Abstract
Palladium and other precious metals such as platinum, and rhodium are emitted to the environment due to autocatalysts. Besides this, other emission sources such as dental alloys, cancer drugs, jewellery and petrochemistry amount extensively and are part of the total PGE contamination in sewage sludge. The amount of PGE related to automobile catalysts can be defined by the Pt/Rh ratio of 5 to 6 and by the Pt/Pd ratio of 0.8. Due to the various sources and the mixture of the contaminants the ratio gets changed considerably so that further trace metals are needed for source identification. The emission of Pd is increasing in the last years due to higher Pd consumption especially as substitute for Pt in converters.
Sewage sludge as matrix which generally accumulates human consumables was selected for this study. Sewage sludge samples of various waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Switzerland were analysed and can be grouped into three different types. Type A represents waste water from households of villages with a Pd/Pt ratio of up to 3.8 and type B a mixture of domestic waste water and street runoff of villages and small towns with varying Pd/Pt ratios. WWTPs of Type C receive a mixture of the sources mentioned above plus industrial waste water exhibiting a lowest Pd/Pt ratio of around 1 and a Pt/Rh ratio of up to around 20 reflecting industrial influx. For source identification further trace elements (Zr, Rb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Ti, Pb, Sb) were chosen and evaluated by cluster analyses. Seven different clusters could be identified underlining the Pd, Pt and Rh content as traffic induced.
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Stüben, D., Kupper, T. (2006). Anthropogenic Emission of Pd and Traffic-Related PGEs — Results Based on Monitoring with Sewage Sludge. In: Zereini, F., Alt, F. (eds) Palladium Emissions in the Environment. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29220-9_21
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29220-9_21
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