Abstract
Digital watermarking is a key technique for protecting intellectual property of digital media. As a number of methods have been proposed in recent years to embed watermarks in images for various applications, evaluation of watermarking algorithms becomes more and more important. The degradation of watermarked images, which can be measured by signal to noise ratio (SNR) or peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), is one of the major performance indexes of watermarking algorithms. In this paper, based on the Laplacian distribution model of DCT coefficients, we deduce a theoretical relationship between the scaling parameter in a typical watermarking algorithm and the degradation of watermarked images. Experimental results show that the estimation error of SNR and PSNR is less than 1 dB. Using this relationship, we design an adaptive insertion strategy that can be employed to embed watermarks in natural images with assigned SNR or PSNR.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lam, E.Y., Goodman, J.W.: A Mathematical Analysis of the DCT Coefficient Distributions for Images. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. 10 (200) 1661–1666
Cox, I.J., Kilian. J., Leighton T., Shamoon T.: Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. 6 (1997) 1673–1687
Cox, I.J., Kilian, J., Leighton, T., Shamoon, T.: Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia. NEC Research Institute Tech. Report 10 (1995)
Reininger R.C., Gibson, J.D.: Distributions of the two-dimensional DCT Coefficients for Images. IEEE Trans. on Communications. 6 (1983) 835–839
Joshi, R.J., Fischer, T.R.: Comparison of Generalized Gaussian and Laplacian Modeling in DCT Image Coding. IEEE Signal Processing Letters. 5 (1995) 81–82
Barni, M., Bartolini, F., Cappellini, V., Piva, A.: Statistical Modeling of Full Frame DCT Coefficients. Proceedings of EUSIPCO'98, Rhodes, Greece (1998) 1513–1516
Pratt, W.K., Digital Image Processing. New York Wiley (1978)
Craver, S., Memon, N., Yeo, B., Yeung, M.: Can Invisible Watermarks Resolve Rightful Ownerships?. SPIE Electronic Imaging: Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases. 3022 (1997) 310–321
Craver, S., Memon, N., Yeo, B., Yeung, M.: Resolving Rightful Ownerships with Invisible Watermarking Techniques: Limitations, Attacks, and Implication. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Comm. 4 (1998) 573–586
Zeng, W.J., Liu, B.: A Statistical Watermark Detection Technique Without Using Original Images for Resolving Rightful Ownership of Digital Images. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. 11 (1999) 1534–1548
Barni, M., Bartolini, F., Cappellini, V., Piva. A.: A DCT-Domain System for Robust Image Watermarking. Signal Processing. 3 (1998) 357–372
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bo, X., Shen, L., Chang, W. (2001). Evaluation of the Image Degradation for a Typical Watermarking Algorithm in the Block-DCT Domain. In: Qing, S., Okamoto, T., Zhou, J. (eds) Information and Communications Security. ICICS 2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2229. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45600-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45600-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-42880-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45600-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive