Comparison of model surfaces for cellulose interactions: elevated pH

Abstract

Two different substrates have been used to measure interaction forces between cellulose and between cellulose and glass at normal and high pH. Forces between microspheres of cellulose (r = 20–30 μm) have been measured using the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy technique. Interactions between Langmuir—Blodgett cellulose films on a hydrophobised mica substrate and a glass sphere have been determined with the noninterferometric surface force apparatus. Also, the interaction between two identical Langmuir—Blodgett cellulose films determined with the interferometric surface force apparatus is given for comparison. At low pH (5.5–6) the interaction at large separations in both systems is characterised by a double-layer repulsion with an electrosteric contribution dominating the shorter-range regime. At pH 10, the Langmuir—Blodgett cellulose film swells considerably, which generates a long-range steric repulsion. In many cases several inward steps have been observed in the force—distance curves. We attribute this to a sudden partial collapse of the swollen cellulose film. After initial compression of the steric layer (upon consecutive force runs) the long-range interaction is again dominated by a double-layer force. In contrast, measurements between two cellulose spheres have shown no excessive swelling. Only a limited increase (from about 10 nm to about 20 nm per surface) of the range of the electrosteric repulsion has been found at pH 10. The force at longer distances is in good agreement with the Poisson—Boltzmann theory, with the surface potential increasing with pH as expected.