Abstract
We report on the fabrication and properties of photorefractive waveguides in pure or magnesium-doped lithium niobate. He+ implantation is used to form planar waveguides while an ion exchange process performs copper doping of the substrates surface. The photorefractive response of waveguides fabricated by using the two possible sequences, first ion implantation and second copper doping, and the reverse, are compared. High values of the light-induced refractive-index change and holographic sensibility are obtained. We show that beam fanning is dramatically suppressed by heavy magnesium co-doping. Fanning-free propagation is therefore possible for a wide range of in-coupled power. Steady-state diffraction efficiency of 30% is demonstrated, but higher values could be reached by proper choice of interaction length in the waveguides.
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Kostritskii, S.M., Moretti, P. (2003). Photorefractive Copper-Doped LiNbO3 Waveguides for Holography Fabricated by a Combined Technique of Ion Exchange and Ion Implantation. In: Boffi, P., Piccinin, D., Ubaldi, M.C. (eds) Infrared Holography for Optical Communications. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 86. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45852-2_4
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