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References
I have dealt at length with certain general profiles of EU democratic legitimation regarding the problem of democracy within post-national political organisations in my Il principio democratico fra stati nazionali e Unione europea, in: A. Bovenschulte, H. Grub, M. Schwanenfügel (eds.), Selbstverwaltung und Demokratie in Europa. Festschrift für Dian Schefold, Baden-Baden, 2001, 207 et seqq. (to which the reader is referred for further references to the literature).
The most complete examination of the theoretical problems of the democratic deficit in the European institutions is in M. Kaufmann, Europäische Integration und Demokratieprinzip, Baden-Baden, 1997.
A review of numerous problematic aspects of the Community democratic deficit is in M.G. Schmidt, Demokratietheorien, 3rd edn, Opladen, 2000, 424 et seqq.
An updated picture of the EU democratic deficit debate can be seen in D. Santonastaso, La dinamica fenomenologica della democrazia comunitaria. Il deficit democratico delle istituzioni e della normazione dell’Ue, Napoli, 2004.
On the problem of democracy in the post-national political organisations see J. Habermas, La costellazione postnazionale, Milan, 1999, 105 et seqq.
Of the many other writers, see O. Höffe, Demokratie im Zeitalter der Globalisierung, München, 1999
A. Baldassarre, Globalizzazione contro democrazia, Bari-Rome, 2002
U. Volkmann, Setzt Demokratie den Staat voraus?, in: AöR, 2002, 575 et seqq.
S. Gosepath, J.C. Merle (Eds.), Weltrepublik. Demokratisierung und Demokratie, München, 2002.
As regards to Europe, see P.C. Schmitter, Come democratizzare l’Unione Europea e perchè, Bologna, 2000
C. Gusy, Demokratiedefizite postnationaler Gemeinschaften unter Berücksichtigung der Europäischen Union, in: H. Brunkhorst, M. Kettner (Eds.), Globalisierung und Demokratie, Frankfurt a. M., 2000, 133 et seqq.
A. Negri, L’Europa e l’impero, Rome, 2003
G. Bronzini et al., Europa, costituzione e movimenti sociali, Rome, 2003
E. Balibar, Nous, citoyens d’Europe? Le frontiéres, l’Etat, le peuple, Paris, 2001.
On the transformation of the European “form of government” see A.A. Cervati, Elementi di indeterminatezza e di conflittualità nella forma di governo europea, in: Annuario dell’Associazione italiana dei costituzionalisti. La Costituzione europea, Padova, 1999, 73 et seqq.
S. Mangiameli, La forma di governo europea, in: G. Guzzetta (ed.), Questioni costituzionali del governo europeo, Padova, 2003, 67 et seqq.
On the shifting of the issue of the EU democracy towards the question of transparency (especially in ECJ case-law) see S. Ninatti, Giudicare la democrazia? Processo politico e ideale democratico nella giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia europea, Milan, 2004.
On the links between democracy and Integrationslehre, among the newer focuses see G. Frankenberg, Autorität und Integration, Frankfurt a. M., 2003, 73 et seqq. (with reference to Europe).
For the references in the text to the Habermas-Luhmann dispute on procedure see J. Habermas, Fatti e norme, Milan, 1996, 341 et seqq.
N. Luhmann, Procedimenti giuridici e legittimazione sociale, Milan, 1995, 177 et seqq.
The two short papers by B. Conforti and A. Tizzano mentioned in the paper can be seen in: Il diritto dell’Unione Europea 2004, 1–7.
Among the most important works on the debate on the constitutionalisation of the EU, I would just mention: P. Häberle, Europäische Verfassungslehre, 2nd edn., Baden-Baden, 2004
D.T. Tsatsos, Die europäische Grundordnung, Baden-Baden, 2001
N. Mac Cormick, La sovranità in discussione. Diritto, stato e nazione nel “commonwealth” europeo, Bologna, 2003
J.H.H. Weiler, La Costituzione dell’Europa, Bologna, 2003.
For a critical examination of the functionalist paradigm see F. W. Scharpf, Governare l’Europa. Legittimità democratica ed efficacia delle politiche dell’Unione Europea, Bologna, 1999
for the federalist view, cf. A. von Bogdandy, Supranationaler Föderalismus als Wirklichkeit und Idee einer neuen Herrschaftsform, Baden-Baden, 1999.
The “dynamic” idea of federalism accepted in the text is due to the theoretic elaboration by C.J. Friedrich, Governo costituzionale e democrazia, Vicenza, 1950, 274 et seqq., 309 et seqq.
accepted by A. La Pergola, in his introduction to Le prospettive dell’Unione Europea e la Costituzione, Padova, 1992, 7 et seqq.
On the theoretical development of the thesis on democracy mediated by the Member States’ parliamentary democracy, see G. Ress, Parlamentarismo e democrazia in Europa, Napoli, 1999
for an insightful criticism of it, see S. Oeter, Souveränität und Demokratie als Probleme in der Verfassungsentwicklung der EU, in: ZaöRV, 1995, 659 et seqq.
With regard to the question of the “uniqueness” of the European demos from different points of view, see E. W. Böckenförde, Staat, Nation, Europa, Frankfurt a. M., 1999, 89 et seqq.
D. Grimm, Die Verfassung und die Politik, München, 2002, 215 et seqq.
J.H.H. Weiler, op. cit, 451 et seqq.
On the tension between majority principle and consensus within democracies, focusing on the comparative models of federalism, see T. Fleiner, L.R. Basta Fleiner, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 3rd edn., Berlin-New York, 2004, 513 et seqq.
On multilevel constitutionalism cfr. I. Pernice, Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution-making revisited?, in: CMLR, 1999, 703 et seqq.
M. Morlok, Möglich-keiten und Grenzen einer europäischen Verfassungstheorie, in: Düsseldorfer rechtswissenschaftliche Schriften, I, Baden-Baden, 1999, 113 et seqq
On the unknown factors in the principle of subsidiarity in the European system, I would refer to my own paper, which gives more references to the literature, Il principio di sussidiarietà e la forma di stato di democrazia pluralistica, in: A.A. Cervati, S.P. Panunzio, P. Ridola (eds.), Studi sulla riforma costituzionale, Torino, 2001, 247 et seqq.
The formula «parlamento nazional-comunitario» is due to V. Lippolis, Il parla-mento nazionalcomunitario, in: Quad. cost., 1991, 319 et seqq.
J.P. Fitoussi’s quotations come from Il dittatore benevolo. Saggio sul governo dell’Europa, Bologna, 2002, 7–44.
On the peculiarity of a multiple demoi democracy see H. Abromeit, Volkssouveränität in komplexen Gesellschaften, in: H. Brunkhorst, P. Niesen (eds.), Das Recht der Republik, Frankfurt a. M, 1999, 17 et seqq.
On the relationship between representative and plebiscitary components of democracy, one fundamental work is the classic essay by E. Fränkel, La componente rappresentativa e la componente plebiscitaria nello stato costituzionale democratico (1958) Italian edizion by D. Nocilla, Torino, 1994.
There may be found different approaches to the tension between constitutionalism and the constitutional experiences of twentieth century democracies in A. Pace, Le sfide del costituzionalismo nel XXI secolo, in: Dir. pubbl., 2003, 890 et seqq.
P. Ridola, Il costituzionalismo: itinerari storici e percorsi concettuali, in: Studi in onore di Gianni Ferrara, Torino, 2005
A. Di Giovine, Le tecniche del costituzionalismo del Novecento per limitare la tirannide della maggioranza, in: G.M. Bravo (ed.), La democrazia fra libertà e tirannide della maggioranza nell’Ottocento, Firenze, 2004, 309 et seqq.
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Ridola, P. (2006). The parliamentarisation of the institutional structure of the European Union between representative democracy and participatory democracy. In: Blanke, HJ., Mangiameli, S. (eds) Governing Europe under a Constitution. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31291-9_26
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