Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Detection and Quantification of Coronary Calcium with MDCT

  • Chapter
Multidetector-Row CT of the Thorax

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

  • 394 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achenbach S, Meissner F, Ropers D et al. (2001) Overlapping cross-sections significantly improve the reproducibility of coronary calcium measurements by electron beam tomography: a phantom study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25:569–573

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach S, Ropers D, Pohle K et al. (2002) Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation. Circulation 106:1077–1082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agatston A, Janowitz W, Hildner F et al. (1990) Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:827–832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum MA, Alexopoulos D et al. (1988) Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:56–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Heart Association (2002) Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2003 update. American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson K, Wilson P, Odell P et al. (1991) An updated coronary risk profi le: a statement for health professionals. Circulation 83:356–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration (1994) Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy. I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Br Med J 308:81–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K et al. (2000) Prediction of coronary events with electron beam computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1253–1260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H (2002) Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 105:310–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker CR, Knez A, Jakobs TF et al. (1999) Detection and quantification of coronary artery calcification with electron-beam and conventional CT. Eur Radiol 9:620–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker CR, Kleffel T, Crispin A et al. (2001) Coronary artery calcium measurement: agreement of multirow detector and electron beam CT. Am J Roentgenol 176:1295–1298

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bielak LF, Kaufmann RB, Moll PP et al. (1994) Small lesions in the heart identified at electron beam CT: calcification or noise? Radiology 192:631–636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budoff M, Lane K, Bakhsheshi H et al. (2000) Rates of progression of coronary calcium by electron beam tomography. Am J Cardiol 86:8–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budoff MJ, Mao S, Zalace CP et al. (2001) Comparison of spiral and electron beam tomography in the evaluation of coronary calcification in asymptomatic persons. Int J Cardiol 77:181–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke AP, Weber D, Kolodgie F et al. (2001) Pathophysiology of calcium deposition in coronary arteries. Herz 26:239–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callister T, Raggi P, Lippolis N et al. (1998a) Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 339:1972–1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya SP et al. (1998b) Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method. Radiology 208: 807–814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr JJ, Crouse JR III, Goff DC Jr et al. (2000) Evaluation of subsecond gated helical CT for quantification of coronary artery calcium and comparison with electron beam CT. Am J Roentgenol 174:915–921

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless L, Keil U, Dobson A et al. (1997a) Population versus clinical view of case fatality from acute coronary heart disease: results from the WHO MONICA Project 1985–1990. Multinational MONItoring of Trends and Determinants in CArdiovascular Disease. Circulation 96:3849–3859

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR et al. (1997b) Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987–1993. Am J Epidemiol 146:483–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detrano RC, Froelicher VF (1988) Exercise testing: uses and limitations considering recent studies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 31:837–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Detrano R, Wong N, Tang W (1994) Prognostic significance of cardiac cinefluoroscopy for coronary calcific deposits in asymptomatic high risk subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 354–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detrano R, Hsiai T, Wang S et al. (1996) Prognostic value of coronary calcification and angiographic stenoses in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:285–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detrano RC, Wong ND, Doherty TM et al. (1999) Coronary calcium does not accurately predict near-term future coronary events in high-risk adults. Circulation 99:2633–2638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty T, Detrano R (1994) Coronary arterial calcification as an active process: a new perspective on an old problem. Calcif Tissue Int 54:224–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downs J, Clearfield M, Weis S et al. (1998) Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of the AFCAPS/ TexCAPS research. J Am Med Assoc 279:1615–1622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eggen DA, Strong JP, McGill HC (1965) Coronary calcification: relationship to clinically significant coronary lesions and race, sex and topographic distribution. Circulation 32: 948–955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich G, Moes N, Muhlberger V et al. (1994) Detection of intralesional calcium by intracoronary ultrasound depends on the histologic pattern. Am Heart J 128:435–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiou D, Budoff MJ, Kaufer E et al. (2001) Screening patients with chest pain in the emergency department using electron beam tomography: a follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:105–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK et al. (1987) Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 316:1371–1375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy SM (2001) Coronary plaque as a replacement for age as a risk factor in global risk assessment. Am J Cardiol 88: 8E–11E

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerci AD, Arad Y (2001) Potential use of Ca++ scanning to determine the need for and intensity of lipid-lowering therapy in asymptomatic adults. Curr Cardiol Rep 3: 408–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht HS (2001) Impact of plaque imaging by electron beam tomography on the treatment of dyslipidemias. Am J Cardiol 88:406–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff JA, Chomka EV, Krainik AJ et al. (2001) Age and gender distributions of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in 35,246 adults. Am J Cardiol 87: 1335–1339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong C, Becker CR, Huber A et al. (2001) ECG-gated reconstructed multi-detector row CT coronary angiography: effect of varying trigger delay on image quality. Radiology 220:712–717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong C, Becker CR, Schoepf UJ et al. (2002) Coronary artery calcium: absolute quantification in nonenhanced and contrast-enhanced multi-detector row CT studies. Radiology 223:474–480

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobs TF, Becker CR, Ohnesorge B et al. (2002) Multislice helical CT of the heart with retrospective ECG gating: reduction of radiation exposure by ECG-controlled tube current modulation. Eur Radiol 12:1081–1086

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janowitz WR, Agatston AS, Viamonte M Jr (1991) Comparison of serial quantitative evaluation of calcified coronary artery plaque by ultrafast computed tomography in persons with and without obstructive coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 68:1–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janowitz WR, Agatston AS, Kaplan G et al. (1993) Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women. Am J Cardiol 72:247–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeziorska M, McCollum C, Wooley D (1998) Observations on bone formation and remodelling in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of human carotid arteries. Virchows Arch 433: 559–565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajinami K, Seki H, Takekoshi N et al. (1995) Noninvasive prediction of coronary atherosclerosis by quantification of coronary atery calcification using electron comuted tomography: comparison with electrocardiographic and thallium exerxise stress results. J Am Coll Cardiol 26: 1209–1221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp AF, Schroeder S, Kuettner A et al. (2001) Coronary arteries: retrospectively ECG-gated multi-detector row CT angiography with selective optimization of the image reconstruction window. Radiology 221:683–688

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maher JE, Bielak LF, Raz JA et al. (1999) Progression of coronary artery calcification: a pilot study. Mayo Clin Proc 74: 347–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini GB, Pitt B (2002) Coronary angiographic changes in patients with cardiac events in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT). Am J Cardiol 90:776–778

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao SS, Oudiz RJ, Bakhsheshi H et al. (1996) Variation of heart rate and electrocardiograph trigger interval during ultrafast computed tomography. Am J Card Imaging 10: 239–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao S, Bakhsheshi H, Lu B et al. (2001) Effect of electrocardiogram triggering on reproducibility of coronary artery calcium scoring. Radiology 220:707–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margolis JR, Chen JT, Kong Y et al. (1980) The diagnostic and prognostic significance of coronary artery calcification. A report of 800 cases. Radiology 137:609–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy J, Palmer F (1974) Incidence and significance of coronary artery calcification. Br Heart J 36:499–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCollough CH (2003) Patient dose in cardiac computed tomography. Herz 28:1–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin VV, Balogh T, Rich S (1999) Utility of electron beam computed tomography to stratify patients presenting to the emergency room with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 84:327–328, A328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newman A, Naydeck B, Sutton-Tyrell K et al. (2000) Coronary artery calcification in older adults with minimal clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 256–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley PG, Taylor AJ, Gibbons RV et al. (1999) Rationale and design of the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) Study: utility of electron beam computed tomography as a screening test for coronary artery disease and as an intervention for risk factor modification among young, asymptomatic, active-duty United States Army Personnel. Am Heart J 137:932–941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley PG, Taylor AJ, Jackson JL et al. (2000) Prognostic value of coronary electron-beam computed tomography for coronary heart disease events in asymptomatic populations. Am J Cardiol 85:945–948

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Becker C et al. (2000) Cardiac imaging by means of electrocardiographically gated multisection spiral CT: initial experience. Radiology 217:564–571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Fischbach R et al. (2002) Reproducibility of coronary calcium quantification in repeat examinations with retrospectively ECG-gated multisection spiral CT. Eur Radiol 12:1532–1540

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petursson M, Jonmundsson E, Brekkan A et al. (1995) Angiographic predictors of new coronary occlusions. Am Heart J 129:515–520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raggi P, Callister TQ, Cooil B et al. (2000) Identification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 101:850–855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rienmüller R, Lipton M (1987) Detection of coronary artery calcification by computed tomography. Dynam Cardiovasc Imaging 1:139–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin R, Parisi A, Folland E (1979) Coronary calcification in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 44: 141–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA et al. (1995) Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopatho-logic correlative study. Circulation 92:2157–2162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangiori G, Rumberger J, Severson A et al. (1998) Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:126–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmermund A, Erbel R (2001) Unstable coronary plaque and its relation to coronary calcium. Circulation 104: 1682–1687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmermund A, Baumgart D, Adamzik M et al. (1998) Comparison of electron-beam computed tomography and intra-coronary ultrasound in detecting calcified and noncalcified plaques in patients with acute coronary syndromes and no or minimal to moderate angiographic coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 81:141–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmermund A, Schwartz RS, Adamzik M et al. (2001) Coronary atherosclerosis in unheralded sudden coronary death under age 50: histo-pathologic comparison with “healthy” subjects dying out of hospital. Atherosclerosis 155:499–508

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmermund A, Möhlenkamp S, Stang A et al. (2002) Assessment of clinically silent atherosclerotic disease and established and novel risk factors for predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac death in healthy middle-aged subjects: rationale and design of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study. Risk factors, evaluation of coronary calcium and lifestyle. Am Heart J 144:212–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd J, Cobbe S, Ford I et al. (1995) West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart diesease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 333:1301–1307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souza A, Bream P, Elliott L (1978) Chest film detection of coronary artery calcification: the value of CAC triangle. Radiology 129:7–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S et al. (1994) A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb 14:840–856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE et al. (1995) A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 92:1355–1374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tannenbaum S, Kondos G, Veselik K et al. (1989) Detection of calcific deposits in coronary arteries by ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:827–832

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaulow E, Erikssen J, Sandvik L et al. (1993) Initial clinical presentation of cardiac disease in asymptomatic men with silent myocardial ischemia and angiographically documented coronary artery disease (the Oslo Ischemia Study). Am J Cardiol 72:629–633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuzcu E, Berkalp B, Franco A de et al. (1996) The dilemma of diagnosing coronary calcification: angiography versus intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:832–838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulzheimer S, Kalender WA (2003) Assessment of calcium scoring performance in cardiac computed tomography. Eur Radiol 13:484–497

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP et al. (2000) Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1262–1275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J et al. (1996) Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 94:1175–1192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D et al. (1998) Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97:1837–1847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong ND, Hsu CJ, Detrano RC et al. (2000) Coronary artery calcium evaluation by electron beam computed tomography and its relation to new cardiovascular events. Am J Cardiol 86:495–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong ND, Budoff MJ, Pio J et al. (2002) Coronary calcium and cardiovascular event risk: evaluation by age-and sex-specific quartiles. Am Heart J 143:456–459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Muenster, Germany

    R. Fischbach MD

Authors
  1. R. Fischbach MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    U. Joseph Schoepf MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fischbach, R. (2006). Detection and Quantification of Coronary Calcium with MDCT. In: Joseph Schoepf, U. (eds) Multidetector-Row CT of the Thorax. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30006-6_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30006-6_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-26247-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30006-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation