Abstract
A survey of the well-established as well as newly emerging ion-doped crystalline lasers, operating in the mid-IR spectral range between 2 and 5 µm, is presented. The review includes rare-earth- and transition-metal-based ionic crystals, as well as color-center lasers. The emphasis is made on state-of-the-art compact all-solid-state room-temperature tunable sources, belonging to the broad class of vibronic lasers. The announcement of the efficient high-power room-temperature operation and super-broad tunability, as well as the possibility of generating ultrashort pulses from the novel class of chromium doped chalcogenide lasers led to a strong revival of research interest in vibronic laser systems, involving 3d n transition-metal ions. The review outlines the underlying physics of mid-IR lasers and sorts out the essential spectroscopic and laser characteristics, allowing assessment of the suitability of laser materials to serve as active media in diode-pumped laser systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
R.L. Byer: Diode laser-pumped solid-state lasers, Science 239, 742 (1988)
T. Y. Fan, R. L. Byer: Diode laser-pumped solid-state lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 895 (1988)
A. L. Schawlow, C. H. Townes: Infrared and optical masers, Phys. Rev. 112, 1940–1949 (1958)
T. H. Maiman: Stimulated optical radiation in ruby, Nature 187, 493–494 (1960)
T.H. Maiman, R. H. Hoskins, I. H. D’Haenens, C.K. Asawa, V. Evtukhov: Spectroscopy and stimulated emission in ruby, Phys. Rev. 123, 1151 (1960)
P. P. Sorokin, M. J. Stevenson: Stimulated infrared emission from trivalent uranium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 557–559 (1960)
Z. J. Kiss, R. C. Duncan: Pulsed and continuous optical maser action in CaF2:Dy2+, Proc. IRE (Corresp.) 50, 1531–1532 (1962)
A. Yariv: Continuous operation of a CaF2:Dy2+ optical maser, Proc. IRE (Corresp.) 50, 1699 (1962)
Z. J. Kiss, H. R. Lewis, R. C. Duncan: Sun-pumped continuous optical maser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2, 93–94 (1963)
A. A. Kaminskii, L. S. Kornienko, A. M. Prokhorov: Continuous solar laser using Dy2+in CaF2, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 161, 1063–1064 (1965) [English transl. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 10, 334–335 (1965)]
L. F. Johnson, R. E. Dietz, H. J. Guggenheim: Optical maser oscillation from Ni2+ in MgF2 involving simultaneous emission of phonons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 318–320 (1963)
L.F. Johnson, R. E. Dietz, H. J. Guggenheim: Spontaneous and stimulated emission from Co2+ ions in MgF2 and ZnF2, Appl. Phys. Lett. 5, 21–22 (1964)
L.F. Johnson, H. J. Guggenheim, R.A. Thomas: Phonon terminated optical masers, Phys. Rev. 149, 179–185 (1966)
L.F. Johnson, H. J. Guggenheim, D.H. Bahnck: Phonon terminated laser emission from Ni2+ ions in KMgF3, Opt. Lett. 8, 371–373 (1983)
P. F. Moulton, A. Mooradian: Broadly tunable CW operation of Ni:MgF2 and Co:MgF2 lasers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 838–840 (1971)
P. F. Moulton, A. Mooradian, T.B. Reed: Efficient CW optically pumped Ni:MgF2 laser, Opt. Lett. 3, 164–166 (1978)
D. Welford, P. F. Moulton: Room-temperature operation of a Co:MgF2 laser, Opt. Lett. 13, 975–977 (1988)
W. Gellermann: Color center lasers, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 52, 249–297 (1991)
L.F. Mollenauer, R.H. Stolen: The soliton laser, Opt. Lett. 9, 14 (1984)
S. B. Mirov, T. Basiev: Progress in color-center lasers, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 1, 22–30 (1995)
L.F. Johnson, G. D. Boyd, K. Nassau: Optical maser characteristics of Ho3+ in CaWO4, Proc. IRE 50, 87 (1962)
L.F. Johnson, G.D. Boyd, K. Nassau: Optical maser characteristics of Tm3+ in CaWO4, Proc. IRE 50, 86 (1962)
L. F. Johnson: Optical maser characteristics of rare-earth ions in crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 897–909 (1963)
Z. J. Kiss, R. C. Duncan: Optical maser action in CaWO4:Er3+, Proc. IRE 50, 1531 (1962)
Yu. K. Voron’ko, A.A. Kaminskii, V. V. Osiko, A.M. Prokhorov: A new type of crystal for optically pumped lasers, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater. 2, 1161–1170 (1966) [English transl. Inorg. Mater. (USSR) 991–998 (1966)]
E. Sorokin, M. H. Ober, I. Sorokina, E. Wintner, A. J. Schmidt, A. I. Zagumennyi, G.B. Loutts, E.W. Zharikov, A.I. Shcherbakov: Femtosecond solid-state lasers using Nd3+-doped mixed scandium garnets, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 1436–1442 (1993)
D. E. McCumber: Theory of phonon-terminated optical masers, Phys. Rev. 134, A299–A306 (1964)
D.E. McCumber: Einstein relations connecting broadband emission and absorption spectra, Phys. Rev. 136, A954–A957 (1964)
A. A. Kaminskii: Laser Crystals (Springer, 1990) p. 456
W. Koechner: Solid-State Laser Engineering (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999) p. 746
L.F. Johnson, H. J. Guggenheim: Infrared-pumped visible laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44–47 (1971)
A. A. Mak, B. M. Antipenko: Rare-earth converters of neodymium laser radiation Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk. 37, 1029 (1982) [English transl. J. Appl. Spectr. 37, 1458–71 (1982)]
B.M. Antipenko, A.A. Mak, B.V. Sinizyn, O.B. Raba, T.V. Uvarova: New excitation schemes for laser transitions, Zh. Tekh. Phys. 52, 1982; p. 521–522 (1982) [English transl. Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys. 27, 333–334 (1982)]
B. M. Antipenko: Cross-relaxation schemes for pumping laser transitions, Zh. Tekh. Phys. 54, 385–388 (1984) [English transl. Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys. 29, 228–230 (1984)]
A. A. Kaminskii: Spectroscopic study of stimulated radiation of Er3+ activated CaF2-YF3 crystals, Optika-i-Spektroskopiya 31, 938–943 (1971) [English transl. Opt. Spectrosc. 31, 507–510 (1971)]
L.F. Johnson, L. G. Van Uitert, J. J. Rubin, R. A. Thomas: Energy transfer from Er3+ to Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions in crystals, Phys. Rev. 133, A494–A498 (1964)
B. Henderson, R. H. Bartram: Crystal-Field Engineering of Solid-State Laser Materials (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2000) p. 398
P. F. Moulton: Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Ti:Al2O3, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 125–133 (1986)
J. R. C. Stoneman, L. Esterowitz: Efficient, broadly tunable, laser-pumped Tm:YAG and Tm:YSGG CW lasers, Opt. Lett. 15, 486–488 (1990)
J. F. Pinto, L. Esterowitz, G.H. Rosenblatt: Tm3+:YLF laser continuously tunable between 2.20 and 2.46 µm, Opt. Lett. 19, 883–885 (1994)
G. Huber, E. W. Duczynski, K. Petermann: Laser pumping of Ho-, Tm-, Erdoped garnet lasers at room temperature, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 920–923 (1988)
T.Y. Fan, G. Huber, R. L. Byer, P. Mitzscherlich: Spectroscopy and diode laser-pumped operation of Tm,Ho:YAG, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 924–933 (1988)
K. L. Vodop’yanov, L. A. Kulevskii, P. P. Pashinin, A. F. Umyskov, I.A. Shcherbakov: Bandwidth-limited picosecond pulses from a YSGG:Cr3+:Er3+ laser (λ = 2.79 µm) with active mode locking, Kvant.-Elektron. 14, 1219–1224 (1987) [English transl. Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 17, 776–779 (1987)]
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina, A. Unterhuber, E. Wintner, A. I. Zagumenny, I. A. Shcherbakov, V. Carozza, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli: A novel CW tunable and mode-locked 2 µm Cr,Tm,Ho:YSGG:GSAG laser, in W. R. Bosenberg, M.M. Fejer (Eds.), OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 19, 197–200 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1998)
R.H. Page, L.D. DeLoach, G.D. Wilke, S.A. Payne, R. J. Beach, W.F. Krupke: Cr2+-doped II-VI crystals: new widely tunable, room-temperature mid-IR lasers, Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, 1995, 8th Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, IEEE 449–450 (1995)
L.D. DeLoach, R.H. Page, G.D. Wilke, S.A. Payne, W.P. Krupke: Transition metal-doped zinc chalcogenides: spectroscopy and laser demonstration of a new class of gain media, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 885–895 (1996)
R.H. Page, K.I. Schaffers, L.D. DeLoach, G.D. Wilke, F.D. Patel, J.B. Tassano, S.A. Payne, W.F. Krupke, K.-T. Chen, A. Burger: Cr2+-doped zinc chalcogenides as efficient, widely tunable mid-infrared lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 609–619 (1997)
G.J. Wagner, T. J. Carrig, R.H. Page, K.I. Schaffers, J. Ndap, X. Ma, A. Burger: Continuous-wave broadly tunable Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Opt. Lett. 24, 19–21 (1999)
S. Kück: Laser-related spectroscopy of ion-doped crystals for tunable solid-state lasers, Appl. Phys. B. 72, 515–562 (2001)
B. F. Aull, H. P. Jenssen: Impact of ion-host interactions on the 5d-to-4f spectra of lanthanide rare-earth-metal ions. I. A phenomenological crystal-field model, Phys. Rev. B 34, 6640–6646 (1986)
B. F. Aull, H. P. Jenssen: Vibronic interactions in Nd:YAG resulting in nonreciprocity of absorption and stimulated emission cross sections, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18, 925–930 (1982)
E.V. Zharikov, A.I. Zagumennyi, G.B. Lutts, V.A. Smirnov, I.T. Sorokina, I.A. Shcherbakov: New laser crystals —solid solutions based on scandium-containing aluminum-gallium garnets, doped with chromium and neodymium, Laser Phys. 1, 216–219 (1991)
M. J. Weber: Handbook of Lasers (CRC, Boca Raton, FL 2000) p. 1198
S. Hufner: Optical Spectra of Transparent Rare-Earth Compounds (Academic Press, New York 1978)
B. Henderson, G. F. Imbusch: Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989)
G.H. Dieke: Spectra and Energy Levels of Rare-Earth Ions in Crystals (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1968)
B.R. Judd: Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions, Phys. Rev. 127, 750–761 (1962)
B. G. Wybourne: Spectroscopic Properties of Rare-Earths (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1965)
G.D. Boyd, R.J. Collins, S. P.S. Porto, A. Yariv, W.A. Hargreaves: Excitation, relaxation and continuous maser action in the 2.613-micron transition of CaF2:U3+, Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 269–272 (1962)
S. P. S. Porto, A. Yariv: Optical maser characteristics of BaF2:U3+, Proc. IRE 50, 1542–1543 (1962)
S.P. S. Porto, A. Yariv: Excitation, relaxation and optical maser action at 2.407 micron in SrF2:U3+, Proc. IRE 50, 1543–1544 (1962)
D. Meichenin, F. Auzel, S. Hubert, E. Simoni, M. Louis, J.Y. Gesland: New room-temperature CW laser at 2.82 µm U3+/LiYF4, Electron. Lett. 30, 1309 (1994)
H. P. Jenssen, M. A. Noginov, A. Cassanho: U:YLF, a prospective 2.8 µm laser crystal, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid-State Lasers 15, 463–467 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1993)
G. Menzer: Die Kristallstruktur von Granat, Centralbl. Min. A, 344–345 (1925); Z. Kristallogr. 63, 157–158 (1926) (in German)
G. Menzer: Die Kristallstruktur der Granate, Z. Kristallogr. 69, 300–396 (1928) (in German)
S. Geller: Crystal chemistry of the garnets, Z. Kristallogr. 125, 1–47 (1967)
S. C. Abrahams, S. Geller: Refinement of the structure of a grossularite garnet, Acta Crystallogr. 11, 437–441 (1958)
W. Nie, Y. Kalisky, C. Pedrini, A. Monteil, G. Boulon: Energy transfer from Cr3+ multisites to Tm3+ multisites in yttrium aluminum garnet, Opt. Quantum Electron. 22, 123–131
Y. Kalisky, S. R. Rotman, A. Brenier, C. Pedrini, G. Boulon, F. X. Hartman: Spectroscopic properties, multisite dynamics, and operation of pulsed Ho laser, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid-State Lasers 13, 144–147 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1992)
V. Lupei: RE3+ emission in garnets: multisites, energy transfer and quantum efficiency, Opt. Mater. 19, 95–107 (2002)
H. Bethe: Thermaufspaltung in Kristallen, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 3, 133–208 (1929)
J. H. Van Vleck: The puzzle of rare-earth spectra in solids, J. Phys. Chem. 41, 67–80 (1937)
J. H. Van Vleck, A. Sherman: The quantum theory of valence, Rev. Mod. Phys. 7, 167–228 (1935)
C. J. Ballhausen: Introduction to Ligand Field Theory (McGraw-Hill, New York 1962)
P. Schuster: Ligandenfeldtheorie (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1973)
Y. Tanabe, S. Sugano: On the absorption spectra of complex ions, Part I, J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 9, 753–766 (1954); Part II, J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 9, 766–779 (1954)
S. Sugano, Y. Tanabe, H. Kamimura: Multiplets of Transition-Metal Ions in Crystals (Academic Press, New York 1970)
H. A. Jahn, E. Teller: Stability of polyatomic molecules in degenerate electronic states. I. Orbital degeneracy, Proc. R. Soc. London A 161, 220–235 (1937)
R. Engleman: The Jahn-Teller Effect in Molecules and Crystals (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1972)
I. B. Bersuker: The Jahn-Teller Effect and Vibronic Interactions in Quantum Chemistry (Plenum, New York 1984)
M. Kaminska, J.M. Baranovski, S.M. Uba, J. T. Vallin: Absorption and luminescence of Cr2+(d4) in II-VI compounds, J. Phys. C 12, 2197–2214 (1979)
J. T. Vallin, G. A. Slack, S. Roberts, A. E. Hughes: Infrared absorption in some II-VI compounds doped with Cr, Phys. Rev. B 2, 4313–4333 (1970)
S.W. Biernacki, Jahn-Teller coupling of Cr2+ ion in ZnS, ZnSe and ZnTe, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 87, 607–612 (1978)
A. L. Natadze, A. I. Ryskin, Jahn-Teller coupling of Cr2+ ion with degenerate modes in ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe crystals: microscopic treatment, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 97, 175–185 (1980)
G. Goetz, H. Zimmermann, H. J. Schulz, Jahn-Teller interaction at Cr2+(d4) centres in tetrahedrally coordinateqd II-VI lattices studied by optical spectroscopy, Z. Physik B 91, 429–436 (1993)
F. S. Ham: Dynamical Jahn-Teller effect in paramagnetic resonance spectra: Orbital reduction factors and partial quenching of spin-orbit interaction, Phys. Rev. 138, A1727 (1965)
F. S. Ham: Effect of linear Jahn-Teller coupling on paramagnetic resonance in a 2E state, Phys. Rev. 166, 307 (1968)
M. D. Sturge: in Advances in research and applications, Vol. 20, Solid State Physics, F. Seitz, D. Turnbull, H. Ehrenreich (Eds.): (Academic Press, New York 1967) p. 91
B. Nygren, J. T. Vallin, G. A. Slack: Direct observation of the Jahn-Teller splitting in ZnSe:Cr2+, Solid State Commun. 11, 35 (1972)
O. Laporte: Die Struktur des Eisenspektrums, Z. Phys. 23, 135 (1924)
S.A. Payne, L.L. Chase, H.W. Newkirk, L.K. Smith, W.F. Krupke: LiCaAlF6:Cr3+: A promising new solid-state laser material, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 2243–2252 (1988)
L. E. Orgel: An Introduction to Transition-Metal Chemistry Ligand-Field Theory (Methuen, London 1966)
A. Zunger, U. Lindefelt: Electronic structure of transition-atom impurities in semiconductors: Substitutional 3d impurities in silicon, Phys. Rev. B 27, 1191 (1983)
V. Singh, A. Zunger: Electronic structure of transition-atom impurities in GaP, Phys. Rev. B 31, 3729 (1985)
I. T. Sorokina, S. Naumov, E. Sorokin, A. G. Okhrimchuk: The mechanisms of slow bleaching in YAG:Cr4+ under CW pumping, in Laser Optics 2000, V.I. Ustyugov (Ed.), Proc. SPIE 4350, 99–105 (2001)
I.T. Sorokina, S. Naumov, E. Sorokin, E. Wintner, A.V. Shestakov: Directly diode-pumped tunable continuous-wave room-temperature Cr4+:YAG laser, Opt. Lett. 24, 1578–1580 (1999)
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina: Tunable diode-pumped continuous-wave Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3289–3291 (2002)
I.T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, S. Mirov, V. Fedorov, V. Badikov, V. Panyutin, K. Schaffers: Broadly tunable compact continuous-wave Cr2+:ZnS laser, Opt. Lett. 27, 140–142 (2002)
H. V. Lauer, F. K. Fong: Coupling strength in the theory of radiationless transitions: f to f and d to f relaxation of rare earth ions in YAlO3 and Y3Al5O12, J. Chem. Phys. 60, 274–280 (1974)
W. H. Fonger, C.W. Struck: Unified model of energy transfer for arbitrary Franck-Condon offset and temperature, J. Lumin. 17, 241–261 (1978)
M. Yamaga, Y. Gao, F. Rasheed, K.P. O’Donnel, B. Henderson, B. Cockayne: Radiative and non-radiative decays from the excited state of Ti3+ ions in oxide crystals, Appl. Phys. B 51, 329 (1990)
T. T. Basiev, A. Yu. Dergachev, E. O. Kirpichenkova, Yu. V. Orlovskii, V. V. Osiko: Direct measurement of the rate of nonradiative relaxation and luminescence spectra from the 4G7/2, 4G 5/2 + 2G7/2, and 4F9/2 levels of Nd 3+ ions in LaF3, SrF2, and YAlO3 laser crystals, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 17, 1289–1291 (1987)
Yu. V. Orlovskii, R. J. Reeves, R. C. Powell, T. T. Basiev, K.K. Pukhov: Multiple-phonon nonradiative relaxation: Experimental rates in fluoride crystals doped with Er3+ and Nd3+ ions and a theoretical model, Phys. Rev. B 49, 3821–3830 (1994)
Yu. V. Orlovskii, K. K. Pukhov, T. T. Basiev, T. Tsuboi: Nonlinear mechanism of multiphonon relaxation of the energy of electronic excitation in optical crystals doped with rare-earth ions, Opt. Mat. 4, 583–595 (1995)
T. T. Basiev, Yu. V. Orlovskii, K.K. Pukhov, V.B. Sigachev, M. E. Doroshenko, I. N. Vorob’ev: Multiphonon relaxation rate measurements and theoretical calculations in the frame of non-linear and non-Coulomb model of a rare-earth ion-ligand interaction, J. Lumin. 68, 241–253 (1996)
T. T. Basiev, Yu. V. Orlovskii, K. K. Pukhov, F. Auzel: Multiphonon relaxation of the energy of electronic excitation in optical crystals doped with rare-earth ions, Laser Phys. 7, 1139–1152 (1997)
Yu. V. Orlovskii, T. T. Basiev, I. N. Vorob’ev, E. O. Orlovskaya, N. P. Barnes, S.B. Mirov: Temperature dependencies of excited state lifetimes and relaxation rates of 3-5 phonon (4-6 µm) transitions in the YAG, LuAG and YLF crystals doped with trivalent holmium, thulium, and erbium, Opt. Mater. 18, 355–365 (2002)
T. T. Basiev, Yu. V. Orlovskii, B. I. Galagan, M. E. Doroshenko, I. N. Vorob’ev, L. N. Dmitruk, A. G. Papashvili, V. N. Skvortsov, V. A. Konyushkin, K.K. Pukhov, G. A. Ermakov, V.V. Osiko, A.M. Prokhorov, S. Smith: Evaluation of rare-earth doped crystals and glasses for 4-5-µm lasing, Laser Phys. 12, 859–877 (2002)
F. Pelle, F. Auzel: Phonon bottleneck effect in multiphonon non-radiative transitions of rare-earth ions, J. Lumin. 76-77, 623–627 (1998)
F. Pelle, N. Gardant, F. Auzel: Effect of excited-state population density on nonradiative multiphonon relaxation rates of rare-earth ions, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 667–679 (1998)
F. Pelle, N. Gardant, F. Auzel: Saturation effect on multiphonon relaxation rates, J. Alloys Compounds 275/277, 430 (1998)
A. Einstein: Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung, Phys. Z. 18, 121–128 (1917)
O. Svelto: Principles of Lasers (Plenum, New York 1998)
A.E. Siegman: Lasers (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1986)
J. Koetke, G. Huber: Infrared excited-state absorption and stimulatedemission cross sections of Er3+-doped crystals, Appl. Phys. B 61, 151 (1995)
I. T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, E. Wintner, A. Cassanho, H. P. Jenssen: In situ measurement of ESA, upconversion, and thermal quenching in Cr:LiSAF and Cr:LiSGaF lasers, in OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 10, 411–414, C. R. Pollock, W. R. Bosenberg (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1997)
S. Naoumov, I. T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin: Measurement of the excited state absorption cross-section in Cr4+:YAG using relaxation oscillation study, paper CtuK38, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, Nice, France; in CLEO Europe’2000 Tech. Digest (2000) p. 105
V.V. Ovsyankin, P.P. Feofilov: On the mechanism of adding of electronic excitations in doped crystals, Sov. Phys. JETP Lett. 3, 322–323 (1966)
V.V. Ovsyankin, P.P. Feofilov: Cooperative sensitization of luminescence in crystals activated with rare earth ions, Sov. Phys. JETP Lett. 4, 317–318 (1966)
F. Auzel: Compteur quantique par transfert d’energie entre deux ions de terres reres dans un tungstate mixte et dans un verre, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris B 262, 1016–1019 (1966)
F. Auzel: Compteur quantique par transfert d’energie entre de Yb3+ a Tm3+ dans un tungstate mixte et dans verre germanate, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris B 263, 819–821 (1966)
V.V. Ovsyankin, P.P. Feofilov: Cooperative processes in luminescent systems (in Russian), Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Fiz. 37, 262–272 (1973) [English transl. Bulletin Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Ser.]
D.L. Dexter: Possibility of luminescence quantum yields greater than unity, Phys. Rev. 108, 630–633 (1957)
N. Bloembergen: Solid-state infrared quantum counter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 84–85 (1959)
John F. Porter, Jr.: Fluorescence excitation by the absorption of two consecutive photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 414–415 (1961)
J. S. Chivian, W.E. Case, D.D. Eden: The photon avalanche: a new phenomenon in Pr3+-based infrared quantum counters, Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 124–125 (1979)
V. A. Benderskiy, V. Kh. Brikensteyn, M. A. Kozhushner, I. A. Kuznetsova, P. G. Filippov: Nonlinear fluorescence quenching of high density localized electron excitations in molecular crystals, Sov. Phys. JETP 43, 268 (1976)
M. A. Noginov, H. P. Jenssen, A. Cassanho: Upconversion in Cr:LiSGaF and Cr:LiSAF, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid-State Lasers 15, 376–380, A. A. Pinto: Tso Ye Fan (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1993)
V. Ostroumov, T. Jensen, J.-P. Meyn, G. Huber, M. A. Noginov: in Concentration Quenching and Upconversion of Neodymium Ions in LaSc3(BO3)4 and GdVO4 Crystals, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid-State Lasers 24, 509–513, B.H.T. Chai, S.A. Payne (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1995)
D.A. Zubenko, M.A. Noginov, V.A. Smirnov, I.A. Scherbakov: Different mechanisms of nonlinear quenching of luminescence, Phys. Rev. B 55, 8881–8886 (1997)
B.M. Antipenko, B.A. Buchenkov, A. S. Glebov, T.I. Kiseleva, A. A. Nikitichev, V. A. Pismennyi: Spectroscopy of YAG:CrTmHo laser crystals, Opt. Spectrosc. 64, 772–774 (1988)
B.M. Antipenko, A. S. Glebov, T.I. Kiseleva, V.A. Pismennyi: Interpretation of the temperature dependence of the YAG:Cr+Tm+Ho lasing threshold, Opt. Spectrosc. 63, 230–232 (1988)
Kh. S. Bagdasarov, V.I. Zhekov, V.A. Lobachev, T.M. Murina, A.M. Prokhorov: Steady-state emission from a Y3Al5O12:Er3+ laser (λ = 2.94µ, T = 300K), Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13, 262–263 (1983)
M. A. Noginov, V. A. Smirnov, I. A. Shcherbakov: Non-linear population processes of Er3+ laser levels in chromium-doped garnet crystals, Opt. Quantum Electron. 22, S61–S74 (1990)
S.A. Pollack, D.B. Chang, N.L. Moise: Continuous wave and Q-switched infrared erbium laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 1578–1580 (1986)
D. A. Zubenko, M. A. Noginov, V. A. Smirnov, I. A. Shcherbakov: Interaction of excited holmium and thulium ions in yttrium scandium garnet crystals, J. Appl. Spectrosc. 52, 391–394 (1990)
D.A. Zubenko, M.A. Noginov, S.G. Semenkov, V.A. Smirnov, I.A. Shcherbakov: Interionic interactions in YSGG:Cr:Tm and YSGG:Cr:Tm:Ho laser crystals, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 22, 133–138 (1992)
D. A. Zubenko, M. A. Noginov, V. G. Ostroumov, V. A. Smirnov, I. A. Shcherbakov: Interaction of excited Cr3+ ions in laser crystals, J. Appl. Spectrosc. 56, 56–59 (1992)
P. P. Feofilov: in Physics of Impurity Centers in Crystals T. S. Zavt (Ed.) (Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Tallin 1972), p. 539
W. Lenth, R. M. Macfarlane: Upconversion lasers, Opt. Photonics News, 8–15 (March 1992)
B. DiBartolo (Ed.): Optical Properties of Ions in Solids (Plenum, New York 1975)
M. D. Agranovich, M. D. Galanin: Electron Excitation Energy Transfer in Condensed Media, (Nauka, Moscow 1978) p. 383
B. DiBartolo (Ed.): Energy Transfer Processes in Condensed Matter (Plenum, New York 1983)
A.A. Kaplyanski, R.M. MacFarlane (Eds.): Spectroscopy of Rare-Earth Ions in Crystals (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1987)
A. I. Burstein: Concentration quenching of noncoherent excitations in solids, Sov. Phys. Usp. 27, 579–606 (1984)
T. Förster: Zwischenmolekulare Energiewanderung und Fluoreszenz, An. Phys. 2, 55–77 (1948)
Th. Förster: Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchung des zwischenmolekularen Ubergangs von Elektronenanregungsenergie, Z. Naturforsch. 4, 321–327 (1949)
H. Kallman, F. London: Über quantenmechanische Energieübertragung zwischen atomaren Systemen, Z. Phys. Chem. 2, 207–243 (1929)
D. L. Dexter: A theory of sensitized luminescence in solids, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 835–850 (1953)
M. Inokuti, F. Hirayama: Influence of energy transfer by the exchange mechanism on donor luminescence, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 1978–1989 (1965)
M. D. Galanin: Resonant energy transfer of excitation in solutions, Trudy FIAN 12, 3–35 (1960) (in Russian)
A. S. Agabekyan: Energy transfer in strong incoherent interactions, J. App. Spectrosc. 34, 465–468 (1981)
A. I. Burstein: Hopping mechanism of energy transfer, Soviet Phys. JETP 35, 882–885 (1972)
A. Brenier, J. Rubin, R. Moncorge, C. Pedrini: Excited-state dynamics of the Tm3+ ions and Tm3+ to Ho3+ energy transfers in LiYF4, J. Phys. (Paris) 50, 1463–1482 (1989)
V. K. S. Shante, S. Kirkpatrick: An introduction to percolation theory, Adv. Phys. 20, 325–357 (1971)
E. A. Milne: The diffusion of imprisoned radiation through a gas, J. London Math. Soc. 1, 40 (1926)
A.C.G. Mitchell, M.W. Zemansky: Resonance Radiation and Excited Atoms (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1961)
F. Varsanyi, D. l. Wood, A. L. Schawlow: Self-absorption and trapping of sharp-line resonance radiation in ruby, Phys. Rev. Lett. 3, 544–545 (1959)
T. T. Basiev, Yu. K. Voron’ko, V.V. Osiko, A.M. Prokhorov, I.A. Shcherbakov: Experimental observation of ‘excitation trapping’ in a system of strongly interacting particles, Zhur. Eksp. Teoretich. Fiz. 39, 1042 (1974) [English transl. Sov. Phys. JETP]
P. Lacovara, H.K. Choi, C. A. Wang, R.L. Aggarwal, T.Y. Fan: Room-temperature diode-pumped Yb:YAG laser, Opt. Lett. 16, 1089 (1991)
D. S. Sumida, T.Y. Fan: Effect of radiation trapping on fluorescence lifetime and emission cross section measurements in solid-state laser media, Opt. Lett. 19, 1343–1345 (1994)
S.A. Payne, one of the authors of the original publication [46], shared this view
M. P. Hehlen: Reabsorption artifacts in measured excited-state lifetimes of solids, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 1312–1318 (1997)
M. A. Noginov: Reabsorption trapping of luminescence in laser crystals, enhancement of energy storage and upconversion, Appl. Opt. 36, 4153–4158 (1997)
I. T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli, R. H. Page, K. I. Schaffers: Efficient broadly tunable continuous-wave Cr2+:ZnSe laser, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, pp. 926–930 (2001)
J. A. Caird, S.A. Payne, P. R. Staver, A. J. Ramponi, L.L. Chase, W. F. Krupke: Quantum electronic properties of the Na3Ga2Li3F12:Cr3+ laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 1077–1099 (1988)
D. Findlay, R. A. Clay: The measurement of internal losses in 4-level lasers, Phys. Lett. 20, 277 (1966)
V. A. Smirnov, I. A. Shcherbakov: Rare-earth scandium chromium garnets as active media for solid-state lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 949–959 (1988)
I. A. Shcherbakov: Optically dense active media for solid-state lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 979–984 (1988)
L. F. Johnson, H. J. Guggenheim: New laser lines in the visible from Er3+ ions in BaY2F8, Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 474–477 (1972)
B.M. Antipenko: A cooperative mechanism of excitation of Ho3+ lasing ions in BaYb2F8, Soviet Tech. Phys. Lett. 6, 417–418 (1980) [transl. from: Pis’ma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiz. 6, 968–72 (1980)]
L. Esterowitz: Diode-pumped holmium, thulium, and erbium lasers between 2 and 3 µm operating CW at room temperature, Opt. Engin. 29, 676–680 (1990)
V.I. Zhekov, B.V. Zubov, V.A. Lobachev, T.M. Murina, A.M. Prokhorov, A. F. Shevel: Mechanism of a population inversion between the 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 levels of the Er3+ion in Y3Al5O12 crystals, Soviet J. Quantum Electron. 10 (4), 428-30 (1980) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 7(4), 749–53 (1980)]
V. I. Zhekov, V. A. Lobachev, T. M. Murina, A. M. Prokhorov: Cooperative phenomena in yttrium erbium aluminium garnet crystals, Soviet J. Quantum Electron. 11(1), 128–130 (1984) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 14(1), 189–92 (1984)]
V.I. Zhekov, T.M. Murina, A.M. Prokhorov, M.I. Studenikin, S. Georgescu, V. Lupei, I. Ursu: Cooperative process in Y3Al5O12:Er3+ crystals, Soviet J. Quantum Electron. 16(2), 274–276 (1986) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron 13(2), 419–422 (1986)]
V.I. Zhekov, V.A. Lobachev, T.M. Murina, A.M. Prokhorov: Spectrum of stimulated emission due to self-saturating transitions in high-concentration media, Soviet J. Quantum Electron. 11(2), 279–281 (1981); [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 8(2), 451–454 (1981)]
M. A. Noginov, H. P. Jenssen: Reabsorption trapping: enhancement of energy storage and upconversion, in Digest IEEE Lasers Electro-Optics Society 1992 Annual Meeting (Institute Electrical Electronics Engineers, New York 1992), postdeadline paper PD9
E.V. Zharikov, N.N. Il’ichev, S.P. Kalitin, V.V. Laptev, A.A. Malyutin, V.V. Osiko, P.P. Pashinin, A.M. Prokhorov, Z. S. Saidov, V.A. Smirnov, A. F. Umyskov, I. A. Shcherbakov: Spectral, luminescence, and lasing properties of a yttrium scandium gallium garnet crystal activated with chromium and erbium, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 16(5), 635–639 (1986) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 13(5), 973–979 (1986)]
Yu. K. Voronrsko, S.B. Gessen, I.V. Gribkov, A. A. Kiryukhin, S.V. Lavrishev, D.I. Melikhov, V.V. Osiko, A.A. Sobolrs, V.M. Tatarintsev, S.N. Ushakov, L. I. Tsymbal: Laser utilizing erbium-activated gadolinium aluminum scandium garnet crystals coactivated with Cr3+ and emitting in the three-micron wavelength region, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 19(9), 1147–1148 (1989) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 16(9), 1785–1786 (1989)]
A. A. Kaminskii, T. I. Butaeva, A. O. Ivanov, I. V. Mochalov, A. G. Petrosyan, G. I. Rogov, V. A. Fedorov: New data for stimulated radiation of crystals with Er3+ and Ho3+ ions, Pisrsma Zhur. Techn. Fiz. 2, 787–793 (1976) [English transl. in: Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 2, 308 (1976)]
S. A. Pollack, D. B. Chang, N. L. Moise: Upconversion-pumped infrared erbium laser, J. Appl. Phys. 60, 4077–4086 (1986)
S.A. Pollack, D.B. Chang: Ion-pair upconversion pumped laser emission in Er3+ ions in YAG, YLF, SrF2, and CaF2 crystals, J. Appl. Phys. 64, 2885–2893 (1988)
A.A. Kaminskii, B.P. Sobolev, S.E. Sarkisov, V.A. Fedorov, V.V. Ryabchenkov, T. V. Uvarova: A new self-activated crystal for producing three-micron stimulated emission, Inorg. Mater. (USSR) 17, 829–830 (1981) [Transl. from: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorganich. Mater. 17, 1121–1122 (1981)]
M. J. Weber: Handbook of Lasers (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2000)
B. M. Antipenko, A. A. Mak, L. K. Sukhareva: Cross-relaxation BaEr2F8:Tm,Ho laser, Soviet Technical Physics Letters 10(5), 217–218 (1984) [transl. from: Pis’ma Zhur. Tekhnich. Fiz. 10, 513–517 (1984)]
L. F. Johnson, J. E. Geusic, L. G. Van Uitert: Coherent oscillations from Tm3+, Ho3+, Yb3+, Er3+ ions in YAG, Appl. Phys. Lett. 7, 127–128 (1965)
L. G. VanUitert, E. F. Dearborn, J. J. Rubin: J. Chem. Phys. 46, 3551 (1967)
B.M. Antipenko, A. S. Glebov, R.V. Dumbravyanu, B.P. Sobolev, T. V. Uvarova: Spectroscopy and lasing characteristics of BaEr2F8:Tm,Ho crystals, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 17(4), 424–427 (1987) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 14(4), 677–681 (1987)]
B. M. Walsh, K. E. Muray, N. P. Barnes: Cr:Er:Tm:Ho:yttrium aluminum garnet laser exhibiting dual wavelength lasing at 2.1 and 2.9µm: Spectroscopy and laser performance, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 11–17 (2002)
B. M. Antipenko, A. S. Glebov, T. I. Kiseleva, V. A. Pismennyi: 2.12 µm HoYAG laser, Soviet Tech. Phys. Lett. 11(6), 284–285 (1985) [transl. from: Pis’ma Zhur. Tekhnich. Fiz. 11, 682-5 (1985)]
P. Albers, E. Stark, G. Huber: Continuous-wave laser operation and quantum efficiency of titanium-doped sapphire, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 134–139 (1986)
B. M. Antipenko, A. S. Glebov, T. I. Kiseleva, V. A. Pismennyi: A new spectro-scopic scheme of an active medium for the 2-µm band, Opt. Spectrosc. 60(1), 95–97 (1986) [transl. from: Optika I Spektroskopiya 60(1), 153–157 (1986)]
E.W. Duczynski, G. Huber, V. G. Ostroumov, I.A. Shcherbakov: CW double cross pumping of the 5I7 → 5I8 laser transition in Ho3+-doped garnets, Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 1562–1563 (1986)
B. M. Antipenko, A. S. Glebov, L. I. Krutova, V. M. Solntsev, L. K. Sukhareva: Active medium of lasers operating in the 2-smm spectral range and utilizing gadolinium scandium gallium garnet crystals, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 16, 1986 [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 13, 1521–3 (1986)]
B. M. Antipenko, L. I. Krutova, L. K. Sukhareva: Cascade lasing of CSGG-Cr3+Tm3+Ho3+ crystals, Opt. Spectrosc. 61, 414–416 (1986) [transl. from: Optika I Spektroskopiya 61(3), 659–661 (1986)]
I.T. Sorokina, A.F. Umyskov, V.A. Smirnov, I.A. Shcherbakov: The Tm-Tm and Tm-Ho energy transfer studies in YSGG and GSAG crystals at the resonant excitation of Tm and Ho ions, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid State Lasers 17, 159–161, T.Y. Fan, B.E. Chai (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1994)
A.N. Alpat’ev, E.V. Zharikov, S.P. Kalitin, V.V. Laptev, V. G. Ostroumov, A.M. Prokhorov, Z. C. Saidov, V.A. Smirnov, I.T. Sorokina, A.F. Umyskov, I. A. Shcherbakov: The room-temperature laser action on 5I7 → 5I8 transition of holmium ions in yttrium-scandium-gallium garnet with chromium, thulium, and holmium ions (YSGG:Cr3+, Ho3+, Tm3+), Sov. J. Quant. Electron. 16, 1404 (1986)
A.I. Feodorov, G.B. Loutts, M.A. Noginov, I.A. Shcherbakov, V. A. Smirnov, I. T. Sorokina, V. B. Tsvetkov, A. I. Zagumennyi, E.V. Zharikov, D.A. Zubenko: New promising low Sc3+ content garnet YSAG:Cr3+,Ho3+,Tm3+ for 2-µm lasers, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid State Lasers 13, 148–151, L.L. Chase, A.A. Pinto (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1992)
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina, A. Unterhuber, E. Wintner, A. I. Zagumenny, I.A. Shcherbakov, V. Carozza, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli: A novel CW tunable and mode-locked 2 µm Cr,Tm,Ho:YSGG:GSAG laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 19, 197–200, W.R. Bosenberg, M.M. Fejer (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1998)
N.P. Barnes, E.D. Filer, F.L. Naranjo, W. J. Rodriguez, M.R. Kokta: Spectroscopy and lasing properties of Ho:Tm:LuAG, Opt. Lett. 18, 708–710 (1993)
H. Hemmati: 2.07 µm CW diode-laser-pumped Tm,Ho:YLiF4 room-temperature laser, Opt. Lett. 14, 435 (1989)
S. A. Payne, L. K. Smith, W. L. Kway, J. B. Tassano, W. F. Krupke: The mechanism of Tm to Ho energy transfer in LiYF4, J. Phys. 4, 8525–8542 (1992)
M. A. Noginov, S. G. Semenkov, I. A. Shcherbakov, V. A. Smirnov: Energy transfer (Tm to Ho) and upconversion process in YSGG:Cr3+:Tm3+:Ho3+laser crystals, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid State Lasers 10, 178–82 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1991)
E. Wintner, F. Krausz, M.A. Noginov, V.A. Smirnov, I.T. Sorokina, C. Spielmann, I. A. Shcherbakov: Interaction of Ho3+ and Tm3+ ions in YSGG:Cr3+,Ho3+,Tm3+ at the strong selective excitation, Laser Phys. 2, 138 (1992)
R. R. Petrin, M. G. Jani, R. C. Powell, M. Kokta: Spectral dynamics of laser-pumped Y3Al5O12:Tm,Ho lasers, Opt. Mater. 1, 111–124 (1992)
B.M. Antipenko, A. S. Glebov, T.I. Kiseleva, V. A. Pisrsmennyi: Conversion of absorbed energy in YAG:Cr3+,Tm3+,Ho3+ crystals, Opt. Spectrosc. 64, 221–224 (1988) [transl. from: Opt. Spektrosk. 64, 373–377 (1988)]
I. T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, E. Wintner, A. Cassanho, H. P. Jenssen, M. Noginov: Efficient continuous-wave TEM00 and femtosecond Kerr-lens mode-locked Cr:LiSrGaF laser, Opt. Lett. 21, 204–206 (1996)
A. G. Okhrimchuk, L.N. Butvina, E. M. Dianov, N.V. Lichkova, V.N. Zavgorodnev, E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina: Population dynamics of the 7F5 Level of Tb3+ ions doped in the KPb2Cl5, Int. Quantum Electron. Conf. (IQEC 2002) Moscow, (2002) paper QSuR24
S. I. Pekar: On the influence of the lattice deformations by electrons on the optical and electrical properties of crystals, Sov. Phys. Usp. 50, 197 (1953)
D. Spence, P. Kean, W. Sibbett: 60-fsec pulse generation from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, Opt. Lett. 16, 41 (1991)
M. Piche: Beam reshaping and self-mode-locking in nonlinear laser resonators, Opt. Commun. 86, 156–160 (1991)
Ch. Spielmann, P. F. Curley, T. Brabec, F. Krausz: Ultrabroadband femtosec-ond lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 1100–1114 (1994)
Y. Chen, F. X. Kärtner, U. Morgner, S.H. Cho, H.A. Haus, E.P. Ippen, J. G. Fujimoto: Dispersion-managed mode locking, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 1999–2004 (1999)
R. Mellish, N.P. Barry, S. C.W. Hyde, R. Jones, P. M.W. French, C. J. Van der Poel, A. Valster: Diode-pumped Cr:LiSAF all-solid-state femtosecond oscillator and regenerative amplifier, Opt. Lett. 20, 2312–2314 (1995)
V. P. Yanovsky, F.W. Wise, A. Cassanho, H. P. Jenssen: Femtosecond diode-pumped Cr:LiSGAF lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 2, 465 (1996)
B.M. Antipenko, A. S. Glebov, T.I. Kiseleva, V.A. Pisrsmennyi: 2.12 µm Ho:YAG laser, Pisma Zh. Tech. Fiz. 11, 682 (1985) [English transl. in: Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 11, 284 (1985)]
R. J. Beach: Theory and optimization of lens ducts, Appl. Opt. 35, 2005–2015 (1996)
R.J. Beach, M.A. Emanuel, B.L. Freitas, J.A. Skidmore, N.W. Carlson, J. Benett, R. W. Solarz: Applications of microlens-conditioned laser diode arrays, Proc. SPIE 2383, 283–297 (1995)
M. Tsunekane, N. Taguchi, H. Inaba: Improvement of thermal effects in a diode-end-pumped, composite Tm:YAG rod with undoped ends, Appl. Opt. 38 (1999)
S.A. Payne, R. J. Beach, C. Bibeau, C.A. Ebbers, M.A. Emanuel, E. C. Honea, C.D. Marshall, R.H. Page, K.I. Schaffers, J.A. Skidmore, S.B. Sutton, W. F. Krupke: Diode arrays, crystals, and thermal management for solid-state lasers, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 3, 71–81 (1997)
A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, H. Opower: Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state-lasers, Appl. Phys. B 58, 365 (1994)
C. Stewen, K. Contag, M. Larionov, A. Giesen, H. Hügel: A 1-kW CW thin disc laser, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 6, 650–657 (2000)
N. Berner, A. Diening, E. Heumann, G. Huber: Tm:YAG: a comparison between endpumped laser-rods and the “thin-disk”-setup, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 26, 463–467 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1999)
A. Dergachev, K. Wall, P.F. Moulton: A CW side-pumped Tm:YLF laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 68, 343–350 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2002)
E.C. Honea, R.J. Beach, S.B. Sutton, J.A. Speth, S.C. Mitchell, J.A. Skidmore, M. A. Emanuel, S.A. Payne: 115-W Tm:YAG diode-pumped solid-state laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1592–1600 (1997)
B. Struve, G. Huber: Properties and medical applications of near-IR solid-state lasers, J. Phys. IV Colloque. 1, 3–6 (1991)
C. Li, J. Song, D. Shen, Y. Cao, N.S. Kim, K. Ueda: Flash-lamp-pumped acousto-optic Q-switched Cr-Tm:YAG Laser, Opt. Rev. 7, 58–61 (2000)
F. J. Duarte: Tunable Lasers Handbook (Academic Press, San Diego 1995)
B. Lyot: Un monochromateur a grand champ utilizant les interferences en lumiére polarisée, Compt. Rend. 197, 1593 (1933)
J. W. Evans: The birefringent filter, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 229–242 (1949)
A. L. Bloom: Modes of a laser resonator containing tilted birefringent plates, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 447–452 (1974)
D.J. Taylor, S.E. Harris, S.T.K. Nieh, T.W. Hänsch: Electronic tuning of a dye laser using the acousto-optic filter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 269–271 (1971)
T. Yano, A. Watanabe: Acoustooptic TeO2 tunable filter using far-off-axis anisotropic Bragg diffraction, Appl. Opt. 15, 2250–2258 (1976)
C. Chappuis, J. P. Goedgebuer: Broad band electro-optic tuning of a CW dye laser, Opt. Commun. 47, 12–17 (August, 1983)
V. G. Dmitriev, G.G. Gurzadyan, D.N. Nikogosyan: Handbook on Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci. 64 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999)
S. Lovold, P.F. Moulton, D.K. Killinger, N. Menyuk: Frequency tuning characteristics of a Q-switched Co:MgF2 laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 21, 202–208 (1985)
M. Frenz, H. Pratisto, F. Konz, E.D. Jansen, A. J. Welch, H.P. Weber: Comparison of the effects of absorption coefficient and pulse duration of 2.12-µm and 2.79-µm radiation on laser ablation of tissue, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 2025–2036 (1996)
R. Brinkmann, C. Hansen: Beam-profile modulation of thulium laser radiation applied with multimode fibers and its effect on the threshold fluence to vaporize water laser surgery application, Appl. Opt. 39, 3361–3371 (2000)
N.M. Wannop, M.R. Dickinson, A. Charlton, T.A. King: Q-switching the erbium-YAG laser, J. Mod. Opt. 41, 2043–2053 (1994)
B. Pelz, M. K. Schott, M. H. Niemz: Electro-optic mode locking of an Erbium:YAG laser with a RF resonance transformer, Appl. Opt. 33, 364–367 (1994)
H. Voss, F. Massmann: Diode pumped, Q-switched erbium lasers with short pulse duration, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Ser. 10, 217–221 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1997)
E.C. Honea, R.J. Beach, S.B. Sutton, J.A. Speth, S.C. Mitchell, J.A. Skid-more, M. A. Emanuel, S.A. Payne: 115-W Tm:YAG diode-pumped solid-state laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1592–1600 (1997)
C. Li, J. Song, D. Shen, N.S. Kim, K. Ueda, Y. Huo, S. He, Y. Cao: Diode-pumped high-efficiency Tm:YAG lasers, Opt. Express 4, 12–18 (1999)
A. Finch, J. H. Flint: Diode-pumped 6-mJ repetitively-Q-switched Tm,Ho,YLF laser, CLEO’95, Tech. Digest Series 15, Paper CWH2 232 (1995)
S. Schnell, V.G. Ostroumov, J. Brequet, W.A.R. Lüthy, H.P. Weber, I. A. Scherbakov: Acoustooptic Q-switching of erbium lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26, 1111–1114 (1990)
P. Maak, L. Jakab, P. Richter, H. J. Eichler, B. Liu: Efficient acousto-optic Q switching of Er:YSGG lasers at 2.79-µm wavelength, Appl. Opt. 39, 3053–3059 (2000)
I. N. Court, K. K. von Willisen: Frustrated total internal reflection and application of its principle to laser cavity design, J. Appl. Opt. 3, 719–726 (1964)
Kh. S. Bagdasarov, V.P. Danilov, V.I. Zhekov, T. M. Murina, A.A. Manenkov, M.I. Timoshechkin, A.M. Prokhorov: Pulse-periodic Y3Al5O12:Er3+ laser with high activator concentration, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 8, 83 (1978)
F. Könz, M. Frenz, V. Romano, M. Forrer, H. P. Weber, A.V. Kharkovskiy, S.I. Khomenko: Active and passive Q-switching of a 2.79 µm Er:Cr:YSGG laser, Opt. Commun. 103, 398–404 (1993)
A. Högele, G. Hörbe, H. Lubatschowski, H. Welling, W. Ertmer: 2.70 µm CrEr:YSGG with high output energy and FTIR-Q-Switch, Opt. Commun. 125, 90–94 (1996)
H. J. Eichler, B. Liu, M. Kayser, S.I. Khomenko: Er:YAG-laser at 2.94 µm Q-switched by a FTIR-shutter with silicon output coupler and polarizer, Opt. Mater. 5, 259–265 (1996)
Y. T. Tzong, M. Birnbaum: Q-switched 2-µm lasers by use of a Cr2+:ZnSe saturable absorber, Appl. Opt. 40, 6633–6637 (2001)
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina: Coupled-cavity passive Q-switching, paper CThO6, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, Nice, France 2000; in CLEO Europe’2000 Tech. Digest (2000) p. 359
A.M. Malyarevich, I.A. Denisov, N.N. Posnov, P.V. Prokoshin, K.V. Yumashev, A. A. Lipovskii: PbS(Se)-doped glasses as passive Q-switches for 1.5-µm Er:glass and 2.1-µm Ho:YAG lasers, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 34, 225 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2000)
A.M. Malyarevich, P.V. Prokoshin, M.I. Demchuk, K.V. Yumashev, A.A. Lipovskii: Passively Q-switched Ho3+:Y3Al5O12 laser using a PbSedoped glass, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 572–573 (2001)
K. L. Vodopyanov, A. V. Lukashev, C. C. Phillips, I. T. Ferguson: Passive mode locking and Q-switching of an erbium 3 µm laser using thin InAs epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 1658–1660 (1991)
K. L. Vodopyanov, A. V. Lukashev, C. C. Phillips: Nano-and picosecond 3 mm Er:YSGG lasers using InAs as passive Q-switchers and mode-lockers, Opt. Commun. 95, 87–91 (1993)
K. L. Vodopyanov, L. A. Kulevskii, P. P. Pashinin, A. M. Prokhorov: Water and ethanol as bleachable absorbers of radiation in an yttrium-erbium-aluminum garnet laser (λ = 2.94 µm), Sov. Phys. JETP 55, 1049–1051 (1982)
K. L. Vodopyanov, R. Shori, O. M. Stafsudd: Generation of Q-switched Er:YAG laser pulses using evanescent wave absorption in ethanol, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2211–2213 (1998)
Yu. D. Zavartsev, A.I. Zagumennyi, L.A. Kulevskii, A.V. Lukashev, P. A. Studenikin, I. A. Shcherbakov, A. F. Umyskov: Q-switching in a Cr3+:Yb3+:Ho3+:YSGG crystal laser based on the 5I6−5I7 (λ = 2.92 µm) transition, J. Quantum Electron. 29, 295–297 (1999) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 27, 13–15 (1999)]
J. Breguet, W. Lüthy, H.P. Weber: Q-switching of YAG:Er laser with a soap film, Opt. Commun. 82, 488–490 (1991)
B. C. Johnson, P. F. Moulton, A. Mooradian: Mode-locked operation of Co:MgF2 and Ni:MgF2 lasers, Opt. Lett. 10, 116–118 (1984)
F. Heine, E. Heumann, G. Huber, K. L. Schlepper: Mode locking of room-temperature CW thulium and holmium lasers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1161–1162 (1992)
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina, A. Unterhuber, E. Wintner, A. I. Zagumenny, I. A. Shcherbakov, V. Carozza, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli: A novel CW tunable and mode-locked 2 µm Cr,Tm,Ho:YSGG:GSAG laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 19 197–200, W.R. Bosenberg, M.M. Fejer (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1998)
J. F. Pinto, L. Esterowitz, G. H. Rosenblatt: Continuous-wave mode-locked 2-µm Tm:YAG laser, Opt. Lett. 17, 731–732 (1992)
T. J. Carrig, G. J. Wagner, A. Sennaroglu, J. Y. Jeong, C. R. Pollock: Mode-locked Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Opt. Lett. 25, 168–170 (2000)
I. T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli, R. H. Page, K. I. Schaffers: Active and passive mode-locking of the Cr2+:ZnSe laser, in Tech. Dig. Adv. Solid-State Lasers (Opt. Soc. Am., 2001), pp. 87–89
D. E. Spence, P. N. Kean, W. Sibbett: 60-fs pulse generation from a self-mode-locke Ti:sapphire laser, Opt. Lett. 16, 42–44 (1991)
U. Keller, K. Weingarten, F.X. Kärtner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I.D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Hönninger, N. Matuschek, J. Aus der Au: Semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAM’s) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 2, 435–453 (1996)
G. Steinmeyer, U. Morgner, M. Ostermeyer, F. Mitschke, H. Welling: Subpi-cosecond pulses near 1.9 µm from a synchronously pumped color-center laser, Opt. Lett. 18, 1544–1546 (1993)
K. Möllmann, M. Schrempel, B.K. Yu, W. Gellermann: Subpicosecond and continuous-wave laser operation of (F2 +)h and (F2 +)ah color-center lasers in the 2-µm range, Opt. Lett. 19, 960–962 (1994)
T. Brabec. Ch. Spielmann, P. F. Curley, F. Krausz: Kerr lens mode locking, Opt. Lett. 17, 1292–1294 (1992).
C. L. Cesar, M. N. Islam, C. E. Soccolich, R. D. Feldman, R. F. Austin, K. German: Femtosecond KCl:Li and RbCl:Li color-center lasers near 2.8 µm with a HgCdTe multiple-quantum-well saturable absorber, Opt. Lett. 15, 1147–1149 (1990)
P. F. Moulton: Pulsed-pumped operation of divalent transition-metal lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18, 1185 (1982)
P. F. Moulton: Tunable paramagnetic-ion lasers, in Laser Handbook, Vol. 5, M. Bass, M.L. Stich (Eds.) (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985) p. 203
J. M. Breteau, D. Mekhenin, F. Auzel: Study of the Ni2+:MgF2 tunable laser, Rev. Phys. Appl. 22, 1419 (1987) (in French)
P. F. Moulton, A. Mooradian: Broadly tunable CW operation of Ni:MgF2 and Co:MgF2 lasers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 838 (1979)
P. F. Moulton, A. Mooradian: Tunable transition-metal-doped solid-state lasers, in Laser Spectroscopy IV, H. Walther, K.W. Rothe (Eds.) (Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin 1979)
R. Moncorge, T. Benyattou: Excited-state absorption of Ni2+ in MgF2 and MgO, Phys. Rev. B 37, 9186 (1988)
R. G. Pappalardo, D.L. Wood, R. C. Linares: Optical absorption study of Nidoped oxide systems I, J. Chem. Phys. 35, 1460 (1961)
M. V. Iverson, W. A. Sibley: Temperature dependence of Ni2+ luminescence in KZnF3, MgF2 and MgO, J. Lumin. 20, 311 (1979)
J. Koetke, K. Petermann, G. Huber: Infrared excited state absorption of Ni2+-doped crystals, J. Lumin. 60&61, 197–200 (1994)
J. Koetke, K. Petermann, G. Huber: Spectroscopy of Ni2+-doped garnets and perovskites for solid state lasers, J. Lumin. 48&49, 564–568 (1991)
D. Welford, P. F. Moulton: Room-temperature operation of a Co:MgF2 laser, Opt. Lett. 13, 975 (1988)
H. Manaa, Y. Guyot, R. Moncorge: Spectroscopic and laser properties of Co2+-doped single crystals, Phys. Rev. B 48, 3633 (1993)
D.M. Rines, P.F. Moulton, D. Welford, G. A. Rines: High-energy operation of a Co:MgF2 laser, Opt. Lett. 19, 628 (1994)
R. G. Pappalardo, D. L. Wood, R. C. Linares: Optical absorption study of Codoped oxide systems II, J. Chem. Phys. 35, 2041 (1961)
S. Lovold, P. F. Moulton, D.K. Killinger, N. Menyuk: Frequency tuning characteristics of a Q-switched Co:MgF2 laser 21, 202–208 (1985)
P. F. Moulton: An investigation of the Co:MgF2 laser system, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 21, 1582–1595 (1985)
A. M. Fox, A. C. Maciel, J. F. Ryan: Efficient CW performance of a Co:MgF2 laser operating at 1.5-2.0 µm Opt. Commun. 59, 142–144 (1986)
W. Künzel, W. Knierim, U. Dürr: CW infrared laser action of optically pumped Co2+:KZnF3, Opt. Commun. 36, 383 (1981)
K. R. German, U. Dürr, V. Künzel: Tunable single-frequency continuous-wave laser action in Co2+:KZnF3, Opt. Lett. 11, 12–14 (1986)
U. Dürr: Vibronic solid state lasers: the transition metal ion laser, Laser und Optoelektronik 15, 31–39 (1983)
M. D. Sturge: Temperature dependence of multiphonon nonradiative decay at an isolated impurity center, Phys. Rev. B. 8, 6–14 (1973)
A. Di Lieto: Development of a CW Co:MgF2 laser, Opt. Laser Eng. 39, 305–308 (2003)
R.H. Page, L.D. DeLoach, K.I. Schaffers, F.D. Patel, R.L. Beach, S.A. Payne, W.F. Krupke: Recent developments in Cr2+-doped II-VI compound lasers, in OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 1, 130–136, S.A. Payne, C.R. Pollock (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1996)
W. F. Krupke, R. H. Page, L. D. DeLoach, S. A. Payne: Transition-metal doped sulphide, selenide, and telluride laser crystal and lasers, US Patent 5,541,948 from July 30 (1996)
U. Hömmerich, X. Wu, V.R. Davis, S.B. Trivedi, K. Grasze, R. J. Chen, S.W. Kutcher: Demonstration of room-temperature laser action at 2.5 µm from Cr2+:Cd0.85Mn015Te, Opt. Lett. 22, 1180–1182 (1997)
S.B. Trivedi, K. Grasze, R. J. Chen, S.W. Kutcher, U. Hömmerich, X. Wu: Jae Tae Seo, Chromium doped cadmium manganese telluride: a novel solidgain media for mid-infrared lasers, Phys. Semicond. Dev. 2, 762–767 (1998)
K.L. Schepler, S. Kueck, L. Shiozawa: Cr2+ emission spectroscopy in CdSe, J. Lumin. 72–74, 116–117 (1997)
J. McKay, K.L. Schepler, G.C. Catella: Efficient grating-tuned mid-infrared Cr2+:CdSe laser, Opt. Lett. 24, 1575–1577 (1999)
A. Sennaroglu, A. Ozgun Konza, C. R. Pollock: Continuous-wave power performance of a 2.47-µm Cr2+:ZnSe laser: experiment and modelling, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 36, 1199–1205 (2000)
I.T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli, V. G. Shcherbitsky, V. E. Kisel, N. V. Kuleshov, V. I. Levchenko: Ultrabroadband tunable continuous-wave mid-infrared Cr:ZnSe lasers, to be published
A.V. Podlipensky, V. G. Shcherbitsky, N.V. Kuleshov, V.I. Levchenko, V. N. Yakimovich, M. Mond, E. Heumann, G. Huber, H. Kretschmann, S. Kück: Efficient laser operation and continuous-wave diode pumping of Cr2+: ZnSe single crystals, Appl. Phys. B. 72, 253–255 (2001)
G. Tocci, M. Vannini, E. Giorgetti, E. Sorokin, I. Sorokina, to be published
T. D. Krauss, F.W. Wise: Femtosecond measurement of nonlinear absorption and refraction in CdS, ZnSe and ZnS, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1739–1741 (1994)
M.E. Innocenzi, R.T. Swimm, M. Bass, R.H. French, M.R. Kokta: Optical absorption in undoped yttrium aluminum garnet, J. Appl. Phys. 68,3, 1200–1204, (1990)
G.-M. Schucan, R. G. Ispasoiu, A. M. Fox, J. F. Ryan: Ultrafast two-photon nonlinearities in CdSe near 1.5 µm studied by interferometric autocorrelation, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics 34, 1374 (1998)
Landolt Börnstein, Numerical data and functional relationships in Science and Technology, in O. Madelung (Ed.): Non-Tetrahedrally Bonded Elements and Binary Compounds I, New Series, Group III, Vol. 41c, Semiconductors (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1998)
E. Sorokin, I.T. Sorokina, A. DiLieto, M. Tonelli, R.H. Page: Tunable diode-pumped continuous-wave single crystal and ceramic Cr2+:ZnSe lasers, in CLEO/Pacific Rim 2001, Tokyo Tech. Digest (2001) paper WJPD1-1
E. Sorokin, I.T. Sorokina, A. DiLieto, M. Tonelli, P. Minguzzi: Mode-locked ceramic Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Advanced Solid-State Photonics’2003, St. Antonio, USA (2003) paper TUB-17
A. Zunger: Solid State Physics 89 (Academic Press, New York 1986) p. 275
J. T. Vallin, G. A. Slack, S. Roberts, A. E. Hughes: Near and far infrared absorption in Cr doped ZnSe, Solid State Commun. 7, 1211 (1969)
S. Taniguchi, T. Hino, S. Itoh, K. Nakano, N. Nakayama, A. Ishibashi, M. Ikeda: 100 h II-VI blue-green laser diode, Electron. Lett. 32, 552 (1996)
H. Ulchiike: Review of flat-panel displays, liquid crystal displays, plasma displays, etc., in Proc. Fourth Int. Workshop of Electroluminescence, S. Shionoya, H. Kobayashi (Eds.) (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989) p. 238–245
K. Grasza, S.B. Trivedi, Yu-Zengchen, S.W. Kutcher, W. Palosz, G. A. Brost: Low supersaturation nucleation and contactless growth of photorefractive ZnTe crystals, J. Crystal Growth 174, 719–725 (1997)
A. Partovi, J. Millerd, E.M. Garmire, M. Ziari, W.H. Steier, S.B. Trivedi, M.B. Klein: Photorefractivity at 1.5 µm in CdTe:V, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 846–848 (1990)
A. Fazzio, M. J. Caldas, A. Zunger: Many-electron multiplet effects in the spectra of 3d-impurities in heteropolar semiconductors, Phys. Rev. B 30, 3430 (1984)
C. S. Kelley, F. Williams: Optical absorption spectra of chromium-doped zinc sulphide crystals, Phys. Rev. B 2, 3 (1970)
R. Pappalardo, R. E. Dietz: Absorption spectra of transition ions in CdS crystals, Phys. Rev. 123, 1188 (1961)
H. Nelkowski, G. Grebe: IR-luminescence of ZnS:Cr, J. Lumin. 1/2, 88–93 (1970)
G. Grebe, H. J. Schulz: Interpretation of excitation spectra of ZnS:Cr2+ by fitting the eigenvalues of the Tanabe-Sugano matrices, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 54, 69–72 (1972)
G. Grebe, H. J. Schulz: Luminescence of Cr2+ centers and related optical interactions involving crystal field levels of chromium ions in ZnS, Z. Naturf. 29a, 1803 (1974)
G. Grebe, G. Roussos, H. J. Schulz: Infrared luminescence of ZnSe:Cr crystals, J. Lumin. 12/13, 701 (1976)
B.D. Bhattacharya: Jahn-Teller effect in ESR study of Cr2+ in II-VI semiconductors, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 71, K181–K185 (1975)
A. L. Natadze, A. I. Ryskin: Jahn-Teller coupling of Cr2+-ion with degenerate modes in ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe crystals: microscopic treatment, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 97, 175–185 (1980)
R. Renz, H. J. Schulz: Temperature dependence of the lifetime of excited states for 3d transition element centers in II-VI crystals, J. Lumin. 24/25, 221–224 (1981)
G. Goetz, H. J. Schulz: Decay of internal luminescence transitions of 3d-impurities in II-VI compounds-recent experiments and refined interpretations, J. Lumin. 40/41, 415–416 (1988)
P. Dahan, V. Fleurov: Possibility of a metastable state for transition-metal impurity in semiconductor, Phys. Rev. B 53, 12845 (1996)
A. Burger, K. Chattopadhyay, J.-O. Ndap, X. Ma, S. H. Morgan, C. I. Rablau, C.H. Su, S. Feth, R.H. Page, K.I. Schaffers, S.A. Payne: Preparation conditions of chromium doped ZnSe and their infrared luminescence properties, J. Crystal Growth 225, 249–256 (2001)
V. E. Kisel, V. G. Shcherbitsky, N. V. Kuleshov, V. I. Konstantinov, L. I. Postnova, V. I. Levchenko, E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina: Luminescence lifetime measurements in diffusion doped Cr:ZnSe, ECLEO’2003, Munich (June 2003)
J. McKay, K. L. Schepler: Solid-state and diode-laser technology review, May 21–24, Albuquerque, NM, SS-6 (2001)
S.B. Mirov, V.V. Fedorov, K. Graham, I. S. Moskalev, E. Sorokin, I.T. Sorokina, V. Gapontsev, D. Gapontsev, V.V. Badikov, V.V. Panyutin: Diode, fiber, and potentially electrically pumped Cr2+:ZnS mid-IR external cavity and microchip lasers, Tech. Digest 5th Int. Conf. Mid-Infrared Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Sept. 2002, Annapolis, MD (2002)
I.T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, S. Mirov, V. Fedorov, V. Badikov, V. Panyutin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli: Continuous-wave tunable Cr2+:ZnS laser, Appl. Phys B 74, 607–611 (2002)
P. Albers, E. Stark, G. Huber: Continuous-wave laser operation and quantum efficiency of titanium-doped sapphire, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 134 (1986)
R.H. Page, J. A. Skidmore, K.I. Schaffers, R. J. Beach, S.A. Payne, W. F. Krupke: Demonstrations of diode-pumped and grating tuned ZnSe:Cr2+ lasers, Opt. Soc. Am. Trends Opt. Photonics, C. R. Pollock, W. R. Bosenberg (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1997), pp. 208–210
I.T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli, R. Page, K. Schaffers: Efficient broadly tunable Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Conf. Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, Nice, France, in CLEO Europe’2000 Tech. Digest (2000) p. 261, paper CWH4
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina, R. H. Page: Room-temperature CW diode-pumped Cr2+:ZnSe laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 46, 101–105, S. Payne, C. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
M. Mond, E. Heumann, G. Huber, H. Kretschmann, S. Kück, A.V. Podlipensky, V. G. Shcherbitsky, N.V. Kuleshov, V.I. Levchenko, V. N. Yakimovich: Continuous-wave diode pumped Cr2+:ZnSe and high power laser operation, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 46, 162–165, S. Payne, C. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina: Tunable diode-pumped continuous-wave Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3289–3291 (2002)
M. Mond, D. Albrecht, E. Heumann, G. Huber, S. Kück, V.I. Levchenko, V.N. Yakimovich, V. G. Shcherbitsky, V.E. Kisel, N.V. Kuleshov, M. Rattunde, J. Schmitz, R. Kiefer, J. Wagner: 1.9-µm and 2.0-µm laser diode pumping of Cr2+:ZnSe and Cr2+:CdMnTe, Opt. Lett. 27, 1034–1036 (2002)
T. J. Carrig, G. J. Wagner, A. Sennaroglu, J. Y. Jeong, C. R. Pollock: Mode-locked Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Opt. Lett. 25, 168–170 (2000)
I. T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli, R. H. Page, K. I. Schaffers: Active and passive mode-locking of the Cr2+:ZnSe laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 46, 157–161, S. Payne, C. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
I. T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli, R. H. Page, K. I. Schaffers: Tunable diode-pumped continuous-wave operation and passive mode-locking of Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Tech. Digest CLEO/Europe Focus Meeting 2001, Munich (2001)
G. J. Wagner, T. J. Carrig: Power scaling of Cr2+:ZnSe lasers, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 50, 506–510, C. Marshall (Ed.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
J.B. McKay, W.B. Roh, K.L. Schepler: 4.2 W Cr2+:ZnSe face cooled disk laser, paper CMY3, in Opt. Soc. Am. Trends in Optics and Photonics, Vol. 73, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Tech. Digest, Postconference Edition (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2002), pp. 119–120
W. Alford, G. Wagner, J. Keene, T. Carrig: High power and Q-switched Cr:ZnSe laser, paper MA-8, Advanced Solid-State Photonics 2003, St. Antonio, USA (2003)
M. Mond, D. Albrecht, H. M. Kretschmann, E. Heumann, G. Huber, S. Kück, V.I. Levchenko, V.N. Yakimovich, V.G. Shcherbitsky, V.E. Kisel, N. V. Kuleshov: Er doped fiber amplifier pumped Cr2+:ZnSe laser, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 188(4), R3–R5 (2001)
S. B. Mirov, V. V. Fedorov, K. Graham, I. Moskalev, V. Badikov, V. Panyutin: Er-fiber laser pumped continuous-wave microchip Cr2+:ZnS and Cr2+:ZnSe lasers, Opt. Lett. 27, 909–911 (2002)
D. H. Sutter, G. Steinmeyer, L. Gallmann, N. Matuschek, F. Morier-Genoud, U. Keller, V. Scheuer, G. Angelow, T. Tschudi: Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror assisted Kerr-Lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, producing cycles in the two-cycle regime, Opt. Lett. 24, 631–633 (1999)
U. Morgner, F. X. Kärtner, S. H. Cho, Y. Chen, H.A. Haus, J.G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, V. Scheuer, G. Angelow, T. Tschudi: Sub-two-cycle pulses from a Kerr-Lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, Opt. Lett. 24, 920–922 (1999)
J.T. Seo, U. Hömmerich, H. Zong, S.B. Trivedi, S.W. Kutcher, C.C. Wang, R. J. Chen: Mid-infrared lasing from a novel optical material: Chromiumdoped Cd0.55Mn0.45Te, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 175, R 3 (1999)
J. McKay, D. Krause, K.L. Schepler: Optimization of Cr2+:CdSe for efficient laser operation, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 34, 218–224, H. Injeyan, U. Keller, Ch. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2000)
P.A. Champert, S.V. Popov, J.R. Taylor: Efficient lasing of Cr2+:ZnSe at 2.2. µm pumped by all-fiber-format seeded Raman source, Electron. Lett. 38, 448 (2002)
T. J. Carrig, G. J. Wagner, I. T. McKinnie, W. J. Alford: Recent progress in the development of practical Cr:ZnSe lasers, paper presented at the Solid State & Diode Laser Technology Review, Albuquerque, NM (2002)
T. J. Carrig: Transition-metal-doped chalcogenide lasers, J. Electron. Mater. 31, 759–769 (July 2002)
J. F. Wang, A. Omino, M. Isshiki: Bridgman growth of twin-free ZnSe single crystals, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 83, 185–191 (2001)
C.S. Fang, Q.T. Gu, J.Q. Wei, Q.W. Pan, W. Shi, J.Y. Wang: Growth of ZnSe single crystals, J. Crystal Growth 209, 542–546 (2000)
V. I. Levchenko, V. N. Yakimovich, L. I. Postnova, V. I. Konstantinov, V. P. Mikhailov, N. V. Kuleshov: Preparation and properties of bulk ZnSe:Cr single crystals, J. Crystal Growth 198–199, 980–983 (1999)
A. Burger, J.-O. Ndap, K. Chattopadhyay, O.O. Adetunji, D.E. Zelmon, A. Burger: Thermal diffusion of Cr2+ in bulk ZnSe, J. Crystal Growth 240, 176–184 (2002)
A.V. Podlipensky, V.G. Shcherbitsky, N.V. Kuleshov, V.P. Mikhailov, V. I. Levchenko, V. N. Yakimovich, L. I. Postnova, V. I. Konstantinov: Pulsed laser operation of diffusion-doped Cr2+:ZnSe, Opt. Commun. 167, 129 (1999)
G.J. Wagner, T.J. Carrig, R.H. Jarman, R.H. Page, K.I. Schaffers, J.-O. Ndap, X. Ma, A. Burger: High-efficiency, broadly tunable continuous-wave Cr2+:ZnSe laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 26, 427–434, S. Payne, C. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
I.T. Sorokina, E. Sorokin, A. Di Lieto, M. Tonelli, R. Page, K. Schaffers: 0.5 W efficient broadly tunable continous-wave Cr2+:ZnSe laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics 34, 188–193, H. Injeyan, U. Keller, Ch. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2000)
D. Findlay, R. A. Clay: Measurement of internal losses in 4-level lasers, Phys. Lett. 20, 277 (1966)
V. L. Kalashnikov, E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina: Multipulse operation and limits of the Kerr-lens mode locking stability, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39, 323–336 (2003)
J. A. Skidmore, B.L. Freitas, C.E. Reinhardt, E. J. Utterback, R.H. Page, M. A. Emanuel: High-power operation of InGaAsP/InP laser diode array at 1.73 µm, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 9, 1334 (1997)
J. T. Seo, U. Hömmerich, S. B. Trivedi, R. J. Chen, S. Kutcher: Slope efficiency and tunability of a Cr2+-doped Cd0.85Mn0.15Te mid-infrared laser, Opt. Commun. 153, 267–270 (1998)
J.T. Seo, U. Hömmerich, S.B. Trivedi, R.J. Chen, S. Kutcher, C. C. Wang, H. Zong, P. R. Boyd, W. Tardiff: Spectroscopy and tunable mid-infrared lasing of a novel gain-medium: Cr2+-doped Cd0.85Mn0.15Te, Korean Phys. Society 34, 221–226 (1999)
U. Hömmerich, J.T. Seo, M. Turner, A. Bluiett, S.B. Trivedi, H. Zong, S. Kutcher, C.C. Wang, R.J. Chen: Mid-infrared laser development based on transition metal doped cadmium manganese telluride, J. Lumin. 87–89, 1143–1145 (2000)
S.B. Trivedi, S.W. Kutcher, C.C. Wang, G.V. Jagannathan, U. Hömmerich, A.G. Bluiett, M. Turner, J.T. Seo, K.L. Schepler, B. Schumm, P.R. Boyd, G. Green: Transition metal doped cadmium manganese telluride: A new material for tunable mid-infrared lasing, J. Electron. Mater. 30, 728 (2001)
A.G. Bluiett, U. Hömmerich, J.T. Seo, R. Shah, S.B. Trivedi, S.W. Kutcher, C.C. Wang, P.R. Boyd: Observation of lasing from Cr2+:CdTe and compositional effects in Cr2+ doped II-VI semiconductors, J. Electron. Mater. 31, 806–810 (July 2002)
J. McKay, K. L. Schepler, G. Catella: Kilohertz, 2.6 µm Cr2+:CdSe laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 26, 420, M. Fejer, H. Injeyan, U. Keller (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1999)
J. McKay, W. B. Roh, K. L. Schepler: Extended Mid-IR tuning of a Cr2+:CdSe laser, Opt. Soc. Am. Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 68, 371–373 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2002)
P. B. Klein, J. E. Furneaux, R. L. Henry: Laser oscillation at 3.53 µm from Fe2+ in n-InP:FeAppl. Phys. Lett. 42, 638 (1983)
J. J. Adams, C. Bibeau, R. H. Page, S. A. Payne: Tunable laser action at 4 µm from Fe:ZnSe, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 26, 435–440, M. Fejer, H. Injeyan, U. Keller (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1999)
J. J. Adams, C. Bibeau, R.H. Page, D.M. Krol, L.H. Furu, S.A. Payne: 4.0-4.5-µm lasing of Fe:ZnSe below 180 K, a new mid-infrared laser material, Opt. Lett. 24, 1720 (1999)
W. S. Peloach, G. J. Wagner, T. J. Carrig, W. J. Scharpf: Mid-wave ZGP OPOs pumped by a Cr:ZnSe laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 46, 670–674, S. Payne, C. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
I.T. McKinnie, G.J. Wagner, S. Christensen, T. Carrig, C.B. Rawle: Dual band mid-wave/long-wave ZGP OPO pumped tuned by a Cr:ZnSe laser, in Opt. Soc. Am. Trends in Optics and Photonics 73, 170–171, Conf. Lasers Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest, Postconf. Edition (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2002)
W. Beall Fowler: Physics of Color Centers, W. Beall Fowler (Ed.) (Academic Press, New York 1968) Chap. 2
L. F. Mollenauer: Color center lasers, in Quantum Electronics, part B, vol. 15, C. L. Tang (Ed.) (Academic Press, New York 1979) Chap. 6
L.F. Mollenauer: in Laser Handbook Vol. 4, M. Bass (Ed.) (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1985)
L. F. Mollenauer: Colorcenter lasers, in Tunable Lasers, 2nd. edition, L. F. Mollenauer, J.C. White, C.R. Pollock (Eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1992), p. 225–275
C. R. Pollock: Optical properties of laser-active color centers, J. Lumin. 35, 65–78 (1986)
C. R. Pollock: Color center lasers, in Encyclopedia of Lasers and Optical Technology, R. A. Meyers (Ed.) (Academic, San Diego 1991)
T. T. Basiev, S.B. Mirov, V.V. Osiko: Room-temperature color-center lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 1052 (1988)
T. T. Basiev, S.B. Mirov: Room-Temperature Tunable Color-Center Lasers, Laser Sci. Technol. Ser. 16, p. 1 (Gordon, Breach, New York 1994)
S.B. Mirov, T. Basiev: Progress in color center lasers, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 1, 22–30 (1995)
B. Fritz, E. Menke: Laser effect in KCl with Fa(Li) centers, Solid-State Commun. 3, 61 (1965)
L. F. Mollenauer, D. H. Olson: A broadly tunable CW laser using color centers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 386 (1974)
L. F. Mollenauer, D. H. Olson: Broadly tunable lasers using color centers, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 3109–3118 (1975)
K.R. German: Optimization of FA(II) and FB(II) color-center lasers, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 149–157 (1986)
R. Beigang, G. Liftin, H. Welling: Frequency behavior and linewidth of CW single mode color-center lasers, Opt. Commun. 22, 269–271 (1977)
C. H. Breant, T. Baer, D. Nesbitt, J. L. Hall: State-dependent hyperfine coupling of HF studied with a frequency controlled color-center laser spectrometer, in Laser Spectroscopy VI, H. P. Weber, W. Lüthy (Eds.) (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1983)
H. Welling, G. Liftin, R. Beigang: Tunable infrared lasers using color centers, in Laser Spectroscopy III, J. L. Hall, J. L. Carlsten (Eds.) (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1977) p. 370–375
C. R. Pollock, J.A. Jennings, F.R. Petersen, J. S. Wells, R.E. Drullinger, E. C. Beaty, K. M. Evenson: Direct frequency measurements of transitions at 520 THz (576 nm) in iodine and 260 THz (1.15 µm) in neon, Opt. Lett. 8, 133 (1983)
R. Beigang, J. J. Wynne: Atomic Rydberg-state spectroscopy of Ca I using pulsed color-center lasers, Opt. Lett. 6, 295–297 (1981)
A. S. Subdo, M. M. T. Loy, P. A. Roland, R. Beigang: High peak power FA(II) color-center laser for time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, Opt. Commun. 37, 417–420 (1981)
R. Beigang: Color center laser pumped by a flashlamp-pumped dye laser, Opt. Commun. 34, 249–251 (1980)
G. Liftin, R. Beigang, H. Welling: Tunable CW laser operation in FB(II) type color-center crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 381 (1977)
K. P. Koch, G. Liftin, H. Welling: Continuous-wave laser oscillation with extended tuning range in FA(II)-FB(II) color-center lasers, Opt. Lett. 4, 387 (1979)
I. Schneider, C.L. Marquardt: Tunable, CW laser action using (F2 +) centers in Li-doped KCl, Opt. Lett. 5, 214 (1980)
I. Schneider, C. L. Marquardt: Broadly tunable oscillator-amplifier system using lithium (F2 +)A centers in KCl, Opt. Lett. 10, 13–15 (1985)
I. Schneider, S.C. Moss: Color-center laser continuously tunable from 1.67 to 2.46 µm, Opt. Lett. 8, 7–8 (1983)
K. Möllmann, M. Schrempel: Bing Kun Yu, W. Gellermann: Subpicosecond and continuous-wave laser operation of (F2 +)Hand (F2 +)AH color-center lasers in the 2-µm range, Opt. Lett. 19, 960–962 (1994)
I. Schneider: Continuous tuning of a color-center laser between 2 and 4 µm, Opt. Lett. 7, 271 (1982)
R.W. Tkach, T. R. Gosnell, A.J. Sievers: Solid-state vibrational laser KBr:CN-, Opt. Lett. 10, 122 (1984).
T. R. Gosnell, A. J. Sievers, C. R. Pollock: Continuous-wave operation of the KBr:CN− solid-state vibration laser in the 5-µm region, Opt. Lett. 10, 125 (1985)
T. R. Gosnell, R.W. Tkach, A.J. Sievers: High temperature vibrational fluorescence of CN− ions in alkali halides, Solid-State Commun. 53, 419–421 (1985)
W. Gellermann, F. üthy: Stable multi-line CW vibration laser near 5 µm based on FH(CN−) centers in CsBr, Opt. Commun. 72, 214–218 (1989)
W. Gellermann, Y. Yang, F. Lüthy: Laser operation near 5 µm of vibrationally excited F-center/CN− molecule defect pairs in CsCl crystals, pumped in the visible, Opt. Commun. 57, 196–200 (1986)
E.P. Chicklis, C.S. Naiman, R. C. Folweiler, D.R. Gabbe, H.P. Jenssen, A. Linz: High-efficiency room-temperature 2.06-µm laser using sensitized Ho3+:YLF, Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 119–120 (1971)
J. A. Caird, L. G. DeShazer, J. Nella: Characteristics of room-temperature 2.3-µm laser emission from Tm3+ in YAG and YAlO3, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 11, 874–881 (1975)
A. A. Kaminskii, T. I. Butaeva, A. O. Ivanov, I. V. Mochalov, A. G. Petrosyan, G. I. Rogov, V. A. Fedorov: New data on stimulated emission of crystals containing Er3+ and Ho3+ ions, Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 2, 308–310 (1976)
E.W. Duczynski, G. Huber, V. G. Ostroumov, I.A. Shcherbakov: CW double cross pumping of the 5I7-5I8 laser transition in Ho3+-doped garnets, Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 1562–1563 (1986)
L. Esterowitz, R. Allen, L. Goldberg, J. F. Weller, M. Storm, I. Abella: Diodepumped 2 µm holmium laser, in Tunable Solid-State Lasers II, Springer Ser. Opt. Sci. 52 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986) pp. 291–292
G.J. Kintz, L. Esterowitz, R. Allen: CW diode-pumped Tm3+, Ho3+:YAG 2.1 µm room-temperature laser, Electron. Lett. 23, 616 (1987)
T. Y. Fan, G. Huber, R. L. Byer, P. Mitzscherlich: Continuous-wave operation at 2.1 µm of a diode-laser-pumped, Tm-sensitized Ho:Y3Al3O12 laser at 300 K, Opt. Lett. 12, 678–680 (1987)
G. J. Kintz, R. Allen, L. Esterowitz: CW laser emission at 2.02 µm from diode-pumped Tm3+:YAG at room temperature, paper FB2, Proc. Conf. Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO’88 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1988)
B.T. McGuckin, R.T. Menzies: Efficient CW diode-pumped Tm, Ho:YLF laser with tunability near 2.067 µm, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 1025–1028 (1992)
A. Di Lieto, P. Minguzzi, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli, H. P. Jenssen: A diode-laser-pumped tunable Ho:YLF laser in the 2 µm region, Appl. Phys. B 57, 3172–3175 (1993)
T. J. Kane, T. S. Kubo: Diode-pumped single-frequency lasers and Q-switched laser using Tm:YAG and Tm,Ho:YAG, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid-State Lasers 6, 136–139 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1990)
W. S. Rabinovich, S. R. Bowman, B. J. Feldman, M. J. Winings: Tunable laser pumped 3 µm Ho:YAlO3 laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 895–897 (1990)
A.F. Umyskov, Yu. D. Zavartsev, A.I. Zagumennyi, V.V. Osiko, P.A. Studenikin: Cr3+:Yb3+:Ho3+:YSGG crystal laser with a continuously tunable emission wavelength in the range 2.84-3.05 µm, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 26, 563–564 (1996) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 23, 579–580 (1996)]
A. Diening, S. Kück: Spectroscopy and diode-pumped laser oscillation of Yb3+,Ho3+-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4063 (2000)
E. Sorokin, I. T. Sorokina, A. Unterhuber, E. Wintner, A. I. Zagumenny, I.A. Shcherbakov, V. Carozzo, M. Tonelli: A novel CW mode-locked 2 µm Cr,Tm,Ho:YSGG:GSAG laser, paper CWM1, Conf. Lasers Electro-Optics, Techn. Digest (1998) p. 296
F. Cornacchia, E. Sani, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli, M. Marano, S. Taccheo, G. Galzerano, P. Laporta: Optical spectroscopy and diode-pumped laser characteristics of codoped Tm-Ho:YLF and Tm-Ho:BaYF: a comparative analysis, Appl. Phys. B 75, 817–822 (2002)
H. Nakajima, T. Yokozawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Hara, N. Djeu: Power optimization of 2 µm Tm,Ho:YAG laser in monolithic crystal, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1010–1011 (1994)
C.D. Nabors, J. Ochoa, T.Y. Fan, A. Sanchez, H.K. Choi, G.W. Turner, Ho:YAG laser pumped by 1.9-µm diode lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 31, 1603–1605 (1995)
Yu. D. Zavartsev, V.V. Osiko, S.G. Semenkov, P.A. Studenikin, A. F. Umyskov: Cascade laser oscillation due to Ho3+ ions in a (Cr,Yb,Ho):YSGG yttrium-scandium-gallium garnet crystal, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 23, 312–316 (1993) [transl. from: Kvant. Elektron. 20, 366–370 (1993)]
A. M. Tabirian, H. P. Jenssen, A. Cassanho: Efficient, room temperature mid-infrared laser at 3.9 µm in Ho:BaY2F8, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 50, 170–176 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
L.A. Pomeranz, P.A. Budni, M.L. Lemons, C.A. Miller, J.R. Mosto, T. M. Pollak, E. P. Chicklis: Power Scaling Performance of Tm:YLF and Tm:YALO Lasers, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 26, 458–462 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1999)
R. A. Hayward, W. A. Clarkson, D. C Hanna: High-power diode-pumped room-temperature Tm:YAG and intracavity-pumped Ho:YAG lasers, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 34, 90–94 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2000)
R. C Stonemann, L. Esterowitz: Efficient, broadly tunable, laser-pumped Tm:YAG and Tm:YSGG CW lasers, Opt. Lett. 15, 486–488 (1990)
R.C. Stonemann, L. Esterowitz: Efficient 1.94-µm Tm:YALO laser, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 1, 78–80 (1995)
L. Fornasiero, N. Berner, B.-M. Dicks, E. Mix, V. Peters, K. Petermann, G. Huber: Broadly tunable laser emission from Tm:Y2O3 and Tm:Sc2O3 at 2 µm, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 26, 450–453 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1999)
E. Sorokin, A.N. Alpatiev, I.T. Sorokina, A.I. Zagumennyi, I. A. Shcherbakov: Tunable efficient continuous-wave room-temperature Tm3+:GdVO4 laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 68, 347–350 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2002)
P. A. Studenikin, A. I. Zagumennyi, Yu. D. Zavartsev, P. A. Popov, I.A. Shcherbakov: GdVO4 as a new medium for solid-state lasers: some optical and thermal properties of crystals doped with Nd3+, Tm3+ and Er3+ ions, Quantum Electron. 25, 1162–1165 (1995)
V. A. Mikhailov, Yu. D. Zavartzev, A. I. Zagumennyi, V. G. Ostroumov, P.A. Studenikin, E. Heumann, G. Huber, I.A. Shcherbakov: Tm3+:GdVO4-a new efficient medium for diode-pumped 2 µm lasers, Quantum Electron. 27, 13–14 (1997)
Ch. P. Wyss, W. Lüthy, H.P. Weber, V.I. Vlasov, Yu. D. Zavartsev, P. A. Studenikin, A. I. Zagumennyi, I. A. Shcherbakov: Emission properties of a Tm3+:GdVO4 microchip laser at 1.9 µm, J. Appl. Phys. B 67, 1–4 (1998)
A. I. Zagumennyi, V. A. Mikhailov, Yu. D. Zavartsev, S. A. Koutovoi, F. Zerrouk, I.A. Shcherbakov: A diode-pumped 0.6 W CW Tm:GdVO4 microchip laser, CLEO/Europe-EQEC Focus Meeting 2001, Prog. Solid-State Lasers, Techn. Digest, p. 99, paper C-PSL 129
H. Saito, S. Chaddha, R. S. F. Chang, N. Djeu: Efficient 1.94-µm Tm3+ laser in YVO4 host, Opt. Lett. 17, 189–191 (1992)
K. Ohta, H. Saito, M. Obara, N. Djeu: Characterization of a longitudinally pumped CW, room-temperature operation of Tm3+:YVO4 laser, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32, 1651–1657 (1993)
J. F. Pinto, L. Esterowitz, G.H. Rosenblatt: Tm3+:YLF laser continuously tunable between 2.20 and 2.46 µm Opt. Lett. 19, 883–885
G. H. Rosenblatt, J. F. Pinto, R. C. Stonemann, L. Esterowitz: Continuously tunable 2.3 µm Tm:GSGG laser, LEOS’ 93 Conf. Proc. IEEE, 689–690 (1993)
F. Heine, E. Heumann, G. Huber, K. L. Schepler: Mode locking of room-temperature CW thulium and holmium lasers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1161–1162 (1992)
K. L. Schepler, B. D. Smith, F. Heine, P. A. Budni: Mode-locking of a diode-pumped Tm,Ho:YLF, OSA Proc. Adv. Solid-State Lasers 20, 257–259 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1994)
K. L. Vodop’yanov: Bleaching of water by intense light at the maximum of the A ∼ 3 µm absorption band, Sov. Phys. JETP 70, 114–121 (1990)
V. M. Zolotarev, B. A. Mikhailov, L. I. Alperovich, S. L. Popov: Dispersion and absorption of liquid water in the infrared and radio regions, Opt. Spectrosc. 27, 430 (1969)
F. Frauchiger, W. Lüthy: Interaction of 3 µm radiation with matter, Opt. Quantum Electron. 19, 231 (1987)
E.V. Zharikov, V.J. Zhekov, L.A. Kulevskii, T.M. Murina, V.V. Osiko, A.M. Prokhorov, V.D. Savel’ev, V.V. Smirnov, B.P. Starikov, M.I. Timoshechkin: Stimulated emission from Er3+-ions in yttrium aluminum garnet crystals at λ = 2.94 µm, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 4(8), 1039–1040 (1975)
V.I. Zhekov, V. A. Lobachev, T.M. Murina, A.M. Prokhorov: Efficient cross-relaxation laser emitting at λ = 2.94 µm, Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13, 1235–1237 (1983)
E. V. Zharikov, V. V. Osiko, A. M. Prokhorov, I. A. Shcherbakov: Crystals of rare-earth gallium garnets with chromium as active media for solid-state lasers, Inorg. Mat. 48, 81–94 (1984)
P. F. Moulton, J. G. Manni, G. A. Rines: Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Er,Cr:YSGG, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 960–973 (1988)
A.M. Prokhorov, A.A. Kaminskii, V.V. Osiko, M.I. Timoshechkin, E.V. Zharikov, T.I. Butaeva, S.E. Sarkisov, A. G. Petrosyan, V.A. Fedorov: Investigations of the 3 µm stimulated emission from Er3+ ions in aluminium garnets at room temperature, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 40, K69–K77 (1977)
G. J. Kintz, R. E. Allen, L. Esterowitz: Diode-pumped 2.8-µm laser emission from Er3+:YLF at room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 1553 (1987)
S.A. Pollack, D. Chang, N.L. Moise: Continuous wave and Q-switched in-frared erbium laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 1578–1580 (1986)
F. Auzel, S. Hubert, D. Meichenin: Multifrequency room-temperature continuous diode and Ar-laser-pumped Er3+ laser emission between 2.66 and 2.85 µm, Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 681 (1989)
A. A. Kaminskii, A. G. Petrosyan, G. A. Denisenko, T. I. Butaeva, V. A. Fedorov, S.E. Sarkisov: Spectroscopic properties and 3 µm stimulated emission of Er3+ ions in the (Y1-xErx)3Al5O12 and (Lu1-xErx)3Al5O12 garnet crystal systems, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 71, 291 (1982)
S. Hubert, D. Meichenin, B.W. Zhou, F. Auzel: Emission properties, oscillator strength and laser parameters of Er3+ in LiYF4 at 2.7 µm, J. Lumin. 50, 7 (1991)
B. J. Dinerman, P. F. Moulton: 3-µm CW laser operations in erbium-doped YSGG, GGG, and YAG, Opt. Lett. 19, 1143 (1994)
H. Voss, F. Massmann: Diode-pumped Q-switched erbium lasers with short pulse duration, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 10, 217–221, C. R. Pollock, W.R. Bosenberg (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1997)
R. Waarts, D. Nam, S.H. Sanders, J. Harrison, B. J. Dinerman: Two dimensional Er:YSGG microlaser array pumped with a monolithic two-dimensional laser diode array, Opt. Lett. 19, 1738 (1994)
H. J. Eichler, J. Findeisen, B. Liu, A. A. Kaminskii, A. V. Butachin, P. Peuser: Highly efficient diode-pumped 3-µm Er3+:BaY2F8 laser, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 3, 90 (1997)
R.H. Page, R.A. Bartels, R. J. Beach, S.B. Sutton, L.H. Furu, J.E. LaSala: 1W composite-slab Er:YAG laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 10, 214–216, C. R. Pollock, W. R. Bosenberg (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1997)
D. Chen, C. L. Fincher, T. S. Rose, F. L. Vernon, R. A. Fields: Diode pumped 1W continuous-wave Er:YAG 3 µm laser, Opt. Lett. 24, N6 (1999)
J. F. Pinto, G. F. Rosenblatt, L. Esterowitz: Continuous-wave laser action in Er3+:YLF at 3.41 µm, Electron. Lett. 30, 1596 (1994)
S.R. Bowman, S.K. Searles, N.W. Jenkins, S.B. Qadri, E.F. Skelton, J. Ganem: Diode pumped room temperature mid-infrared erbium laser, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 50, 154–156 (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 2001)
M. C. Nostrand, R. H. Page, S. A. Payne, W. F. Krupke, P. G. Schunemann, L.I. Isaenko: Room-temperature CaGa2S4:Dy3+ laser action at 2.43 and 4.31 µm and KPb2Cl5:Dy3+ laser action at 2.43 µm, OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Adv. Solid-State Lasers 26, 441–449, S. Payne, C. Marshall (Eds.) (Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, DC 1999)
A. Dergachev, P. Moulton: Tunable CW Er:YLF diode-pumped laser, in Advanced Solid-State Photonics, OSA Technical Digest, 5-7 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sorokina, I.T. (2003). Crystalline Mid-Infrared Lasers. In: Sorokina, I.T., Vodopyanov, K.L. (eds) Solid-State Mid-Infrared Laser Sources. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 89. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36491-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36491-9_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-00621-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36491-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive