Abstract
Layer encoded video is an elegant way to allow adaptive transmissions in the face of varying network conditions as well as it supports heterogeneity in networks and clients. As a drawback quality degradation can occur, caused by variations in the amount of transmitted layers. Recent work on reducing these variations makes assumptions about the perceived quality of those videos. The main goal of this paper respectively its motivation is to investigate the validity of these assumptions by subjective assessment. However, the paper is also an attempt to investigate fundamental issues for the human perception of layer encoded video with time-varying quality characteristics. For this purpose, we built a test environment for the subjective assessment of layer encoded video and conducted an empirical experiment in which 66 test candidates took part. The results of this subjective assessment are presented and discussed. To a large degree we were able to validate existing (unproven) assumptions about quality degradation caused by variations in layer encoded videos, however there were also some interesting, at first sight counterintuitive findings from our experiment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
S. Nelakuditi, R. R. Harinath, E. Kusmierek, and Z.-L. Zhang. Providing Smoother Quality Layered Video Stream. In Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video, Raleigh, NC, USA, June 2000.
C. Krasic and J. Walpole. QoS Scalability for Streamed Media Delivery. Technical Report OGI CSE Technical Report CSE-99-011, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology, September 1999.
D. Saparilla and K. W. Ross. Optimal Streaming of Layered Video. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies 2000 (INFOCOM’00), Tel-Aviv, Israel, pages 737–746, March 2000.
R. Rejaie, M. Handley, and D. Estrin. Quality Adaptation for Congestion Controlled Video Playback over the Internet. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM’ 99 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication 1999, New York, NY, USA, pages 189–200, August 1999.
R. Rejaie, H. Yu, M. Handley, and D. Estrin. Multimedia Proxy Caching for Quality Adaptive Streaming Applications in the Internet. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies 2000 (INFOCOM’00), Tel-Aviv, Israel, pages 980–989, March 2000.
R. Rejaie and J. Kangasharju. Mocha: A Quality Adaptive Multimedia Proxy Cache for Internet Streaming. In Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video, Port Jefferson, New York, USA, pages 3–10, June 2001.
M. Zink, J. Schmitt, and R. Steinmetz. Retransmission Scheduling in Layered Video Caches, April 2002. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications 2002, New York, New York, USA.
T. Alpert and J.-P. Evain. Subjective quality evaluation — The SSCQE and DSCQE methodologies. EBU Technical Review, February 1997.
R. Aldridge, D. Hands, D. Pearson, and N. Lodge. Continuous quality assessment of digitally-coded television pictures. IEE Proceedings on Vision, Image and Signal Processing, 145,2:116–123, 1998.
ITU-R: Methodology for the Subjective Assessment of the Quality of Television Picture. International Standard, 2000. ITU-R BT.500-10.
R. Aldridge, J. Davidoff, M. Ghanbari, D. Hands, and D. Pearson. Measurement of scene-dependent quality variations in digitally coded television pictures. IEE Proceedings on Vision, Image and Signal Processing, 142,3:149–154, 1995.
F. Pereira and T. Alpert. MPEG-4 video subjective test procedures and results. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 7,1:32–51, 1997.
M. Masry and S. Hemami. An analysis of subjective quality in low bit rate video. In International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2001, Thessaloniki, Greece, pages 465–468. IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2001.
C. Kuhmünch and C. Schremmer. Empirical Evaluation of Layered Video Coding Schemes. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Thessaloniki, Greece, pages 1013–1016, October 2001.
T. Hayashi, S. Yamasaki, N. Morita, H. Aida, M. Takeichi, and N. Doi. Effects of IP packet loss and picture frame reduction on MPEG1 subjective quality. In 3rd Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Copenhagen, Denmark, pages 515–520. IEEE Computer Society Press, September 1999.
S. Gringeri, R. Egorov, K. Shuaib, A. Lewis, and B. Basch. Robust compression and transmission of MPEG-4 video. In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Conference 1999, Orlando, Florida, USA, pages 113–120, October 1999.
M. Chen. Design of a virtual auditorium. In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Conference 2001, Ottawa, Canada, pages 19–28, September 2001.
S. Lavington, N. Dewhurst, and M. Ghanbari. The Performance of Layered Video over an IP Network. Signal Processing: Image Communication, Elsevier Science, 16,8:785–794, 2001.
C. Krasic and J. Walpole. Priority-Progress Streaming for Quality-Adaptive Multimedia. In ACM Multimedia Doctoral Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, October 2001.
Intel. Developers — What Intel Streaming Web Video Software Can Do For You, 2000. http://developer.intel.com/ial/swv/developer.htm.
PacketVideo. Technical White Paper: PacketVideo Multimedia Technology Overview, 2001. http://www.packetvideo.com/pdf/pv_whitepaper_OnlinePDF.pdf.
R. Neff and A. Zakhor. Matching Pursuit Video Coding—Part I: Dictionary Approximation. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 12,1:13–26, 2002.
J. Hartung, A. Jacquin, J. Pawlyk, and K. Shipley. A Real-time Scalable Software Video Codec for Collaborative Applications over Packet Networks. In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Conference 1998, Bristol, UK, pages 419–426, September 1998.
L. Vicisano, L. Rizzo, and J. Crowcroft. TCP-like congestion control for layered multicast data transfer. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM’98), pages 996–1003. IEEE Computer Society Press, March 1998.
S. McCanne, M. Vetterli, and V. Jacobson. Receiver-driven layered multicast. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM’96, Palo Alto, CA, August 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zink, M., Künzel, O., Schmitt, J., Steinmetz, R. (2003). Subjective Impression of Variations in Layer Encoded Videos. In: Jeffay, K., Stoica, I., Wehrle, K. (eds) Quality of Service — IWQoS 2003. IWQoS 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2707. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44884-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44884-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-40281-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-44884-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive