Skip to main content

Kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren und deren therapeutische Beeinflussung

  • Chapter
Klinische Kardiologie
  • 1417 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Aldous MB, Grayston JT, Wang SP, Foy HM (1992) Seroepidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR infection in Seattle families, 1966–1979. J Infect Dis 166: 646–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2002) The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288: 2981–2997

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariyo AA, Haan M, Tangen CM et al. (2000) Depressive symptoms and risks of coronary heart disease and mortality in elderly Americans. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Circulation 102: 1773–1779

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann G; Cullen P; Schulte H (2002) Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 105: 310–315

    Article  PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann KE, Mensink GBM (1999) Körpermaße und Übergewicht. Gesundheitswesen 61 Sonderheft 2: S115–S120

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair SN, Jackson AS (2001) Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 762–764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broeckel U, Hengstenberg C, Mayer B et al. (2002) A comprehensive linkage analysis for myocardial infarction and its related risk factors. Nature Genetics 30: 210–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A et al. (2001) Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 345: 1583–1592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher HC, Griffi th LE, Guyatt GH (1999) Systematic review on the risk and benefit of different cholesterol-lowering interventions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 187–195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM et al. (1999) Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 341: 1097–1105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carluccio E, Tommasi S, Bentivoglio M et al. (2000) Prognostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in patients with a first, uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2000 74: 177–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Stein PK et al. (2001) Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 104: 2024–2028

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R and the STOP-NIDDM Trail Research Group (2002) Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 359: 2072–2077

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R and the STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group (2003) Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 290: 486–494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S et al. (1990) Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 335: 827–838

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al. (2002) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359: 995–1003

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R (2000) Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation 102: 1082–1085

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • DeBacker G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K et al. (2003) European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 24: 1601–1610

    Google Scholar 

  • Diez Roux AV, Merkin SS, Arnett D et al. (2001) Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. New Engl J Med 345: 99–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S et al. (1998) Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 279: 1615–1622

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn FG; Pringle SD (1993) Sudden cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmias and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 11: 1003–1010

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erkens JA, Klungel OH, Herings RM et al. (2002) Use of fluorquinolones is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. Eur Heart Journal 23: 1575–1579

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III. JAMA 285: 2486–2497

    Google Scholar 

  • Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults (1998) Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Am J Clin Nutr 68: 899–917

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz IW, Tonnesmann U, Muller JF (1998) Time course of complete normalization of left ventricular hypertrophy during long-term antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Hypertens 11: 631–639

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA et al. (1995) Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. New N Engl J Med 332: 1245–1250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N et al. (2003) Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 348: 383–393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstein H (2002) Dysglycemia: a key cardiovascular risk factor. Sem Vasc Med 2: 165–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassman AH, O’Connor CM, Califf RM et al. (2002) Sertraline Antidepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHEART) Group. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 288: 701–709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Gould AL, Rossouw JE, Santanello NC et al. (1998) Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefit: impact of statin trials. Circulation 97: 946–952

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V et al. (2002) Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 288: 49–57

    Article  PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Grayston JT (1992) Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin Infect Dis 15: 757–761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Thompson TJ, Williamson DF (2003) Intentional weight loss and death in overweight and obese U.S. adults 35 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med 138: 383–389

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guidelines Committee (2003) European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertension 21: 1011–1053

    Google Scholar 

  • Haffner SM (1998) The importance of hyperglycemia in the nonfasting state to the development of cardiovascular disease. Endocrine Rev 19: 583–592

    Article  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T et al. (1998) Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 339: 229–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. (1998) Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. 351: 1755–1762

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrap SB, Dominiczak AF, Fraser R (1996) Plasma angiotensin II, predisposition to hypertension, and left ventricular size in healthy young adults. Circulation 93: 1148–1154

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Hauner H, Hamann A, Husemann B et al. (2002) Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie — Adipositas. Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas. www.adipositas-gesellschaft.de/Leitlinien/Evidenzbasierte-Leitlinien-Adipositas.pdf. Gesehen 16 Dez 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 highrisk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360: 7–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2003) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 361: 2005–2016

    Google Scholar 

  • Hokanson JE, Austin MA (1996) Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. Cardiovasc Risk. 3: 213–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homocysteine Studies Collaboration (2002) Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 288: 2015–2022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey LL, Chan BK, Sox HC (2002) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 137: 273–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED et al. (1997) A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 337: 1195–1202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P et al. (2003) A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 115: 41–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346: 393–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler C, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Schaper F et al. (1999) Prevalence of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and abnormal fasting glucose in a high risk population. Data from the RIAD study using new diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 124: 1057–1061

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR (2003) Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 326: 1423–1430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy D, Salomon M, D’Agostino RB et al. (1994) Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 90: 1786–1793

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N et al. (2002) Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360: 1903–1913

    PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R et al. (1993) Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation 87: 476–486

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Liem A, Reynierse-Buitenwerf GH, Zwinderman AH et al. (2003) Secondary prevention with folic acid: effects on clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 41: 2105–2113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW et al. (1999) CHA prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 341: 650–658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier CR, Derby LE, Jick SS et al. (1999) Antibiotics and risk of subsequent first-time acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 281: 427–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Mensink GBN (1999) Körperliche Aktivität. Gesundheitswesen 61: S126–S131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, Carlquist JF et al. (2000) Cytomegalovirus seropositivity and C-reactive protein have independent and combined predictive value for mortality in patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. Circulation 102: 1917–1923

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB et al. (2001) Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality: meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 322: 11–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NCEP (2002) National Cholesterol Education Program. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the NCEP, Final Report. Circulation 106: 3144–3412

    Google Scholar 

  • Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N and the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration (2000) Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Lancet 356:1955–1964

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson HD, Humphrey LL, Nygren P et al. (2002) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA 288: 872–881

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O et al. (1998) Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Circulation 97: 1453–1460

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F et al. (2003) Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 138: 24–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Mendes de Leon CF et al. (1998) Cardiovascular events and mortality in newly and chronically depressed persons 70 years of age. Am J Cardiol 81: 988–994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters AL, Davidson MB, Schriger DL, Hasselblad VA (1996) Clinical approach for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: an analysis using glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Meta-analysis Research Group on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Using Glycated Hemoglobin Levels. JAMA 276: 1246–1252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rossouw JE (2002) Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women’s Health Initiative observational study. JAMA 288: 980–987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad A, Zhu J, Halcox JP et al. (2002) Predisposition to atherosclerosis by infections: role of endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 106: 184–190

    Article  PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao Q, Pyorala K, Pyorala M et al. (2002) Two-hour glucose is a better risk predictor for incident coronary heart disease and cardiovascular mortality than fasting glucose. Eur Heart J 23: 1267–1275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renaud SC, Gueguen R, Schenker J, d’Houtaud A (1998) Alcohol and mortality in middle-aged men from eastern France. Epidemiology 9: 184–188

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM (2001) High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 103: 1813–1818

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH (1997) Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. New Engl J Med 336: 973–979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M et al. (2001) Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. New Engl J Med 344: 1959–1965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L et al. (2002) Comparison of C-reactive protein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 347: 1557–1565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rifai N, Buring JE, Lee IM, Manson JE, Ridker PM (2002) Is C-reactive protein specific for vascular disease in women? Ann Intern Med 136: 529–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K et al. (1999) Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ 319: 1523–1528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT (2001) Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285: 1585–1591

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288: 321–333; http://www.whi.org/url

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Rupprecht HJ, Blankenberg S, Bickel C et al. (2001) Impact of viral and bacterial infectious burden on long-term prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104: 25–31

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM et al. (2001) Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 344: 3–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Craven T et al. (2002) Coronary heart disease in patients with low LDL-cholesterol: benefit of pravastatin in diabetics and enhanced role for HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors. Circulation 105: 1424–1428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R et al. (2001) Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 345: 1593–1600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schunkert H, Hense HW, Holmer SR et al. (1994) Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med 330: 1634–1638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sdringola S, Patel D, Gould KL (2001) High prevalence of myocardial perfusion abnormalities on positron emission tomography in asymptomatic persons with a parent or sibling with coronary artery disease. Circulation 103: 496–501

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Lee IM (2000) Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation 102: 975–980

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Sesso HD, Lee IM, Gaziano JM et al. (2001) Maternal and paternal history of myocardial infarction and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women. Ciruclation 104: 393–398

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR et al. (2003) Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361: 1149–1158

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • SHEP Cooperative Research Group (1991) Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 265: 3255–3264

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I (1995) Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 333: 1301–1307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L et al. (2002) Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD000146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer DE, Nathan DM, Anderson KM et al. (1992) Association of HbA1c with prevalent cardiovascular disease in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes 41: 202–208

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Smieja M, Gnarpe J, Lonn E et al. (2003) Multiple infections and subsequent cardiovascular events in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study. Circulation 107: 251–257

    Article  PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon CG, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ et al. (2000) Moderate alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 102: 494–499

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD (1986) Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenes of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA 256: 2823–2828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart RAH, North FM, West TM et al. (2003) Depression and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Eur Heart J 24: 2027–2037

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone AF, Mendall MA, Kaski JC et al. (2002) Effect of treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori on markers of inflammation and cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: South Thames Trial of Antibiotics in Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina (STAMINA). Circulation 106: 1219–1223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL et al. (2003) Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation 107: 3109–3116

    Article  PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Thun MJ; Peto R; Lopez AD et al. (1997) Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 337: 1705–1714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UKPDS (1998a) United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38.Circulation317: 703–713

    Google Scholar 

  • UKPDS (1998b) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352: 837–853

    Google Scholar 

  • UKPDS (1998c) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352: 854–865

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. (1998) Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 97: 48–54

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A et al. (2001) Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 38: 1829–1835

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verma S, Wang CH, Li SH et al. (2002) A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation 106: 913–919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Vijan S, Hayward RA (2003) Treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: blood pressure goals, choice of agents, and setting priorities in diabetes care. Ann Intern Med. 138: 593–602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK (2002) Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 325: 1202–1209

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M (2000) Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation 102: 1358–1363

    PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schneider, C.A. (2006). Kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren und deren therapeutische Beeinflussung. In: Erdmann, E. (eds) Klinische Kardiologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29425-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29425-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23742-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29425-2

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics