. Weiss., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, Astro-ph 0001499 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Blandford, R.D., Payne, D.G., MNRAS, 199, 883–903 (1982)

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Blandford, R.D., Rees, M.J., MNRAS, 169, 395–415 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Blandford, R.D., Znajek, R.L., MNRAS, 179, 433–456 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bodo, G., Rossi, P., Massaglia, S., Ferrari, A., Malagoli, A., Rosner, R., A&A, 333, 1117–1129 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bogovalov, S.V., A&A, 323, 634–643 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bogovalov, S.V., Tsinganos, K., MNRAS, 305, 211–224 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Breitmoser, E., Camenzind, M., A&A, 363, 207–225 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Brunthaler, A., et al., A&A, 357, L45–L48 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Camenzind, M., in Solar and Astrophysical Magnetohydrodynamic Flows, ed. K.C. Tsinganos, Kluwer (Dordrecht), p. 699–725 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Camenzind, M., in Astrophysical Jets: Open Problems, eds. G. Bodo, and S. Massaglia, Gordon and Breach Science Pubs., pp. 3–29 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Capetti, A., Trussoni, E., Celotti, A., Feretti, L., Chiaberge, M., MNRAS, 318, 493–500 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Carter, B., in Black Holes, eds. C. DeWitt, and B.S. DeWitt, Gordon and Breach Science Pubs., pp. 57–214 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Casse, F., Ferreira, J., A&A, 353, 1115–1128 (2000a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Casse, F., Ferreira, J., A&A, 361, 1178–1190 (2000b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Celotti, A., in Astrophysical Jets: Open Problems, eds. G. Bodo, and S. Massaglia, Gordon and Breach Science Pubs., pp. 79–85 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chan, K.L., Henriksen, R.H., ApJ, 241, 534–551 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cheng, A.Y.S., O’Dell, S.L., ApJ, 251, L49–L54 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chiaberge, M., Celotti, A., Capetti, A., A&A, 349, 77–87 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chiaberge, M., Celotti, A., Capetti, A., Ghisellini, G., A&A, 358, 104–112 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Contopoulos, J., ApJ, 450, 616–627 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Contopoulos, J., Lovelace, R.V.E., ApJ, 429, 139–152 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Corbel, S., Fender, R.P., Tzioumis, A.K., Nowak, M., McIntyre, V., Durouchoux, P., Sood, R., A&A, 359, 251–268 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chiueh, T., Li, Z-Y., Begelman, M.C., ApJ, 377, 462–466 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Das, T.K., MNRAS, 318, 294–302 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dhawan, V., Mirabel, I.F., Rodríguez, L.F., ApJ, 543, 373–385 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fabian, A. C., Rees, M. J., MNRAS, 277, L55–L58 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fendt, C., Camenzind, M., Appl, S., A&A, 300, 791–807 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fender, R.P., in “Astrophysics and Cosmology: a collection of critical thoughts”, springer Lecture notes in Physics, (2000) astro-ph9907050

    Google Scholar 

  39. Feretti, L., Fanti, R., Parma, P., Massaglia, S., Trussoni, E., Brinkmann, W., A&A, 298, 699–710 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ferreira, J., A&A, 319, 340–359 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ghisellini, G., Bodo, G., Trussoni, E., Rees, M.J., ApJ, 362, L1–L4 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ghisellini, G., Bodo, G., Trussoni, E., ApJ, 401, 87–98 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gopal-Krishna, Wiita, P.J., A&A, 363, 507–516 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hanasz M., Sol H., Sauty C., MNRAS, 316 (3), 494–506 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Heinz, J., Begelman M.C., ApJ, 535, 104–111 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Henri, G., Pelletier, G., ApJ, 383, L7–L10 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Heyvaerts, J., Norman, C.A., ApJ, 347, 1055–1081 (1989)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  48. Kim, W.-T., Ostriker, E.C., ApJ, 540, 372–403 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Krasnopolsky, R., Li, Z.-Y., Blandford, R., ApJ, 526, 631–642 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kersalé, E., Longaretti, P.-Y., Pelletier, G., A&A, 363, 1166–1176 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Keppens, R., Goedbloed, J.P., ApJ, 530, 1036–1048 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. Koide, S., Shibata, K. Kudoh, T., ApJ, 495, L63–L66 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. Königl, A., Kartje, J.F., ApJ, 434, 446–467 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Königl, A., Wardle, M., MNRAS, 279, L61–L64 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. Koide, S., Meier, D.L., Shibata, K., ApJ, 536, 668–674 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kudoh, T., Matsumoto, R., Shibata, K., ApJ, 508, 186–199 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lery, T., Henriksen R. N., Fiege J., A&A, 350, 254–274 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lery, T., Heyvaerts, J., Appl, S., Norman, C.A., A&A, 347, 1055–1068 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lery, T., Frank, A., ApJ, 533, 897–910 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lery, T., Baty, H., Appl, S., A&A, 355, 1201–1208

    Google Scholar 

  61. Li Z-Y., Chiueh, T., Begelman, M.C., ApJ, 394, 459–471 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Li, Z-Y., ApJ, 444, 848–860 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. Li, Z-Y., ApJ, 465, 855–868 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Livio, M., PhR, 311, 225–251 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Livio, M., Ogilvie, G.I., Pringle, J.E., ApJ, 512, 100–104 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lister, M.L., Smith, P.S., ApJ, 541, 66–87 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. Michel, F.C., ApJ, 158, 727–738 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mirabel, I.F., Rodríguez, L.F., ARA&A, 37, 409–443 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. Nitta, S-Y.,MNRAS, 284, 899–910 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nobuta, K., Hanawa, T.,ApJ, 510, 614–630 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. O’Dell, S.L., ApJ, 243, L147–L149 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Okamoto, I., MNRAS, 307, 253–278 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Okamoto, I., MNRAS, 318, 250–262 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ostriker, E.C., ApJ, 486, 291–306 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ouyed, R., Pudritz, R.E., ApJ, 482, 712–732 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Parker, E.N., Interplanetary Dynamical Processes, Interscience, New York (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Pietrini, P., Torricelli-Ciamponi, G., A&A, 363, 455–475 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Pelletier, G., Sol, H., MNRAS, 254, 635–646 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. Proga, D., Stone, J.M., Kallman, T.R., ApJ, 543, 686–696 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. Prestage, R.M., Peacock, J.A., MNRAS, 230, 131–160 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. Rees, M., Begelman, M., Blandford, R., Phinney, E., Nature 295, 17–21 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. Rosso, F., PhDthesis, Université de Grenoble (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sakurai, T., A&A, 152, 121–129 (1985)

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Sauty, C., Tsinganos, K., A&A, 287, 893–926 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sauty, C., Tsinganos, K., Trussoni, E., A&A, 348, 327–349 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schatzman, E.,Ann. Astroph., 25, 18–29 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Shibata, K. Uchida, Y., PASJ, 42, 39–67 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sol, H., Pelletier, G., MNRAS, 237, 411–429 (1989)

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. Sikora, M., Madejski, G., ApJ, 534, 109–113 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Smith, E.P., Heckman, T.M., Bothum, G.D., Romanishin, W., Balick, B., ApJ, 306, 64–89 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. Spruit, H.C., Cao, X., A&A, 287, 80–86 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. Spruit, H.C., in “Evolutionary Processes in Binary Stars”, eds. R.A.M.J. Wijers et al., Kluwer, Netherlands, pp. 249–286 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Tagger, M., Pellat, R., A&A, 349, 1003–1016 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. Trussoni, E., Sauty, C., Tsinganos, K., A&A, 325, 1114 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Tsinganos, K., Sauty, C., Surlantzis, G., Trussoni, E., Contopoulos, J., MNRAS, 283, 811–820 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Tsinganos, K., Bogovalov, S.V., A&A, 356, 989–1002 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. Uchida, Y., Shibata, K., PASJ, 37, 515–535 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. Urry, C.M., Padovani, P., PASP, 107, 803–845 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. Usmanov, A.V., Goldstein, M.L., Besser, B.P., Fritzer, J.M., JGR, 105(A6), 12,675–12,695 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. Ustyugova, G.V., Koldova, A.V., Romanova, M.M., Chechetkin, V.M., Lovelace, R.V.E., ApJ, 516, 221–235 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ustyugova, G.V., Lovelace, R.V.E., Romanova, M.M., Li, H., Colgate, S.A., ApJ, 541, L21–L24 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. Vlahakis, N., PhD thesis, University of Crete (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Vlahakis, N., Tsinganos, K., MNRAS, 298, 777–789 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. Vlahakis, N., Tsinganos, K., Sauty, C., Trussoni, E., MNRAS, 318, 417–428 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. Wilson, A.S., Colbert, E.J.M., ApJ, 438, 62–71 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Observatoire de Paris, D.A.E.C, Université Paris 7, F-92190, Meudon, France

    Christophe Sauty

  2. Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR-710 03, Crete, Heraklion, Greece

    Kanaris Tsinganos

  3. Osservatorio Astron. di Torino, Strada Osservatorio 20, I-10025, Torinese, Pino, Italy

    Edoardo Trussoni

Authors
  1. Christophe Sauty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kanaris Tsinganos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Edoardo Trussoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany

    Axel W. Guthmann , Markos Georganopoulos  & Konstantina Manolakou ,  & 

  2. CESR, 9,Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31028, Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Alexandre Marcowith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sauty, C., Tsinganos, K., Trussoni, E. (2002). Jet Formation and Collimation. In: Guthmann, A.W., Georganopoulos, M., Manolakou, K., Marcowith, A. (eds) Relativistic Flows in Astrophysics. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 589. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46025-X_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46025-X_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43518-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-46025-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation