Skip to main content

Observations of Young Stellar Objects (YSO)

  • Chapter
Physics of Star Formation in Galaxies

Part of the book series: Saas-Fee Advanced Courses ((SAASFEE,volume 29))

  • 273 Accesses

Abstract

This lecture course is unusual in that it consists of a body of real observing proposals, submitted to various time allocation committees in the years 1996–1999. In all cases the observations have already been conducted; a summary and reference to published results are given at the end of each proposal. I am grateful to my co-investigators B. Brandl, W. Brandner, A. Brown, M. J. McCaughrean, Th. Preibisch, B. Reipurth, Th. Stanke, K. Stapelfeldt, and A. Quirrenbach for their permission to use these proposals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. J. Bally, A. A. Stark, R.W. Wilson, W.D. Langer: ApJ 312, L45 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. C. A. Beichman, P.C. Myers, J.P. Emerson et al: ApJ 307, 337 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Blaauw: ‘OB associations and the fossil record of star formation’. In: The physics of star formation and early stallar evolution ed. by Ch. J. Lada, N. D. Kylafis (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991) p. 125

    Google Scholar 

  4. A.G.A. Brown, A. Blaauw, R. Hoogerwerf, J.H. J. deBruijne, P. T. deZeeuw: ‘OB associations’. In: The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems ed. by Ch. J. Lada, N. D. Kylafis (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999) p. 411

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. Chini, B. Reipurth, D. Ward-Thompson et al.: ApJ 474, L135 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. M. J. Claussen, K.B. Marvel, A. Wootten, B. A. Wilking: ApJ 507, L79 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. E.D. Feigelson, Th. Montmerle: ARA&A 37, 363 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. G. Garay, S. Lizano: PASP 111, 1049 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Guillout, J.H.M.M. Schmitt, D. Egret et al: A&A 351, 1003 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Kogure, S. Yoshida, S.D. Wiramihardja et al.: PASJ 41, 1195 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Kurtz, E. Churchwell, D.O.S. Wood: ApJS 91, 659 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. E. A. Lada, J. Bally, A. A. Stark: ApJ 368, 432 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. K.M. Menten, M. J. Reid: ApJ 445, 157 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. P.G. Mezger, R. Zylka, J.E. Wink: A&A 228, 95 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. F. Motte, P. André, R. Neri: A&A 336, 150 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Neuhäuser: Science 276, 1363 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Reipurth: Low mass star formation in southern molecular clouds ed. by B. Reipurth (ESO: ESO Garching 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  18. M. Rosa, S. Dodorico: ‘The exciting stars of giant extragalactic H II regions’. In: Luminous stars and associations in galaxies; Proceedings of the Symposium, Porto-Kheli, Greece, May 26–31, 1985 (D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, 1986) p. 355

    Google Scholar 

  19. S. Sharpless: ApJS 4, 257 (1959)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. W. Stahler, F. Palla, P. T. P. Ho: ‘The Formation of Massive Stars’. In: Proto-stars and Planets IV, ed. by V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, S. S. Russell, (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2000) p. 327

    Google Scholar 

  21. Th. Stanke: An unbiased infrared H2 search for embedded flows from young stars in Orion A. PhD Thesis, Universität Potsdam (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  22. K. Tatematsu, T. Umemoto, O. Kameya et al.: ApJ 404, 643 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. K. Tatematsu, T. Umemoto, M.H. Heyer et al.: ApJS 118, 517 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Testi, A.I. Sargent: ApJ 508, L91 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. A.J. Walsh, M. G. Burton, A.R. Hyland, G. Robinson: MNRAS 301, 640 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Wang, N. J. Evans, Sh. Zhou, D.P. Clemens: ApJ 454, 217 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. J. P. Williams, P. C. Myers: ‘BIMA observations of infall in L1544: a young starless core in Taurus’. In: The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium, Proceedings of the 3rd Cologne-Zermatt Symposium, held in Zermatt, September 22–25, 1998 ed. by V. Ossenkopf, J. Stutzki, G. Winnewisser (GCA-Verlag Herdecke, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. O. S Wood, E. Churchwell: ApJS 69, 831 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sh. Zhou, N. J. Evans, C. Koempe, CM. Walmsley: ApJ 404, 232 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. H. Zinnecker, M.J. McCaughrean, B.A. Wilking: Protostars and Planets III (Univ. of Arizona Press), eds. E.G. Levy and J. Lunine, p. 429 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. S.V. W. Beckwith, A.I. Sargent, R.S. Chini, R. Guesten: AJ 99, 924 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ch. J. Burrows, K.R. Stapelfeldt, A.M. Watson et al: ApJ 473, 437 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, G. Duvert et al.: A&A 309, 493 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.E. Krist, K.R. Stapelfeldt, Ch. J. Burrows et al.: ApJ 501, 841 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. P.W. Lucas, P.F. Roche: MNRAS 286, 895 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. R.D. Mathieu: ARAA 32, 465 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. M. J. McCaughrean & C.R. O’Dell: AJ 111, 1977 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. J. McCaughrean, K. R. Stapelfeldt, L. M. Close: ‘High-Resolution Optical and Near-Infrared Imaging of Young Circumstellar Disks’. In: Protostars and Planets IV, ed. by A. P. Boss, S. S. Russell (University of Arizona Press, Tucson 2000) p. 485

    Google Scholar 

  9. D. Padgett, W. Brandner, K.R. Stapelfeldt et al.: AJ 117, 1490 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Richling, H.W. Yorke: A&A 327, 317 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. K. Stapelfeldt, Ch. J. Burrows, J. E. Krist: ‘Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Disks and Jets of Taurus Young Stellar Objects’. In: Herbig-Haro Flows and the Birth of Stars; IAU Symposium No. 182, ed. by B. Reipurth, C. Bertout (Kluwer Academic Publishers 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  12. K.R. Stapelfeldt, J.E. Krist, F. Menard et al.: ApJ 502, L65 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Zinnecker, M. J. McCaughrean, J.T. Rayner: Nature 394, 862 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. Ch. J. Burrows, K.R. Stapelfeldt, A.M. Watson et al: ApJ 473, 437 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. B. Draine: ApJ 241, 1021 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. Eislöffel, C. J. Davis, T. P. Ray, R. Mundt: ApJ 422, L91 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Fernandes, P.W. J.L. Brand: MNRAS 274, 639 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Gredel, B. Reipurth: ApJ, 407, L29 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. R. Gredel, B. Reipurth: A&A, 289, L19 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. R. Gredel, B. Reipurth, S. Heathcote: A&A, 266, 439 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. P. Hartigan, J. Carpenter, C. Dougados, M.F. Skrutskie: AJ, 111, 1278 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. M. J. McCaughrean, J.T. Rayner, H. Zinnecker: ApJ, 436, L189 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. J. McCaughrean, A.I. Sargent: in preparation (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  11. B. Reipurth: Nature, 340, 42 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. B. Reipurth: ‘A General Catalogue of Herbig-Haro Objects’, Electronically published via anon, ftp to ftp.hq.eso.org, directory pub /Catalogs /Herbig-Haro, (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  13. B. Reipurth, M. Olberg: A&A, 246, 535 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. B. Reipurth, S. Heathcote: In: STScI Symposium Astrophysical Jets, ed. by D. Burgarella, M. Livio, C. P. O’Dea (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993) p. 35

    Google Scholar 

  15. B. Reipurth, J. Cernicharo: ‘Herbig-Haro Jets at Optical, Infrared and Millimeter Wavelengths’. In: Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Serie de Conferencias, Vol. 1, Circumstellar Disks, Outflows and Star Formation, Cozumel, Mexico, Nov 28–Dec 2, 1994, ed. by S. Lizano, J.M. Torrelles, (1995) p. 43

    Google Scholar 

  16. B. Reipurth, A. C. Raga, S. Heathcote: ApJ, 392, 145 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Reipurth, R. Chini, E. Krügel, E. Kreysa, A. Sievers: A&A, 273, 221 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. B. Reipurth, J. Bally, D. Devine: AJ 114, 2708 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. B. Reipurth, P. Hartigan, S. Heathcote, J. Morse, J. Bally: AJ, 114, 757 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. L.F. Rodriguez, B. Reipurth: A&A, 281, 882 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. M.D. Smith, P.W.J.L. Brand: MNRAS, 245, 108 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Stahler: ApJ, 422, 616 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. K.R. Stapelfeldt, N. Z. Scoville: ApJ, 408, 239 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. G.A. Wouterloot, CM. Walmsley: A&A, 168, 237 (1986)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. Yang, N. Ohashi, J. Yan, C. Liu, N. Kaifu, H. Kimura: ApJ, 475, 683 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. H. Zinnecker, P. Bastien, J.P. Acoragi, H.W. Yorke: ApJ, 265, 726 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Zinnecker, M. J. McCaughrean, J.T. Rayner: ‘HH 212: The Most Beautiful Protostellar Jet Known to Date’. In: Disks and Outflows Around Young Stars, Proceedings of a Conference Held at Heidelberg, Germany 6–9 September 1994, ed. by S. V. W. Beckwith, J. Staude, A. Quetz, A. Natta, (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1996), Also: Lecture Notes in Physics 465, 236 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  28. H. Zinnecker, M. J. McCaughrean, J. T. Rayner: ‘A symmetrically pulsed jet of gas from an invisible protostar in Orion’, Nature 394, 862 (1998) (HH212)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. B. Reipurth: ‘Disintegrating Multiple Systems in Early Stellar Evolution’, AJ 120, 3177 (2000) (HH111)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. P. André, D. Ward-Thompson, M. Barsony: ApJ, 406, 122 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. R.D. Blandford, D.G. Payne: MNRAS, 199, 883 (1982)

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Camenzind: ‘Energetics, Collimation and Propagation of Galactic Proto-stellar Outflows. Views and Perspectives’. In: Herbig-Haro Flows and the Birth of Stars; IAU Symposium No. 182, ed. by B. Reipurth, C. Bertout (Kluwer Academic Publishers 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  4. R. Chini, B. Reipurth, D. Ward-Thompson et al: ApJ, 474, L135 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. R. E. Pudritz, C.A. Norman: ApJ, 301, 571 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. B. Reipurth, R. Chini, E. Krügel et al.: A&A, 273, 221 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. T. Stanke, M. J. McCaughrean, H. Zinnecker: A&A, 332, 307 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. K. Tatematsu, T. Umemoto, O. Kameya et al.: ApJ, 404, 643 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Ward-Thompson: Ap&SS, 239, 151 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. D. Ward-Thompson, P. P. Scott, R. E. Hills, P. André: MNRAS, 268, 276 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. H. Zinnecker, M. J. McCaughrean, J.T. Rayner: ‘HH 212: The Most Beautiful Protostellar Jet Known to Date’. In: Disks and Outflows Around Young Stars, Proceedings of a Conference Held at Heidelberg, Germany 6–9 September 1994, ed. by S. V. W. Beckwith, J. Staude, A. Quetz, A. Natta, (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1996) Also: Lecture Notes in Physics 465, 236 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  12. H. Zinnecker, M. J. McCaughrean, J.T. Rayner: Nature, 394, 862 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. A. Königl: ‘Theory of Outflows’, Review. In: Disks and outflows around young stars, Proceedings of a Conference Held at Heidelberg, Germany 6–9 September 1994, ed. by S. Beckwith, J. Staude, A. Quetz, A. Natta (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1996) Also: Lecture Notes in Physics 465, 282 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  2. C. J. Lada: ARAA 23, 267 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. R.D. Mathieu: ARAA 32, 465 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Quirrenbach: ‘Operating the VLTI in the thermal infrared’. In: Science with the VLT Interferometer, Proceedings of the ESO workshop, held at Garching, Germany, 18–21 June 1996, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York 1997) p. 385

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. Quirrenbach, H. Zinnecker: ‘Adaptive optics observations of molecular hydrogen towards TTauri’. In: Adaptive Optics and Applications, SPIE Vol. 3126, 249 (1997); see also Msngr 87, 36 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  6. T. Stanke, M. J. McCaughrean, H. Zinnecker: A&A 332, 307 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. K. Tatematsu: ApJ 404, 643 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. H. Zinnecker, M. J. McCaughrean, J.T. Rayner: Nature 394, 862 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. F. D’Antona, I. Mazzitelli: ApJS 90, 467 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. S.V.W. Beckwith, A.I. Sargent, R.S. Chini, R. Güsten: AJ 99, 924 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. E. J. de Geus: AA 262, 258 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  4. A.M. Ghez, G. Neugebauer, K. Matthews: AJ 106, 2005 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. W. E. Kunkel: Untersuchungen massearmer Sterne in der Scorpius-Centaurus Assoziation mit ROSAT. PhD Thesis, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ch. Leinert, H. Zinnecker, N. Weitzel et al.: AA 278, 129 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. M.R. Meyer, B. A. Wilking, H. Zinnecker: AJ 105, 619 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. G.E. Miller, J.M. Scalo: PASP 90, 506 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. S.L. Skinner, A. Brown, F.M. Walter: AJ 102, 1742 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. M.F. Skrutskie, D. Dutkevitch, S.E. Strom et al.: AJ 99, 1187 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. F.M. Walter, L.V. Kuhi: ApJ 284, 194 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. F.M. Walter, F. J. Vrba, R.D. Mathieu, A. Brown, P.C. Myers: AJ 107, 692 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. S.J. Aarseth, J. G. Hills: A&A 21, 225 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  2. H. A. Abt: ARAA 21, 343 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. P. Artymowicz, S.H. Lubow: ApJ 421, 651 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. M.R. Bate, I. A. Bonnell: MNRAS 285, 33 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. P. Bodenheimer: ApJ 224, 488 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. LA. Bonnell, P. Bastien: ApJ 401, 654 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. I. A. Bonnell, M.R. Bate: MNRAS 269, L45 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. W. Brandner, J.M. Alcalá, M. Kunkel, A. Moneti, H. Zinnecker: A&A 307, 121 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. W. Brandner, H. Zinnecker: A&A 321, 220 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. C. J. Clarke: ‘The Formation of Binaries in Small N Clusters’. In: The origins, evolution, and destinies of binary stars in clusters, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 90, An international symposium held at the University of Calgary, 18–23 June 1995, ed. by E. F. Milone, J.-C. Mermilliod (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1996), p. 242

    Google Scholar 

  11. F. D’Antona, I. Mazzitelli: ApJS 90, 467 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Duquennoy, M. Mayor: A&A 248, 485 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Forestini: A&A 285, 473 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. A.M. Ghez, G. Neugebauer, K. Matthews: AJ 106, 2005 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. A.M. Ghez et al.: AJ 110, 753 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. A.M. Ghez, D.W. McCarthy, J.L. Patience, T.L. Beck: ApJ 481, 378 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. R. Gredel, B. Reipurth: ApJ 407, L29 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. P. Hartigan, K.M. Strom, S.E. Strom: ApJ 427, 961 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. W.D. Heintz: J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada 63(6), 275 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. K.-W. Hodapp, E.F. Ladd: ApJ 453, 715 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. L.B.G. Knee, G. Sandell: A&A 361, 671 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. C.D. Koresko, T.M. Herbst, Ch. Leinert: ApJ 480, 741 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Kroupa: MNRAS 277, 1491 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. R.B. Larson: MNRAS 272, 213 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ch. Leinert, H. Zinnecker, N. Weitzel et al.: A&A 278, 129 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ch. Leinert, A. Richichi, M. Haas: A&A 318, 472 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. O. Malkov, H. Zinnecker: MNRAS 321, 149 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. B. D. Mason et al.: ‘First Results of a Speckle Survey of O Stars’. In: The origins, evolution, and destinies of binary stars in clusters, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 90, An international symposium held at the University of Calgary, 18–23 June 1995, ed. by E.F. Milone, J.-C. Mermilliod (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1996), p. 40

    Google Scholar 

  29. R.D. Mathieu: ARA&A 32, 465 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. J. McCaughrean, H. Zinnecker: in prep.

    Google Scholar 

  31. A. Moneti, H. Zinnecker: A&A 242, 428 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. T. Mouschovias: ApJ 211, 147 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. F. Palla, S.W. Stahler: ApJ 418, 414 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ch. F. Prosser, J.R. Stauffer, L. Hartmann et al.: ApJ 421, 517 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. B. Reipurth, H. Zinnecker: A&A 278, 81 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. F.H. Shu, F.C. Adams, S. Lizano: ARA&A 25, 23 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Simon, A.M. Ghez, Ch. Leinert: ApJ 408, L33 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. M. Simon, A.M. Ghez, Ch. Leinert: ApJ 443, 625 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. H. Zinnecker: MNRAS 210, 43 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. H. Zinnecker: ‘Pre-Main Sequence Binaries’. In: Low Mass Star Formation and Pre-Main Sequence Objects, ESO Workshop in Garching, 11–13 July 1989, ed. by B. Reipurth, (ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 33), p. 447

    Google Scholar 

  41. H. Zinnecker, W. Brandner, B. Reipurth: In: Complemantary Approaches to Double and Multiple Star Research(1992) Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 32, Meeting held at Pine Mountain, Georgia, 5–10 April 1992, ed. by H. A. McAlister, W. I. Hartkopf (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1992), p. 50

    Google Scholar 

  42. H. Zinnecker, B. Wilking: ‘Infrared Companions-Clues to Binary Star Formation’. In: Binaries as Tracers of Stellar Formation, Proceedings of a Workshop held in Bettmeralp, Switzerland, Sept. 1991, ed. by A. Duquennoy, M. Mayor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York 1992) p. 269

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. T.W. Berghöfer, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, J.P. Cassinelli: A&AS 118, 481 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. I. A. Bonnell: NATO Science Ser. Vol. 540, p479 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  3. I. A. Bonnell, M.R. Bate, H. Zinnecker: MNRAS 298, 93 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. W. Brandner, H. Zinnecker: A&A 321, 220 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. W. Brandner, J.M. Alcala, M. Kunkel et al: A&A 307, 121 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. W. Brandner, R. Köhler: ApJ 499, L79 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. A.G. A. Brown, W. Verschueren: A&A 319, 811 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. A.G. A. Brown, A. Blaauw, R. Hoogerwerf, J.H. J. de Bruijne, P.T. de Zeeuw: NATO Science Ser. Vol. 50, p411 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  9. J.H. J. de Bruijne,: MNRAS, 310, 585 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. P. T. de Zeeuw, R. Hoogerwerf, J. H. J. de Bruijne, A. G. A. Brown, A. Blaauw: AJ 117, 354 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Duquennoy, M. Mayor: A&A 248, 485 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. R. Hoogerwerf: MNRAS, 313, 43 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Köhler, M. Kunkel, C. Leinert, H. Zinnecker: A&A, 356, 541 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Kuzmin, G. Høe, U. Bastian et al.: A&AS 136, 491 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ch. Leinert, H. Zinnecker, N. Weitzel et al.: A&A 278, 129 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Levato, S. Malaroda, N. Morrell, G. Solivella: ApJS 64, 487 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. T. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker: AJ 117, 2381 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Preibisch, Y. Balega, K.-H. Hofmann, G. Weigelt, H. Zinnecker: NewA 4, 531 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. D. Schoenberner, P. Harmanec: A&A 294, 509 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. S.E. Urban, T.E. Corbin, G.L. Wycoff: AJ 115, 2161 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. W. Verschueren, M. David, A. G. A. Brown: ‘A Search for Early-Type Binaries in the SCO OB2 Association’. In: The Origins, Evolution and Destinies of Binary Stars in Clusters, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 90, An international symposium held at the University of Calgary, 18–23 June 1995, ed. by E. F. Milone, J.-C. Mermilliod (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1996) p. 131

    Google Scholar 

  22. G. Weigelt, Y. Balega, Th. Preibisch et al: A&A 347, L15 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. H.A. Abt, R. Wang, O. Cardona: ApJ 367, 155 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. R. Behrend, A. Maeder: AfeA 373, 190 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  3. I. A. Bonnell, M.R. Bate, H. Zinnecker: MNRAS 298, 93 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Bossi, A. Gaspani, M. Scardia, M. Tadini: A&A 222, 117 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Duquennoy, M. Mayor: A&A 248, 485 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. G.H. Herbig, D.M. Terndrup: ApJ 307, 609 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. L.A. Hillenbrand: AJ 113, 1733 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. L.A. Hillenbrand, L.W. Hartmann: ApJ 492, 540 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. K.-H. Hofmann, W. Seggewiss, G. Weigelt: A&A 300, 403 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. H. Levato, H. A. Abt: PASP 88, 712 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. A.W. Lohmann, G. Weigelt, B. Wirnitzer: Appl. Opt. 22, 4028 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. P. Norberg, A. Maeder: A&A 359, 1025 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. M.G. Petr, V. Du Foresto, S.V.M. Beckwith: ApJ 500, 825 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Th. Preibisch, Y. Balega, K.-H. Hofmann, G. Weigelt, H. Zinnecker: New Astronomy 4, 531 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Scalo: ‘The IMF Revisited: A Case for Variations’. In: The Stellar Initial Mass Function, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 142, 38th Herstmonceux Conference, ed. by G. Gilmore, D. Howell, (1998) p. 201

    Google Scholar 

  16. M. Simon, L.M. Close, T.L. Beck: AJ 117, 1375 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. S. W. Stahler, F. Palla, P. T. P. Ho: ‘The Formation of Massive Stars’. In: Proto-stars and Planets IV, ed. by V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, S. S. Russell, (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2000) p. 327

    Google Scholar 

  18. G. Weigelt: Opt. Commun. 21, 55 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. G. Weigelt, Y. Balega, Th. Preibisch, D. Schertl, M. Scholler, H. Zinnecker: A&A 347, L15 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. H. W. Yorke, E. Krügel: A&A 54, 183 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. W. Yorke: ‘Formation of Massive Stars by Accretion’ in The earliest phases of massive starbirth, Proc. Hot Star Workshop III, Boulder, Colorado (2001), ed. P. Crowther

    Google Scholar 

  22. B. Garcia, J.C. Mermilliod, A&A, 368, 122 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. A. Blaauw: The Physics of Star Formation and Early Stellar Evolution, ed. by C. J. Lada and N.D. Kylafis, (1991) p. 125

    Google Scholar 

  2. E. J. de Geus, P.T. de Zeeuw, J. Lub: A&A 216, 44 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. G.H. Herbig: ApJ 497, 736 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Kunkel: PhD Thesis, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  5. G.E. Miller, J.M. Scalo: PASP 90, 506 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. G.E. Miller, J.M. Scalo: ApJS 41, 513 (1979)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. F. Palla, S.W. Stahler: ApJ 525, 772 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Th. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker, G. H. Herbig: A&A 310, 456 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Th. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker, E. Guenther et al.: A&A 333, 619 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Th. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker, E. Guenther et al.: ASP Conference Series 154, 1780 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Th. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker: AJ 117, 2381 (1999) [PZ99]

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Th. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker: ‘Star formation in the Upper Scorpius OB association: evidence for a supernova-triggered mini-starburst’. In: Stellar Clusters and Associations: Convection, Rotation, and Dynamos., ed. by R. Pallavicini, G. Micela, S. Sciortino, Proceedings from ASP Conference, 198, 219 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  13. F.M. Walter, F. J. Vrba, R.D. Mathieu, A. Brown, P.C. Myers: AJ 107, 692 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. P.T. de Zeeuw, R. Hoogerwerf, J.H. J. de Bruijne: AJ 117, 354 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

References

  1. F. D’Antona, I. Mazzitelli: ApJS 90, 467 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. D.L. Harris, W.W. Morgan, N. G. Roman: ApJ 119, 622 (1954)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. G.H. Herbig: PASP 66, 19 (1954)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. G.H. Herbig: ApJ 497, 736 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Krautter: ‘The impact of ROSAT observations on our understanding of star forming regions’. In: Cool stars; stellar systems; and the sun: 9: Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, volume 109; Proceedings of the 9th Cambridge workshop; held 3–6 October 1995 in Florence; Italy, ed. by R. Pallavicini, A. K. Dupree (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1996) p. 395

    Google Scholar 

  6. E.A. Lada, C. J. Lada: AJ 109, 1682 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Th. Montmerle: ‘X-rays from young stellar objects: from T Tauri stars to protostars’. In: Cool stars; stellar systems; and the sun: 9: Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, volume 109; Proceedings of the 9th Cambridge workshop; held 3–6 October 1995 in Florence; Italy, ed. by R. Pallavicini, A. K. Dupree (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1996) p. 405

    Google Scholar 

  8. Th. Preibisch: A&A 320, 525 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Th. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker, J. H. M. M. Schmitt: A&A 279, L33 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Th. Preibisch, H. Zinnecker, G.H. Herbig: A&A 310, 456 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. F.H. Shu, H. Shang, A. E. Glassgold, T. Lee: Science 277, 1475 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. F.M. Walter, P. B. Byrne: ‘A New Non-Solar Paradigm for Active Stars’. In: The Tenth Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, ed. by R. A. Donahue, J. A. Bookbinder; ASP Conference Series 154, 1458 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. F. D’Antona, I. Mazzitelli: ApJS 90, 467 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. B. Brandl, B. J. Sams, F. Bertoldi et al.: ApJ 466, 254 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. W. Brandner, E.K. Grebel, Y.-H. Chu, K. Weis: ApJ 475, 45 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. L. Drissen, A.F. J. Moffat, N.R. Walborn, M.M. Shara: AJ 110, 2235 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. F. Eisenhauer, A. Quirrenbach, H. Zinnecker, R. Genzel: ApJ 498, 278 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. R. Güsten, P. G. Mezger: Vistas in Astronomy 29, 159 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  7. L.A. Hillenbrand: AJ 113, 1733 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. K.-H. Hofmann, W. Seggewiss, G. Weigelt: A&A 300, 403 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. E. B. Jensen, R. J. Talbot Jr., R. J. Dufour: ApJ 243, 716 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. J. Kenyon, L. Hartmann: ApJS 101, 117 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. E.A. Lada, Ch.J. Lada: AJ 109, 1682 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. R. B. Larson: MNRAS 214, 379 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Melnick, M. Tapia, R. Terlevich: A&A 213, 89 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. F. J. Moffat, L. Drissen, M.M. Shara: ApJ 436, 183 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. F. J. Moffat: RMxAC 6, 108 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. G.H. Rieke, M. J. Lebofsky, R.I. Thompson et al.: ApJ 238, 24 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Schwarzschild, L. Spitzer: Obs 73, 77 (1953)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. F.H. Shu, F.C. Adams, S. Lizano: ARA&A 25, 23 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Silk: ApJ 214, 718 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Silk: ApJ 438, 41 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. K.M. Strom, S.E. Strom, K.M. Merrill: ApJ 412, 233 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. L. Testi, F. Palla, A. Natta: A&AS, 133, 81 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. D.J. Wilner, Ch.J. Lada: AJ 102, 1050 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Zinnecker, A. Moneti: ‘NICMOS/HST H-band (F160W) Images of the 30 Dor Starburst Cluster’. In: NICMOS and the VLT, A New Era of High Resolution Near Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy, Workshop in Pula, Italy, May 26–27, 1998, ed. by W. Freudling, R. Hook, ESO Conference and Workshop Procedings, 55, 136 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  25. H. Zinnecker, M.J. McCaughrean, B.A. Wilking: ‘The initial stellar population’. In: Protostars and Planets III (Univ. of Arizona Press), eds. E.G. Levy and J. Lunine, p. 429 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. B. Brandl, B. Sams, F. Bertoldi, A. Eckart, R. Genzel et al: ApJ 466, 254 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. K.D. Borne et al.: Haro Starburst Conference, Puebla/Mexico (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  3. S. Chariot, F. Ferrari, G. J. Mathews, J. Silk: ApJ 419, L57 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Forestini: A&A 285, 473 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. D. Hunter, E. J. Shaya, J. A. Holtzman et al.: ApJ, 448, 179 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. R. C. Kennicutt: ApJ, 287, 116 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. R. C. Kennicutt, Y.-H. Chu: In: Violent Star Formation: from 30 Doradus to QSOs, ed. by G. Tenorio-Tagle (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994) p.1

    Google Scholar 

  8. R. B. Larson: ‘Present-Day Cluster Formation In: The Globular Cluster-Galaxy Connection. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 48, Proceedings of the 11th Santa Cruz Summer Workshop in Astronomy and Astrophysics, held July 19–29, 1992, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, ed. by G.H. Smith & J.P. Brodie (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1993) p. 675

    Google Scholar 

  9. E.M. Malumuth, S.R. Heap: AJ, 107, 1054 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. G. Meylan: ‘The Properties of 30 Doradus’. In: The Globular Cluster-Galaxy Connection. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Volume 48, Proceedings of the 11th Santa Cruz Summer Workshop in Astronomy and Astrophysics, held July 19–29, 1992, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, ed. by G.H. Smith & J.P. Brodie (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, ASP, San Francisco 1993) p. 588

    Google Scholar 

  11. R.W. O’Connell, J.S. Gallagher, D.A. Hunter, W.N. Colley: ApJ, 446, LI (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  12. F. Palla, S. W. Stahler: ApJ, 418, 414 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. F. Paresce, G. de Marchi, M. Romaniello: ApJ, 440, 216 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. E. Pehlemann, K.-H. Hofmann, G. Weigelt: A&A, 256, 701 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. G.H. Rieke, K. Loken, M.J. Rieke, P. Tamblyn: ApJ, 412, 99 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Silk: ApJ, 438, L41 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. N. R. Walborn: In: Massive Stars in Starbursts, ed. by C. Leitherer et al. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991) p. 145

    Google Scholar 

  18. G. Weigelt, R. Albrecht, C. Barbieri et al.: ApJ, 378, L21 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. G. Weigelt, G. Baier: A&A, 150, 18 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. B. C. Whitmore, F. Schweizer: AJ, 109, 960 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Zinnecker, M.J. McCaughrean, B.A. Wilking: ‘The initial stellar population’. In: Protostars and Planets III (Univ. of Arizona Press), eds. E.G. Levy and J. Lunine, p. 429 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  22. H. Zinnecker, A. Moneti: ‘NICMOS/HST H-band (F160W) Images of the 30 DOR Starburst Cluster’. In: NICMOS and the VLT: A New Era of High Resolution Near Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy, Pula, Sardinia, Italy, June 26–27th 1998, ed. by W. Freudling & R. Hook (ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings 55, 1998) p. 136

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zinnecker, H. (2002). Observations of Young Stellar Objects (YSO). In: Maeder, A., Meynet, G. (eds) Physics of Star Formation in Galaxies. Saas-Fee Advanced Courses, vol 29. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31633-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31633-7_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43102-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31633-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics