Abstract
Natural language communication largely depends on other means than literal expressions. This issue goes far beyond aesthetics, and touches the very heart of natural language. In the last decades, research in these fields has added much to our understanding of concerns that have puzzled researchers since Aristotle, but these insights are rarely reflected in the literature on knowledge representation. This paper discusses how non-literal expressions can be represented in Conceptual Graphs (CG) in such a way that highly complex phenomena of natural language such as metaphors are rendered clearly for computational purposes. Aspects of language understanding from metaphor theory and translation theory are used to establish a foundation for such CG representations. A number of examples are analyzed and presented in Prolog+CG.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aristotle: Poetics. Translated by S. H. Butcher. Available at http://classics.mit.edU//Aristotle/poetics.html.
Gräbe, I.: Metaphor and Interpretation. Pretoria: University of South Africa. 1985.
Kabbaj, Adil & Janta-Polczynski. (2000) From PROPOG++ to PROLOG+CG: A CG Object-Oriented Logic Programming Language. In B. Ganter & G. W. Mineau, eds., Conceptual Structures: Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues, Lecture Notes in AI #1867, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000, pp. 540–554.
Kruger, Alet: Translating Metaphors in Narrative Fiction. In: Perspectives: Studies in Translatologies. Copenhagen 1993:1 (Journal).
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M.: Philosophy in the Flesh. Basic Books, New York 1999.
Lakoff, G. and Turner, M.: More than Cool Reason: a Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago University Press 1989.
Lakoff, G: Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago University Press 1987.
Lakoff, G and Turner, M: Metaphors we live by. Chicago University Press 1980.
Newmark, Peter: A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice-Hall International 1989.
Mei, Cheng and Bingbing, Li: Cultural Transplantation and Transformation: Metaphor Translation of A Dream of Red Mansions.
Olohan, Meave (Ed.): Intercultural Faultlines. Research Models in Translation Studies. St. Jerome Publishing. 2000.
Rasmussen, Anne: Metaforisk Rœssoneren. Ph.D. thesis. Aalborg University, Denmark. 1998.
Richards, I. A.: The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. 1936.
Saeed. J. I.: Semantics. Blackwell Publishers. 1997.
Searle, J. R. Metaphor. In Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge University Press. 1979.
Schärfe, Henrik & Øhrstrøm, Peter. (2000) Computer Aided Narrative Analysis using Conceptual Graphs in Gerd Stumme (Ed.) Working with Conceptual Structures-Contributions to ICCS 2000, p 16–29 Shaker Verlag, Aachen.
Schärfe, H.: Reasoning with Narratives. Forthcoming. Available at http://www.hum.auc.dk/~scharfe/reasoning.pdf
Sowa, John. Knowledge Representation. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning 2000
Sowa, John. Conceptual Graphs website: http://www.jfsowa.com/cg/index.htm 2001.
Trãusan-Matu, Stefan, Novischi, A, Cerri, S, Maraschi, D: Personalised metaphor processing in texts on the web, in Nistor & Mihai Jalobeanu (eds.), “ Proceedings ofRILW2001 ”, pp. 205–212.
Veale, Tony: Metaphor, Memory and Meaning: Symbolic and Connectionist Issues in Metaphor Interpretation. Ph.D. thesis. School of Computer Applications, Dublin City University. 1995. Available at http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~tonyv/thesis.html
Way, Eileen C: Knowledge Representation and Metaphor. Kluwer Academic Press 1991.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schärfe, H. (2002). CG Representations of Non-literal Expressions. In: Priss, U., Corbett, D., Angelova, G. (eds) Conceptual Structures: Integration and Interfaces. ICCS 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 2393. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45483-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45483-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43901-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45483-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive