Skip to main content

Testicular Torsion

  • Chapter
Andrology for the Clinician

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akgür FM, Kilinc K, Aktug T, Olguner M (1994) The effect of allopurinol pretreatment before detorting testicular torsion. J Urol 151:1715–1717

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AlMufti RA, Ogedegbe AK, Lafferty K (1995) The use of Doppler ultrasound in the clinical management of acute testicular pain. Br J Urol 76:625–627

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alfert HJ, Canning DA (1987) Testicular torsion in a 62-year-old man. J Urol 138:149–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan WR, Brown RB (1966) Torsion of the testis: a review of 58 cases. BMJ 1:1396–1397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen TD, Elder JS (1995) Shortcomings of color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of testicular torsion. J Urol 154:1508–1510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Salem AH (1999) Intra-uterine testicular torsion: early diagnosis and treatment. BJU Int 83:1023–1025

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altaffer LF 3rd (1980) Testicular torsion in men. J Urol 123:37–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altay B, Hekimgil M, Kefi A, Cikili N (2001) Histopathological examination of both ipsilateral and contralateral testes with different obstructive models in prepubertal and adult rats. BJU Int 88:84–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MJ, Dunn JK, Lipshultz LI, Coburn M (1992) Semen quality and endocrine parameters after acute testicular torsion. J Urol 147:1545–1550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JB, Williamson RC (1986) The fate of the human testes following unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord. Br J Urol 58:698–704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson J, Williamson R (1988) Testicular torsion in Bristol: a 25-year review. Br J Surg 75:988–992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JB, Cooper MJ, Thomas WE, Williamson RC (1986) Impaired spermatogenesis in testes at risk of torsion. Br J Surg 73:847–849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson PA, Giacomantonio JM (1985) The acutely painful scrotum in children: review of 113 consecutive cases. Can Med Assoc J 132:1153–1155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andiran F, Okur DH, Kilinç A, Gedikoglu G, Kilinç K, Tanyel FC (2000) Do experimentally induced ipsilateral testicular torsion, vas deferens obstruction, intra-abdominal testis or venous obstruction damage the contralateral testis through a common mechanism? BJU Int 85:330–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angell JC (1963) Torsion of the testicle: a plea for diagnosis. Lancet 1963; 1:19–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony S (2002) Scrotal confusion: focus on diagnosis. Med Protect Soc Casebook 17:5–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Arda IS, Özyaylali I (2001) Testicular tissue bleeding as an indicator of gonadal salvageability in testicular torsion surgery. BJU Int 87:89–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atallah MW, Ippolito JJ, Rubin BW (1976) Intrauterine bilateral torsion of the spermatic cord. J Urol 116:128–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson GO Jr, Patrick LE, Ball TI Jr, Stephenson CA, Broekker BH, Woodard JR (1992) The normal and abnormal scrotum in children: evaluation with colour Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158:613–617

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer HM, Gerber WL, Kendall AR, Locke JL, Putong PB (1989) Segmental infarct of the testis due to hypersensitivity angiitis. J Urol 142:125–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker L, Sigman D, Mathews R, Benson J, Docimo S (2000) An analysis of clinical outcomes using color Doppler testicular ultrasound for testicular torsion. Pediatrics 105:604–607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baptist EC, Amin PV (1996) Perinatal testicular torsion and the hard testicle. J Perinatol 16:67–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barada JH, Weingarten JL, Cromie WJ (1989) Testicular salvage and age-related delay in the presentation of testicular torsion. J Urol 142:746–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baratelli GM, Vischi S, Mandelli PG, Gambetta GL, Visetti F, Sala EA (1996) Segmental hemorrhagic infarction of testicle. J Urol 156:1442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barca PR, Dargallo T, Jardon JA, Estevez E, Bautista A, Varela Cives R (1997) Bilateral testicular torsion in the neonatal period. J Urol 158:1957–1959

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch G, Frank S, Marberger H, Mikuz G (1980) Testicular torsion: late results with special regard to fertility and endocrine function. J Urol 124:375–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baud C, Veyrac C, Couture A, Ferran JL (1998) Spiral twist of the spermatic cord: a reliable sign of testicular torsion. Pediatr Radiol 28:950–954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker D, Burst M, Wehler M, Tauschek D, Herold C, Hahn EG (1997) Differential diagnosis of acute testicular pain using color-coded duplex ultrasonography: difference between testicular torsion and epididymitis (in German). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 122:1405–1409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellinger MF (1985) The blind-ending vas: the fate of the contralateral testis. J Urol 133:644–645

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellinger MF, Abromowitz H, Brantley S, Marshall G (1989) Orchidopexy: an experimental study of the effect of surgical technique on testicular histology. J Urol 142:553–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belman AB, Rushton HG (2001) Is the vanished testis always a scrotal event? BJU Int 87:480–483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett S, Nicholson M, Little T (1987) Torsion of the testis: why is the prognosis so poor? BMJ 294:824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett S, O’Hara S, Wacksman J, Meiers H (2002) Ultrasound findings as predictors of clinical outcomes in the acute scrotum. J Urol 167[Suppl]:107

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickerstaff KI, Sethia K, Murie JA (1988) Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute scrotal pain. Br J Surg 75:238–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird K, Rosenfield AT, Taylor KJ (1983) Ultrasonography in testicular torsion. Radiology 147:527–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaivas M, Batts M, Lambert M (2000) Ultrasonographic diagnosis of testicular torsion by emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med 18:198–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt MR, Sheldon CA, Wacksman J, Matthews P (1992) Prenatal testicular torsion. Principles of management. J Urol 147:670–672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brasso K, Andersen L, Kay L, Willie-Jorgensen P, Linnet L, Egense J (1993) Testicular torsion: a follow-up study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 27:1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer ME, Glasgow BJ (1986) Adult testicular torsion. Urology 27:356–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burge DM (1987) Neonatal testicular torsion and infarction: aetiology and management. BJU 59:70–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgher S (1998) Acute scrotal pain. Emer Clin N Am 16: 781–809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burks DD, Markey BJ, Burkhard TK, Balsara ZN, Haluszka MM, Canning DA (1990) Suspected testicular torsion and ischemia: evaluation with color Doppler sonography. Radiology 175:815–821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caesar R, Kaplan G (1994a) Incidence of the bell clapper deformity in an autopsy series. Urology 44:114–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caesar RE, Kaplan GW (1994b) The incidence of the cremasteric reflex in normal boys. J Urol 152:779–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldamone AA, Valvo JR, Altebarmakian VK, Rabinowitz R (1984) Acute scrotal swelling in children. J Pediatr Surg 19:581–584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calleja R, Archer TJ (1996) Bilateral testicular torsion in a neonate. BJU 78:799

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell MF (1948) Torsion of the spermatic cord in the newborn infant. J Ped 33:323–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright PC, Snow BW, Reid BS, Shultz PK (1995) Color Doppler ultrasound in newborn testis torsion. Urology 45:667–670

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cass AS (1982) Elective orchiopexy for recurrent testicular torsion. J Urol 127:253–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cass AS, Cass BP, Veerarghavan K (1980) Immediate exploration of the unilateral acute scrotum in young male subjects. J Urol 124:829–832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castilla EE, Sod R, Anzorena O, Texido J (1975) Neonatal testicular torsion in two brothers. J Med Genet 12:112–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cattolica EV (1985) Preoperative manual detorsion of the torsed spermatic cord. J Urol 133:803–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen DC, Holder LE, Melloul M (1983a) Radionuclide scrotal imaging: further experience with 210 patients. Part I:Anatomy, pathophysiology, and methods. J NuclMed 24:735–742

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen DC, Holder LE, Melloul M (1983b) Radionuclide scrotal imaging: further experience with 210 new patients. Part II. Results and discussion. J Nucl Med 24:841–853

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chilvers CE, Pike MC, Peckham MJ (1987) Torsion of the testis: a new risk factor for testicular cancer. Br J Cancer 55:105–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chinegwundoh FI (1995) Acute testicular torsion following testicular fixation. BJU 76:268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choyke PL (2000) Editorial: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the scrotum: reality check. Radiology 217:14–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Çiftçi AO, Müftüoglu S, Çakar N, Tanyel FC (1997) Histological evidence of decreased contralateral testicular blood flow during ipsilateral testicular torsion. BJU 80:783–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colt GH (1922) Torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni. Brit J Surg 9:464–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper CS, Synder OB, Hawtrey CE (1997) Bilateral neonatal testicular torsion. Clin Ped 36:653–656

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett H, Simpson E (2002) Management of the acute scrotum in children. Aust N Z J Surg 72:226–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornel EB, Karthaus HFM (1999) Manual derotation of the twisted spermatic cord. BJU Int 83:672–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corriere JN (1972) Horizontal lie of the testicle: a diagnostic sign in torsion of the testis. J Urol 107:616–617

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cos LR, Rabinowitz R (1982) Trauma-induced testicular torsion in children. J Trauma 22:244–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cranston DW, Moisey CU (1983) The management of acute scrotum pain. Br J Surg 70:505–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruickshank ME (1991) Acute scrotal pain in two brothers. BJU 68:203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuckow PM, Frank JD (2000) Torsion of the testis. BJU Int 86:349–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings J, Boullier J, Sekhon D, Bose B (2002) Adult testicular torsion. J Urol 167:2109–2110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham RF (1960) Familial occurrence of testicular torsion. JAMA 174:1330–1331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das S, Singer A (1990) Controversies of perinatal torsion of the spermatic cord: a review, survey and recommendations. J Urol 143:231–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport A, Downey SE, Goel S, Maciver AG (1996) Wegener’s granulomatosis involving the urogenital tract. BJU 78:354–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delasiauve LJF (1840) Descente tardive du testicule gauche prise pour une hernie etranglée. Rev Med Franc Étrang 1840; pp 363–375 [English abstract, Article in French]

    Google Scholar 

  • Della Negra E, Martin M, Bernardini S, Bittard H (2000) Spermatic cord torsion in adults. Prog Urol 10:265–270 [English abstract, Article in French]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis MJ, Fahim SF, Doyle PT (1987) Testicular torsion in older men. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 294:1680

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devesa R, Munoz A, Torrents M, Comas C, Carrera JM (1998) Prenatal diagnosis of testicular torsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 11:286–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewire DM, Begun FP, Lawson RK, Fitzgerald S, Foley WD (1992) Color Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of the acute scrotum. J Urol 147:89–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dokucu AI, Öztürk H, Özdemir E, Ketani A, Büyükbayram H, Yücesan S (2000) The protective effects of nitric oxide on the contralateral testis in prepubertal rats with unilateral testicular torsion. BJU Int 85:767–771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Driver CP, Losty PD (1998) Neonatal testicular torsion. BJU 82:855–858

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne PJ, O’Loughlin BS (2000) Testicular torsion: time is the enemy. Aust N Z J Surg 70:441–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eshel G, Vinograd I, Barr J, Zemmer D (1994) Acute scrotal pain complicating familial Mediterranean fever in children. Br J Surg 81:894–896

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feins NR (1983) To pex or not to pex? J Pediat Surg 18:697–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenner MN, Roszhart DA, Texter JH (1991) Testicular scanning: evaluating the acute scrotum in the clinical setting. Urology 38:237–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Festen C (1987) The acute scrotum in children (in Dutch). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 131:1465–1456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman AJ, Palmer EL, Scott JA (1987) Radionuclide imaging of sequential torsions of the appendix testis. J Nucl Med 28:119–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanigan RC, Dekernion JB, Persky L (1981) Acute scrotal pain and swelling in children. Urology 17:51–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foshee CH (1932) Torsion of the appendix testis. JAMA 99:289–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank J, O’Brien M (2002) Fixation of the testis. BJU Int 89:331–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser I, Slater N, Tate C, Smart TG (1985) Testicular torsion does not cause autoimmunisation in man. Br J Surg 72:237–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier WJ, Bucy JG (1975) Manipulation of torsion of the testicle. J Urol 114:410–411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galejs LE, Kass EJ (1999) The diagnosis and treatment of the acute scrotum. Am Fam Phys 59:817–824

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gandia VM, Arrizabalaga M, Leiva O, Diaz Gonzalez R (1987) Polyorchidism discovered as testicular torsion associated with an undescended atrophic contralateral testis: a surgical solution. J Urol 137:743–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garel L, Dubois J, Azzie G, Filiatrault D, Grignon A, Yazbeck S (2000) Preoperative manual detorsion of the spermatic cord with Doppler ultrasound monitoring in patients with intra-vaginal acute testicular torsion. Pediatr Radiol 30:41–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gofrit O, Rund D, Shapiro A, Pappo O, Landau E, Pode D (1998) Segmental testicular infarction due to sickle cell disease. J Urol 160:835–836

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein A, Schreiber L, Matzkin H (2001) The effect of methylene blue on histological damage after spermatic cord torsion in a rat model. BJU Int 88:90–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groisman GM, Naserallah M, Bar-Maor JA (1996) Bilateral intra-uterine testicular torsion in a newborn. BJU 78:800–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guiney EJ, McGlinchey J (1981) Torsion of the testes and the spermatic cord in the newborn. Surg Gynaecol Obstet 152:273–274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadziselimovic F, Geneto R, Emmons LR (1998) Increased apoptosis in the contralateral testes of patients with testicular torsion as a factor for infertility. J Urol 160:1158–1160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadziselimovic F, Geneto R, Emmons LR (1997) Increased apoptosis in the contralateral testis in patients with testicular torsion. Lancet 350:118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagen P, Buchholz M, Eigenmann J, Bandhauer K (1992) Testicular dysplasia causing disturbance of spermiogenesis in patients with unilateral torsion of the testis. Urol Int 49:154–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn LC, Nadel NS, Gitter MH, Vernon A (1975) Testicular scanning: a new modality for the preoperative diagnosis of testicular torsion. J Urol 113:60–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison RG, Lewis-Jones DI, Moreno de Marval MJ, Connolly RC (1981) Mechanism of damage to the contralateral testis in rats with an ischaemic testis. Lancet 2:723–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastie K, Charlton C (1990) Indications for conservative management of acute scrotal pain in children. Br J Surg 77:309–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawtrey CE (1998) Assessment of acute scrotal symptoms and findings. A clinician’s dilemma. Urol ClinNorth Am 25:715–723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes BE, Bessen HA, Haynes VE (1983) The diagnosis and management of acute scrotal conditions in boys. JAMA 249:2522–2527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemalatha V, Rickwood AM (1981) The diagnosis and management of acute scrotal conditions in boys. BJU 53:455–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrikx AJ, De Vries JD, Debruyne FM(1988) Differential diagnosis and therapy in acute disorders of the scrotum (in Dutch). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 132:1142–1145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesser U, Rosenborg M, Gierup J, Karpe B, Nystrom A, Hedenborg L (1993) Gray-scale sonography in torsion of the testicular appendages. Pediatr Radiol 23:529–532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heydenrych JJ (1974) Haemoperitoneum and associated torsion of the testicle in the newborn. S AfrMed J 48:2221–2222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitch DC, Shandling B, Lilly JR (1980) Recognition of bilateral neonatal testicular torsion. Arch Dis Child 55:153–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland JM, Graham JB, Ignatoff JM (1981) Conservative management of twisted testicular appendages. J Urol 125:213–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollman AS, Ingram S, Carachi R, Davis C (1993) Colour Doppler imaging of the acute paediatric scrotum. Paediatr Radiol 23:83–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino H, Abe T, Watanabe H, Katsuoka Y, Kawamura N (1993) Correlation between atmospheric temperature and testicular torsion. Hinyokika Kiyo 39:1031–1034 [English abstract, Article in Japanese]

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard AE, Ayers AB, MacDonald LM, James CE (1984) In utero torsion of the testis: antenatal and postnatal ultrasonic appearances. Br J Radiol 57:644–646

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes ME, Currier SJ, Della-Giustina D (2001) Normal cremasteric reflex in a case of testicular torsion (letter). Am J Emerg Med 19:241–242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa T, Kitagawa N, Shiseki Y, Sumiya H, Shimazaki J (1993) Testicular function after spermatic cord torsion. Hinyokika Kiyo 39:243–248 [English abstract, Article in Japanese]

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram S, Hollman AS, Azmy A (1993) Testicular torsion: missed diagnosis on colour Doppler sonography. Pediatr Radiol 23:483–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iuchtman M, Zoireff L, Assa J (1979) Doppler flowmeter in the differential diagnosis of the acute scrotum in children. J Urol 121:221–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson RH, Perez LM, Joseph DB (1997) Critical analysis of the clinical presentation of acute scrotum: a 9-year experience at a single institution. J Urol 158:1198–1200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jequier S, Patriquin H, Filiatrault D, Garel L, Grignon A, Jequier JC, Petitjeanroget T (1993) Duplex Doppler sonographic examination of the testis in prepubertal boys. J Ultrasound Med 12:317–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jerkins GR, Noe HN, Hollabaugh RS, Allen RG (1983) Spermatic cord torsion in the neonate. J Urol 129:121–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johenning PW (1973) Torsion of the previously operated testicle. J Urol 110:221–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DB, Sarda R, Uehling DT (1999) Mullerian-type epithelial tumor arising within a torsed appendix testis. Urology 54:561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DJ (1991) Recurrent subacute torsion: prospective study of effects on testicular morphology and function. J Urol 145:297–299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DJ, Macreadie D, Morgans BT (1986) Testicular torsion in the armed services: twelve year reviewof 179 cases. Br J Surg 73:624–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones P (1962) Torsion of the testis and its appendages during childhood. Arch Dis Child 37:214–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan GH (1987) Segmental hemorrhagic infarct of testicle. Urology 29:60–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadish HA, Bolte RG (1998) A retrospective review of pediatric patients with epididymitis, testicular torsion, and torsion of testicular appendages. Pediatrics 102:73–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajbafzadeh AM (1996) Bilateral duplication of undescended testes associated with testicular torsion. BJU 78:314–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallerhoff M, Gross AJ, Botefur IC, Zoller G, Weidner W, Holstein AF, Ringert RH (1996) The influence of temperature on changes in pH, lactate and morphology during testicular ischaemia. BJU 78:440–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan G (2000) Scrotal swelling in children. Pediatr Rev 21:311–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan GW, King LR (1970) Acute scrotal swelling in children. J Urol 104:219–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan GW (1977) Acute idiopathic scrotal edema. J Pediatr Surg 12:647–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karagüzel G, Gedikoglu G, Tanyel FC, Büyükpamukçu N, Hiçsömez A (1994a) Is ipsilateral testis mandatory for contralateral testicular damage encountered following spermatic cord torsion? Urol Res 22:115–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karagüzel G, Tanyel FC, Kilinç K, Büyükpamukçu N, Hiçsömez A (1994b) The preventive role of chemical sympathectomy on contralateral testicular hypoxic parameters encountered during unilateral testicular torsion. BJU 74:507–510

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kass EJ, Lundak B (1997) The acute scrotum. Pediatr Clin North Am 44:1251–1266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kass EJ, Stone KT, Cacciarelli AA, Mitchell B (1993) Do all children with an acute scrotum require exploration? J Urol 150:667–669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman JM (1984) Torsion of the spermatic cord in the postnatal period. J Urol 131:351–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay R, Strong DW, Tank ES (1980) Bilateral spermatic cord torsion in the neonate. J Urol 123:293–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiesling VJ, Schroeder DE, Pauljev P, Hull J (1984) Spermatic cord block and manual reduction: primary treatment for spermatic cord torsion. J Urol 132:921–923

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klotz T, Vorreuther R, Heidenreich A, Zumbe J, Engelmann U (1996) Testicular tissue oxygen pressure. J Urol 155:1488–1491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight PJ, Vassy LE (1984) The diagnosis and treatment of the acute scrotum in children and adolescents. Ann Surg 200: 664–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolettis PN, Stowe NT, Inman SR, Thomas AJ (1996) Acute spermatic cord torsion alters the microcirculation of the contralateral testis. J Urol 155:350–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolski JM (1998) Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Urol 160:601–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krarup T (1978) The testes after torsion. Br J Urol 50:43–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntze JR, Lowe P, Ahlering TE (1985) Testicular torsion after orchidopexy. J Urol 134:1209–1210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kursh ED (1981) Traumatic torsion of testicle. Urology 17:441–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laor E, Fisch H, Tennenbaum S, Sesterhenn I, Mostofi K, Reid RE (1990) Unilateral testicular torsion: abnormal histological findings in the contralateral testis-cause or effect? BJU 65:520–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaQuaglia M, Bauer S, Eraklis A, Feins N, Mandell J (1987) Bilateral neonatal torsion. J Urol 138:1051–1054

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KF, Tang YC, Leong HT (2001) Emergency laparoscopic orchidectomy for torsion of intra-abdominal testis: a case report. J R Coll Surg Edinb 46:110–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee LM, Wright JE, McLoughlin MG (1983) Testicular torsion in the adult. J Urol 1983; 130:93–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee FT Jr, Winter DB, Madsen FA, Zagzebski JA, Pozniak MA, Chosy SG, Scanlan KA (1996) Conventional color Doppler velocity sonography versus color Doppler energy sonography for the diagnosis of acute experimental torsion of the spermatic cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167:785–790

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, Huang C, Huang C (2001) Testicular infarction associated with protein S deficiency. J Urol 165:1220–1221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lent V, Stephani A (1993) Eversion of the tunica vaginalis for prophylaxis of testicular torsion recurrences. J Urol 150: 1419–421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner RM, Mevorach RA, Hulbert WC, Rabinowitz R (1990) Color Doppler US in the evaluation of acute scrotal disease. Radiology 176:355–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lester DB, Gummess GH (1961) Torsion of the spermatic cord in the newborn infant. J Urol 86:631–633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy BJ (1975) The diagnosis of torsion of the testicle using the Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope. J Urol 113:63–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis AG, Bukowski TP, Jarvis PD, Wacksman J, Sheldon CA (1995) Evaluation of acute scrotum in the emergency department. J Pediatr Surg 30:277–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loh HS, Jalan OM (1974) Testicular torsion in Henoch-Schönlein syndrome. BMJ 2:96–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Londergan TA (1995) Testicular torsion in a 59-year-old man. J Urol 154:1480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longino LA, Martin LW (1995) Torsion of the spermatic cord in the newborn infant. New Engl J Med 253:695–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lootsma E, Van der Pol JJ (1987) Acute abdomen caused by torsion of an undescended testis (in Dutch). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 131:1490–1492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luscombe CJ, Coppinger SMV, Mountford PJ, Gadd R (1996) Diagnosing testicular torsion. BMJ 312:1358–1359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon RP (1961) Torsion of the testicle in childhood: a painless emergency requiring contralateral orchiopexy. JAMA 178: 702–705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madarikan BA (1987) Testicular salvage following spermatic cord torsion. J Pediatr Surg 22:231–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manson AL (1990) Mumps orchitis. Urology 36:355–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manson AL (1989) Traumatic testicular torsion: case report. J Trauma 29:407–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcozzi D, Suner S (2001) The nontraumatic, acute scrotum. Emerg Med Clin North Am 19:547–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mastrogiacomo I, Zanchetta R, Graziotti P, Betterle C, Scrufari P, Lanbo A (1982) Immunological and clinical studies in patients after spermatic cord torsion. Andrologia 14:25–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matteson JR, Stock JA, Hanna MK, Arnold TV, Nagler HM (2001) Medicolegal aspects of testicular torsion. Urology 57:783–786; discussion 786–787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May RE, Thomas WE (1980) Recurrent torsion of the testis following previous surgical fixation. Br J Surg 67:129–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCombe AW, Scobie WG (1988) Torsion of scrotal contents in children. BJU 61:148–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNellis DR, Rabinovitch HH (1980) Repeat torsion of fixed testis. Urology 16:476–477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melekos MD, Asbach HW, Markou SA (1988) Etiology of acute scrotum in 100 boys with regard to age distribution. J Urol 139:1023–1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melloul M, Paz A, Lask D, Manes A, Mukamel M (1995) The value of radionuclide scrotal imaging in the diagnosis of acute testicular torsion. BJU 76:628–631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez R, Tellado M, Montero M, Rios J, Vela D, Pais E, Lafuente G, Candal J (1998) Acute scrotum: an exceptional presentation of acute nonperforated appendicitis in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 33:1435–1436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mevorach RA, Lerner RM, Greenspan BS, Russ GA, Heckler BL, Orosz JF, Rabinowitz R (1991) Color Doppler ultrasound compared to a radionuclide scanning of spermatic cord torsion in a canine model. J Urol 145:428–433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton WD, Siegel BA, Melson GL, Yates CK, Andriole GL (1990) Acute scrotal disorders: prospective comparison of color Doppler US and testicular scintigraphy. Radiology 177:177–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller DC, Peron SE, Keck RW, Kropp KA (1990) Effects of hypothermia on testicular ischemia. J Urol 143:1046–1048

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milleret R (1976) Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of testicular cord torsion. J Clin Ultrasound 4:425–427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishriki SF, Winkle DC, Frank JD (1992) Fixation of a single testis: always, sometime or never. BJU 69:311–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moharib NH, Krahn HP (1970) Acute scrotum in children with emphasis on torsion of spermatic cord. J Urol 104:601–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morse TS, Hollabaugh RS (1977) The window orchidopexy for prevention of testicular torsion. J Pediatr Surg 12:237–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muschat M (1932) The pathological anatomy of testicular torsion: an explanation of its mechanism. Surg Gynecol Obstet 54:758–763

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers NA (1961) Torsion of the spermatic cord in the neonatal period. Med J Australia 48:793–795

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadel NS, Gitter MH, Hahn LC, Vernon AR (1973) Preoperative diagnosis of testicular torsion. Urology 1:478–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagler HM, DeVere White R (1982) The effect of testicular torsion on the contralateral testis. J Urol 128:1343–1348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo VV, Boniaszczuk J, Potgieter JD, Pontin A (1994) Scrotal scintigraphy in bilateral adolescent testicular torsion. BJU 74:804–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakielny RA, Thomas WE, Jackson P, Jones M, Davies ER (1984) Radionuclide evaluation of acute scrotal disease. Clin Radiol 35:125–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Napolez A (2001) Unilateral testicular torsion in a neonate. Am J Emerg Med 19:524–525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash WG (1893) Acute torsion of the spermatic cord: reduction: immediate relief. BMJ 1:742–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen L, Lievano G, Ghosh L, Radhakrishnan, Fornell L, John E (1999) Effect of unilateral testicular torsion on blood flow and histology of contralateral testes. J Pediatr Surg 34:680–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura K, Namba Y, Nozawa M, Sugao H, Oka T, Osafune M (1996) Clinical studies on acute scrotum-focusing on torsion of the spermatic cord. Hinyokika Kiyo 42:723–727 [English abstract, Article in Japanese]

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noske H, Kraus B, Altinkilic B, Weidner W (1998) Historical milestones regarding torsion of the scrotal organs. J Urol 159:13–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nour S, Mackinnon AE (1991) Acute scrotal swelling in children. J R Coll Surg Edinb 36:392–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Conor VJ (1933) Torsion of the spermatic cord. Surg Gynecol Obstet 57:242–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Oguzkurt P, Okur DH, Tanyel FC, Büyükpamukçu N, Hiçsönmez A (1998) The effects of vasodilatation and chemical sympathectomy on spermatogenesis after unilateral testicular torsion: a flow cytometric DNA analysis. BJU 82:104–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JS, Cromie WJ, Plzak LF, Leff AR (1997) A platelet activating factor antagonist attenuates the effects of testicular ischemia. J Urol 158:1186–1190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JS, Cromie WJ, Lee RC (1998) Surfactant administration reduces testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Urol 159:2136–2139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paltiel HJ, Connolly LP, Atala A, Paltiel AD, Zurakowski D, Treves ST (1998) Acute scrotal symptoms in boys with an indeterminate clinical presentation: comparison of color Doppler sonography and scintigraphy. Radiology 207:223–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker RM, Robison JR (1971) Anatomy and diagnosis of torsion of the testicle. J Urol 106:243–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascoe JR, Ellenburg TV, Culbertson MR Jr, Meagher DM (1981) Torsion of the spermatic cord in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:242–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patriquin HB, Yazbeck S, Trinh B, Jequier S, Burns PN, Grignon A, Filiatrault D, Garel L, Dubois J (1993) Testicular torsion in infants and children: diagnosis with Doppler sonography. Radiology 188:781–785

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perri AJ, Slachta GA, Feldman AE, Kendall AR, Karafin L (1976) The Doppler stethoscope and the diagnosis of the acute scrotum. J Urol 116:598–600

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson CG (1961) Testicular torsion and infarction in the newborn. J Urol 85:65–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Phipps JH (1987) Torsion of testis following orchidopexy. BJU 59:596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto KJ, Noe NH, Jerkins GR (1997) Management of neonatal testicular torsion. J Urol 158:1196–1197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock WB (1981) Spermatic cord torsion in a dog. Mod Vet Pract 62:216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porpiglia F, Destefanis P, Fiori C, Tarabuzzi R, Fontana D (2001) Laparoscopic diagnosis andmanagement of acute intra-abdominal testicular torsion. J Urol 166:600–601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prater JM, Overdorf BS (1991) Testicular torsion: a surgical emergency. Am Fam Physician 44:834–840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prehn DT (1934) A new sign in the differential diagnosis between torsion of the spermatic cord and epididymitis. J Urol 32:191–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryor JL, Watson LR, Day DL, Abbitt PL, Howards SS, Gonzalez R, Reinberg Y (1994) Scrotal ultrasound for evaluation of subacute testicular torsion: sonographic findings and adverse clinical implications. J Urol 151:693–697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puri P, Barton D, O’Donnell B (1985) Prepubertal testicular torsion: subsequent fertility. J Pediatr Surg 20:598–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz R, Hulbert WC Jr (1995) Acute scrotal swelling. Urol Clin North Am 22:101–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz R (1984) The importance of the cremasteric reflex in acute scrotal swelling in children. J Urol 132:89–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rampaul MS, Hosking SW (1998) Testicular torsion: most delay occurs outside hospital. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 80:169–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ransler CW, Allen TD (1982) Torsion of the spermatic cord. Urol Clin North Am 9:245–250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redman JF, Barthold SJ (1995) A technique for atraumatic scrotal pouch orchidopexy in the management of testicular torsion. J Urol 154:1511–1512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez DD, Rodriguez WC, Rivera JJ, Rodriguez S, Otero AA (1981) Doppler ultrasound versus testicular scanning in the evaluation of the acute scrotum. J Urol 125:343–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez LE, Kaplan GW (1988) An experimental study of methods to produce intrascrotal testicular fixation. J Urol 139:565–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryken TC, Turner JW, Haynes T (1990) Bilateral testicular torsion in a pre-term neonate. J Urol 143:102–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salman AB, Kilinç K, Tanyel FC (1997) Torsion of only spermatic cord in the absence of testis and/or epididymis results in contralateral testicular hypoxia. Urol Res 25:413–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarica K, Bakir K (1999) Semiquantitative evaluation of testicular histology after testicular torsion: protective effect of external cooling. Urol Int 63:110–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarica K, Bakir K, Yagci F, Erbagci A, Topcu O, Uysal O (1999) Unilateral testicular torsion: protective effect of verapamil on contralateral testicular histology. Urol Int 62:159–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarioglu-Buke A, Erdem S, Gedikoglu G, Bingol-Kologlu M, Tanyel FC (2001) Capsaicin effectively prevents apoptosis in the contralateral testis after ipsilateral testicular torsion. BJU Int 88:787–789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawchuk T, Costabile RA, Howards SS, Rogers BM (1993) Spermatic cord torsion in an infant receiving human chorionic gonadotrophin. J Urol 150:1212–1213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider RE, Laycob LM, Griffin WT (1973) Testicular torsion in utero. Am J Obstet Gynec 117:1126–1127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulsinger D, Glassberg K, Strashun A (1991) Intermittent torsion: association with horizontal lie of the testicle. J Urol 145:1053–1055

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah SN, Miller BM, Geisler E (1992) Polyorchidism discovered as testicular torsion. Urology 39:543–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shefi S, Haskel Y (1998) Simultaneous bilateral testicular torsion in an adult. J Urol 159:206–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon CA (1985) Undescended testis and testicular torsion. Surg Clin North Am 65:1303–1329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidler D, Brown R, Millar A, Rode H, Cywes S (1997) A 25-year review of the acute scrotum in children. S Afr Med J 87:1696–1698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel M, Herman TE (1994) Special imaging casebook. Neonatal spermatic cord torsion and testicular infarction. J Perinatol 14:431–432

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinisi AA, Di Finizio B, Lettieri F, Pasquali D, Scurini C, De Bellis A, Bellastella A (1993) Late gonadal function and autoimmunization in familial testicular torsion. Arch Androl 30:147–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoglund RW, McRoberts JW, Ragde H (1970a) Torsion of testicular appendages: presentations of 43 cases and a collective review. J Urol 104:598–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoglund RW, McRoberts JW, Ragde H (1970b) Torsion of the spermatic cord: a review of the literature and an analysis of 70 new cases. J Urol 104:604–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith G (1955) Cellular changes from graded testicular ischemia. J Urol 73:355–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonda LP, Lapides J (1961) Experimental torsion of the spermatic cord. Surg Forum 12:502–504

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks JP (1971) Torsion of the testis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 49:77–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhardt G, Boyarsky S, Mackey R (1993) Testicular torsion: pitfalls of color Doppler sonography. J Urol 150:461–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart JO, Maiti AK (1985) Familial torsion of the testicle. BJU 57:190–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stillwell TJ, Kramer SA (1986) Intermittent testicular torsion. Pediatrics 77:908–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone KT, Kass EJ, Cacciarelli AA, Gibson DP (1995) Management of suspected antenatal torsion: what is the best strategy? J Urol 153:782–784

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss S (1997) Torsion of the testicular appendages: sonographic appearance. J Ultrasound Med 16:189–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanyel FC, Büyükpamukçu N, Hiçsönmez A (1989) Contralateral testicular blood flow during unilateral testicular torsion. BJU 63:522–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MR (1897) A case of testicle strangulation at birth; castration; recovery. BMJ 1:458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas WE, Williamson RC (1983) Diagnosis and outcome of testicular torsion. Br J Surg 70:213–216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas WE, Crane GA, Cooper MJ, Lee G, Williamson RCN (1984) Testicular exocrinemalfunction after torsion. Lancet 2:1357–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson IM, Latourette H, Chadwick S, Ross G, Lichti E (1975) Diagnosis of testicular torsion using Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. Urology 6:706–707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston A, Whitaker R (1983) Torsion of testis after previous testicular surgery. Br J Surg 70:217–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripp BM, Homsy YL (1995) Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral neonatal torsion. A case report. J Urol 153:1990–1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tryfonas G, Violaki A, Tsikopoulo G, Avtzoglou P, Zioutis J, Limas C, Gregoriadis G, Badouraki M (1994) Late postoperative results in males treated for testicular torsion during childhood. J Pediatr Surg 29:553–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulchinsky M, Eggli DF (1992) Scintigraphy of torsion in triorchidism. J Nucl Med 33:1854–1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turek PJ, Ewalt DH, Snyder HM, Snyder HM 3rd, Stampfers D, Blyth B, Huff DS, Duckett JW (1994) The absent cryptorchid testis: surgical findings and their implications for diagnosis and etiology. J Urol 151:718–720; discussion 720–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner TT (1987) On unilateral testicular and epididymal torsion: no effect on the contralateral testis. J Urol 138:1285–1290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urwin GH, Kehoe N, Dundas S, Fox M (1986) Testicular infarction in a patient with sickle cell trait. BJU 58:340–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Glabeke E, Khairouni A, Larroquet M, Audry G, Gruner M (1999) Acute scrotal pain in children: results of 543 surgical explorations. Pediatr Surg Int 15:353–357

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visser AJ, Heyns CF (2003) Testicular function after torsion of the spermatic cord. BJU Int 92:200–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser AJ, Heyns CF (2004) Torsion of the testis and its appendages: diagnosis and management. Afr J Urol 10:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Vordermark JS (1984) Testicular torsion: management with ultrasonic Doppler flow detector. Urology 14:41–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, PC (1998) Campbells urology, 7th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2184–2186

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasnick RJ, Steigman E, Macchia RJ (1981) Simultaneous bilateral torsion of the testes in a man. J Urol 125:427–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe Y, Dohke M, Ohkubo K, Ishimori T, Amoh Y, Okumura A, Oda K, Hayashi T, Dodo Y, Arai Y (2000) Scrotal disorders: evaluation of testicular enhancement patterns at dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MR imaging. Radiology 217:219–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkin NA, Reiger NA, Moisey CU (1996) Is the conservative management of the acute scrotum justified on clinical grounds? BJU 78:623–627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weingarten JL, Garafalo FA, Cromie WJ (1990) Bilateral synchronous neonatal torsion of the spermatic cord. Urology 35:135–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitesel JA (1971) Intrauterine and newborn torsion of spermatic cord. J Urol 106:786–787

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilbert DM, Schaerfe CW, Stern WD, Strohmaier WL, Bichler KH (1993) Evaluation of the acute scrotum by color-coded Doppler ultrasonography. J Urol 149:1475–1477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson RCN (1976) Torsion of the testis and allied conditions. Br J Surg 63:465–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson RCN (1985) The continuing conundrum of testicular torsion. Br J Surg 72:509–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson RCN, Thomas WEG (1984) Sympathetic orchiopathia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 66:264–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witherington R, Jarrell TS (1990) Torsion of the spermatic cord in adults. J Urol 143:62–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witte M, Kim ED, Lipshultz LI (1998) Torsion in a triorchid testis. J Urol 159:1694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhead DM, Pohl DR, Johnson DE (1973) Fertility of patients with solitary testes. J Urol 109:66–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yazawa H, Sasagawa I, Suzuki Y, Nakada T (2001) Glucocorticoid hormone can suppress apoptosis of rat testicular germ cells induced by testicular ischemia. Fertil Steril 75:980–985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yazbeck S, Patriquin HB (1994) Accuracy of Doppler sonography in the evaluation of acute conditions of the scrotum in children. J Pediatr Surg 29:1270–1272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youssef BA, Sammak BM, Al Shahed M (2000) Case report. Pre-natally diagnosed testicular torsion ultrasonographic features. Clin Radiol 55:150–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanchetta R, Mastrogiacomo I, Graziotti P, Foresta C, Betterle C (1984) Autoantibodies against Leydig cells in patients after spermatic cord torsion. Clin Exp Immunol 55:49–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zielie PJ, Haveran LA, Fung LC (2002) Diagnosing pediatric testicular torsion with a high degree of accuracy using a clinically based protocol. J Urol 167(Suppl) 255

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoeller G, Ringert RH (1991) Colour-coded duplex sonography for the diagnosis of testis torsion. J Urol 146:1288–1290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Heyns, C.F., Visser, A.J. (2006). Testicular Torsion. In: Schill, WB., Comhaire, F., Hargreave, T.B. (eds) Andrology for the Clinician. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33713-X_38

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33713-X_38

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23171-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-33713-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics