Abstract
In this paper, we attempt to develop simple but effective formulations for the bit error rate (BER) pertaining to the blind retrieval of spread-spectrum watermarks linearly embedded in compressed video such as MPEG video. Both spatial and discrete cosine transform (DCT) watermarking schemes are considered. A set of formulas is developed to predict the watermark retrieval BER in the presence of distortions due to MPEG encod-ing/decoding operations, cropping attacks, selective DCT-domain embedding, and linear filtering on the watermarked video subject to watermark amplitude and spreading factor variation. The derived formulas are simple to use and they are proven to be successful in reliably predicting the watermark retrieval BER. With the help of such BER formulas, watermark robustness can be more easily fine-tuned without the need for time-consuming simulations.
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Pranata, S., Guan, Y.L., Chua, H.C. (2003). BER Formulation for the Blind Retrieval of MPEG Video Watermark. In: Kim, H.J. (eds) Digital Watermarking. IWDW 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2613. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36617-2_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36617-2_9
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