Abstract
Although watermarking techniques have been successfully applied to natural images and videos, little progress is made in the area of graphics animation. In particular, the MPEG-4 dynamic 2D mesh that provides efficient coding for animated graphics data imposes several realistic constraints for watermarking. In this paper, we propose a robust watermarking technique for MPEG-4 2D mesh animation. A multiresolution analysis is applied to locate feature motions of the animated mesh. The watermark signal is inserted based on a spreadspectrum approach by perturbing the extracted feature motions. We have also incorporated a spatial-domain registration technique to restore geometrically transformed mesh data. A variety of attacks, including the affine transformation, smoothing, enhancement and attenuation, and random noise, are used to verify the robustness of the proposed system. Experimental results show that our watermarks can withstand the aforementioned attacks. We also compare the performance of several common integer-to-integer wavelet transforms under the proposed framework.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller, and A. J. Bloom, Digital Watermarking, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2002.
R. Ohbuchi, H. Masuda and M. Aono, “Watermarking three dimensional polygonal models through geometry and topological modifications,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 551–560, May 1998.
O. Benedens, “Geometry-based watermarking of 3D models”, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 46–55, Jan./Feb. 1999.
E. Praun, H. Hoppe, and A. Finkelstein, “Robust mesh watermarking,” In Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH’99 Proceedings), pp. 49–56, Aug. 1999.
R. Ohbuchi, S. Takahashi, T. Miyazawa, and A. Mukaiyama, “Watermarking 3D polygonal meshes in the mesh spectral domain,” Graphics Interface 2001, pp. 9–17, Canada, June 2001.
K. Yin, Z. Pan, J. Shi, and D. Zhang, “Robust mesh watermarking based on multiresolution processing,” Computers and Graphics, vol. 25, pp. 409–420, 2001.
T.-H. Kim, J. Lee, and S. Y. Shin, “Robust motion watermarking based on multiresolution analysis”, EUROGRAPHICS 2000, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 189–198, 2000.
ISO/IEC 14496-2, Coding of Audio-Visual Objects: Visual.
I. Daubechies and W. Sweldens, “Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps,” J. Fourier Anal. Appl., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 247–269, 1998.
M. D. Adams and F. Kossentini, “Reversible integer-to-integer wavelet transforms for image compression: performance and analysis,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1010–1024, June 2000.
Y. Chen and G. Medioni, “Object modeling by registration of multiple range images,” Image and Vision Computing, vol. 10, pp. 145–155, Apr. 1992
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Yang, SH., Liao, CY., Hsieh, CY. (2002). Watermarking MPEG-4 2D Mesh Animation in Multiresolution Analysis. In: Chen, YC., Chang, LW., Hsu, CT. (eds) Advances in Multimedia Information Processing — PCM 2002. PCM 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2532. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36228-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36228-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-00262-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36228-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive