Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
5.2.10 Literatur
Alvarez L, Peris P, Guanabens N et al. (2003) Serum osteoprotegerin and its ligand in Paget’s disease of bone: Relationship to disease activity and effect of treatment with bisphosphonates. Arthritis Rheum 48: 824–828
Akatsu T, Murakami T, Nishikawa M et al. (1998a) Osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor suppresses osteoclast survival by interfering in the interaction of stromal cells with osteoclast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250: 229–234
Akatsu T, Murakami T, Ono K et al. (1998b) Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor exhibits hypocalcemic effects in normal mice and in hypercalcemic nude mice carrying tumors associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Bone 23: 495–498
Akiyama H, Shigeno C, Iyama K-I, Ito H, Hiraki Y, Konishi J, Nakamura T (1999) Indian hedgehog in the late-phase differentiation in mouse chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5: Upregulation of type X collagen and osteoprotegerin ligand mRNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257: 814–820
American Society for Bone and Mineral Research President’s Committee on Nomenclature (2000) Proposed standard nomenclature for new tumor necrosis factor members involved in the regulation of bone resorption. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research President’s Committee on Nomenclature. Bone 27: 761–764
Anderson MA, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL et al. (1997) A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 390: 175–179
Arko B, Preelj J, Komel R, Kocijancic A, Hudler P, Marc J (2002) Sequence variations in the osteoprotegerin gene promoter in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 4080–4084
Ashcroft AJ, Cruickshank SM, Croucher PI et al. (2003) Co-Ionic dendritic cells, intestinal inflammation, and T cell-mediated bone destruction are modulated by recombinant osteoprotegerin. Immunity 19: 849–861
Azuma Y, Kaji K, Katogi R, Takeshita S, Kudo A (2000) Tumor necrosis factor-α induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts. J Biol Chem 275: 4858–4864
Bateman TA, Dunstan CR, Ferguson VL, Lacey DL, Ayers RA, Simske SJ (2000) Osteoprotegerin mitigates tail suspension-induced osteopenia. Bone 26: 443–449
Bateman TA, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Ferguson VL, Ayers RA, Simske SJ (2001) Osteoprotegerin ameliorates sciatic nerve crush induced bone loss. J Orthop Res 19: 518–523
Bekker PJ, Holloway D, Nakanishi A, Arrighi M, Leese PT, Dunstan CR (2001) The effect of a single dose of osteoprotegerin in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 16: 348–360
Body JJ, Greipp P, Coleman RE et al. (2003) A phase I study of AMGN-0007, a recombinant osteoprotegerin construct, in patients with multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma related bone metastases. Cancer 97(3 Suppl): 887–892
Bolon B, Carter C, Daris M et al. (2001) Adenoviral delivery of osteoprotegerin ameliorates bone resorption in a mouse ovariectomy model of osteoporosis. Mol Ther 3: 197–205
Brändström H, Jonsson KB, Ohlsson C, Vidal O, Ljunghall S, Ljunggren Ö (1998a) Regulation of osteoprotegerin mRNA levels by prostaglandin E2 in human bone marrow stroma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247: 338–341
Brändström H, Jonsson KB, Vidal O, Ljunghall, Ohlsson C, Ljunggren Ö (1998b) Tumor necrosis factor-α and-β upregulate the levels of osteoprotegerin mRNA in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248: 454–457
Brändström H, Bjorkman T, Ljunggren O (2001) Regulation of osteoprotegerin secretion from primary cultures of human bone marrow stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280: 831–835
Brändström H, Stiger F, Lind L, Kahan T, Melhus H, Kindmark A (2002) A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the human gene for osteoprotegerin is related to vascular morphology and function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293: 13–17
Brändström H, Gerdhem P, Stiger F et al. (2004) Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human gene for osteoprotegerin are not related to bone mineral density or fracture in elderly women. Calcif Tissue Int 74: 18–24
Brown JM, Corey E, Lee ZD, True LD, Yun TJ, Tondravi M, Vessella RL (2001a) Osteoprotegerin and RANK ligand expression in prostate cancer. Urology 57: 611–616
Brown JM, Vessella RL, Kostenuik PJ, Dunstan CR, Lange PH, Corey E (2001b) Serum osteoprotegerin levels are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7: 2977–2983
Browner WS, Lui LY, Cummings SR (2001) Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures, and mortality in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 631–637
Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR et al. (1998) Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 12: 1260–1268
Burgess TL, Qian Y, Kaufman S et al. (1999) The ligand for osteoprotegerin (OPGL) directly activates mature osteoclasts. J Cell Biol 145: 527–538
Burguera B, Hofbauer LC, Thomas T et al. (2001) Leptin reduces ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Endocrinology 142: 3546–3553
Canalis E (1996) Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone: Implications to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3441–3447
Capparelli C, Kostenuik PJ, Morony S et al. (2000) Osteoprotegerin prevents and reverses hypercalcemia in a murine model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Cancer Res 60: 783–787
Chen X, Garner SC, Quarks LD, Anderson JJ (2003) Effects of genistein on expression of bone markers during MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell differentiation. J Nutr Biochem 14: 342–349
Chen XW, Garner SC, Anderson JJ (2002) Isoflavones regulate interleukin-6 and osteoprotegerin synthesis during osteoblast cell differentiation via an estrogen-receptor-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 295: 417–422
Cheng X, Kinosaki M, Takami M, Choi Y, Zhang H, Murali R (2004) Disabling of RANK receptor complex by novel osteoprotegerin-like peptidomimetics restores bone loss in vivo. J Biol Chem 279: 8269–8277
Cheung J, Mak YT, Papaioannou S, Evans BA, Fogelman I, Hampson G (2003) Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblastic cells: Comparison of the effects of 17β-oestradiol and raloxifene. J Endocrinol 177: 423–433
Chikatsu N, Takeuchi Y, Tamura Y et al. (2000) Interactions between cancer and bone marrow cells induce osteoclast differentiation factor expression and osteoclast-like cell formation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267: 632–637
Chong B, Hegde M, Fawkner M et al., International Hyperphosphatasia Collaborative Group (2003) Idiopathic hyperphosphatasia and TNFRSF11B mutations: Relation-ships between phenotype and genotype. J Bone Miner Res 18: 2095–2104
Collin-Osdoby P, Rothe L, Anderson F, Nelson M, Maloney W, Osdoby P (2001) Receptor activator of NF-κB and osteoprotegerin expression by human microvascular endothelial cells, regulation by inflammatory cytokines, and role in human osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 276: 20659–20672
Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML et al. (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334: 292–295
Crotti TN, Smith MD, Weedon H et al. (2002) Receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, osteoarthritis, and from normal patients: Semiquantitative and quantitative analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 61: 1047–1054
Croucher PI, Shipman CM, Lippitt J et al. (2001) Osteoprotegerin inhibits the development of osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. Blood 98: 3534–3540
Cundy T, Hegde M, Naot D et al. (2002) A mutation in the gene TNFRSF11B encoding osteoprotegerin causes an idiopathic hyperphosphatasia phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 11: 2119–2127
Darnay BG, Haridas V, Ni J, Moore PA, Aggarwal BB (1998) Characterization of the intracellular domain of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK). Interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors and activation of NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 273: 20551–20555
Darnay BG, Ni J, Moore PA, Aggarwal BB (1999) Activation of NF-κB by RANK requires tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and NF-κB-inducing kinase. Identification of a novel TRAF6 interaction motif. J Biol Chem 274: 7724–7731
Degli-Esposti M (1999) To die or not to die — the quest of the TRAIL receptors. J Leukoc Biol 65: 535–542
Deyama Y, Takeyama S, Koshikawa M et al. (2000) Osteoblast maturation suppressed osteoclastogenesis in coculture with bone marrow cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274: 249–254
Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E et al. (2001) Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 1998–2003
Doran PM, Russell SJ, Chen D, Greiner SM, Ludvigson J, Khosla S, Riggs BL (2002) Gene transfer of osteoprotegerin-Fc inhibits osteolysis and disease progression in a murine model of multiple myeloma. J Bone Miner Res 17(Suppl 1): 1093
Dougall WC, Glaccum M, Charrier K et al. (1999) RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev 13: 2412–2424
Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S et al. (2000a) Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: A central control of bone mass. Cell 100: 197–207
Ducy P, Schinke T, Karsenty G (2000b) The osteoblast: A sophisticated fibroblast under central surveillance. Science 289: 1501–1504
Eghbali-Fatourechi G, Khosla S, Sanyal A, Boyle WJ, Lacey DL, Riggs BL (2003) Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest 111: 1221–1230
Emery JG, McDonnell P, Brigham Burke M et al. (1998) Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J Biol Chem 273: 14363–14367
Fahrleitner A, Prenner G, Kniepeiss D et al. (2002) Serum osteoprotegerin levels in patients after liver transplantation and correlation to bone turnover, bone mineral density and fracture status. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 717–724
Fahrleitner A, Prenner G, Leb G et al. (2003) Serum osteo-protegerin is a major determinant of bone density development and prevalent vertebral fracture status following cardiac transplantation. Bone 32: 96–106
Fata JE, Kong YY, Li J et al. (2000) The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin-ligand is essential for mammary gland development. Cell 103: 41–50
Faust J, Lacey DL, Hunt P et al. (1999) Osteoclast markers accumulate on cells developing from human peripheral blood mononuclear precursors. J Cell Biochem 72: 67–80
Fox SW, Fuller K, Chambers TJ (2000a) Activation of osteoclasts by interleukin-1: Divergent responsiveness in osteoclasts formed in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Physiol 184: 334–340
Fox SW, Fuller K, Bayley KE, Lean JM, Chambers TJ (2000b) TGF-β 1 and IFN-γ direct macrophage activation by TNF-α to osteoclastic or cytocidal phenotype. J Immunol 165: 4957–4963
Fu Q, Jilka RL, Manolagas SC, O’Brien CA (2002a) Parathyroid hormone stimulates receptor activator of NFκB ligand and inhibits osteoprotegerin expression via protein kinase A activation of cAMP-response element-binding protein. J Biol Chem 277: 48868–48875
Fu M, Zhang J, Lin Y, Zhu X, Willson TM, Chen YE (2002b) Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibits osteoprotegerin gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 294: 597–601
Fuller K, Wong B, Fox S, Choi Y, Chambers TJ (1998) TRANCE is necessary and sufficient for osteoblast-mediated activation of bone resorption in osteoclasts. J Exp Med 188: 997–1001
Fuller K, Bayley KE, Chambers TJ (2000) Activin A is an essential cofactor for osteoclast induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 268: 2–7
Galibert L, Tometsko ME, Anderson DM, Cosman D, Dougall WC (1998) The involvement of multiple tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors in the signaling mechanisms of receptor activator of NF-κB, a member of the TNFR superfamily. J Biol Chem 273: 34120–34127
Gao Y-H, Shinki T, Yuase T, Kataoka-Enomoto H, Komori T, Suda T, Yamaguchi A (1998) Potential role of cbfa1, an essential transcriptional factor for osteoblast differentiation, in osteoclastogenesis: Regulation of mRNA expression of osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252: 697–702
Giuliani N, Pedrazzoni M, Passeri G, Girasole G (1998) Bisphosphonates inhibit IL-6 production by human osteoblast-like cells. Scand J Rheumatol 27: 38–41
Giuliani N, Bataille R, Mancini C, Lazzaretti M, Barille S (2001) Myeloma cells induce imbalance in the osteoprotegerin/osteoprotegerin ligand system in the human bone marrow environment. Blood 98: 3527–3533
Glazier MG, Bowman MA (2001) A review of the evidence for the use of phytoestrogens as a replacement for traditional estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med 161: 1161–1172
Goldring SR, Gravallese EM (2000) Pathogenesis of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 12: 195–199
Gori F, Thomas T, Hicok KC, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL (1999) Differentiation of human marrow stromal precursor cells: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 increases OSF2/CBFA1, enhances osteoblast commitment, and inhibits late adipocyte maturation. J Bone Miner Res 14: 1522–1535
Gori F, Hofbauer LC, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, Khosla S, Riggs BL (2000) The expression of osteoprotegerin and RANK ligand and the support of osteoclast formation by stromal-osteoblast lineage cells is developmentally regulated. Endocrinology 141: 4768–4776
Gravallese EM, Manning C, Tsay A, Naito A, Pan C, Amento E, Goldring SR (2000) Synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis is a source of osteoclast differentiation factor. Arthritis Rheum 43: 250–258
Green EA, Flavell RA (1999) TRANCE-RANK, a new signal pathway involved in lymphocyte development and T cell activation. J Exp Med 189: 1017–1020
Grisar J, Bernecker PM, Aringer M et al. (2002) Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis show increased bone resorption, but differ with regard to bone formation. J Rheumatol 29: 1430–1436
Guise TA (2000) Molecular mechanisms of osteolytic bone metastases. Cancer 88: 2892–2898
Hakeda Y, Kobayashi Y, Yamaguchi K et al. (1998) Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) directly inhibits bone-resorbing activity of isolated mature osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 251: 796–801
Halladay DL, Miles RR, Thirunavukkarasu K, Chandrasekhar S, Martin TJ, Onyia JE (2001) Identification of signal transduction pathways and promoter sequences that mediate parathyroid hormone 1–38 inhibition of osteoprotegerin gene expression. J Cell Biochem 84: 1–11
Haynes DR, Barg E, Crotti TN et al. (2003) Osteoprotegerin expression in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies and osteoarthritis and normal controls. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42: 123–134
Hegedus D, Ferencz V, Lakatos PL, Meszaros S, Lakatos P, Horvath C, Szalay F (2002) Decreased bone density, elevated serum osteoprotegerin, and β-cross-laps in Wilson disease. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1961–1967
Heider U, Langelotz C, Jakob C et al. (2003) Expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand on bone marrow plasma cells correlates with osteolytic bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 9: 1436–1440
Hilton MJ, Gutierrez L, Zhang L et al. (2001) An integrated physical map of 8q22–q24: Use in positional cloning and deletion analysis of Langer-Giedion syndrome. Genomics 71: 192–199
Hofbauer LC, Heufelder AE (2000) The role of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the pathogenesis and treatment of metabolic bone diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 2355–2363
Hofbauer LC, Heufelder AE (2001) The role of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand in the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 44: 253–259
Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M (2001) Osteoprotegerin: A link between osteoporosis and arterial calcification? Lancet 358: 257–259
Hofbauer LC, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL, Khosla S (1998) Osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblast lineage cells is stimulated by vitamin D, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250: 776–781
Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL (1999 a) Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology 140: 4367–4370
Hofbauer LC, Gori F, Riggs BL, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, Khosla S (1999 b) Stimulation of osteoprotegerin ligand and inhibition of osteoprotegerin production by glucocorticoids in human osteoblastic lineage cells: Potential paracrine mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Endocrinology 140: 4382–4389
Hofbauer LC, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL, Khosla S (1999c) Interleukin-lβ and tumor necrosis factor-α, but not interleukin-6 stimulate osteoprotegerin ligand gene expression in human osteoblastic cells. Bone 25: 255–259
Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Boyle WJ, Riggs BL (2000) The roles of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the paracrine regulation of bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 15: 2–12
Hofbauer LC, Shui C, Riggs BL, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, O’Brien T, Khosla S (2001 a) Effects of immunosuppressants on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblastic and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280: 334–339
Hofbauer LC, Neubauer A, Heufelder AE (2001 b) Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin. Potential implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of malignant bone diseases. Cancer 92: 460–470
Hofbauer LC, Kluger S, Kühne CA et al. (2002) Detection and characterization of RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin in the thyroid gland. J Cell Biochem 86: 642–650
Holen I, Croucher PI, Hamdy FC, Eaton CL (2002) Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a survival factor for human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 62: 1619–1623
Holloway WR, Collier FM, Aitken CJ et al. (2002) Leptin inhibits osteoclast generation. J Bone Miner Res 17: 200–209
Honore P, Luger NM, Sabino MAC et al. (2000) Osteoprotegerin blocks bone cancer-induced skeletal destruction, skeletal pain and pain-related neurochemical reorganization of the spinal cord. Nature Med 5: 521–528
Horwood NJ, Elliott J, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (1998) Osteotropic agents regulate the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor and osteoprotegerin in osteoblastic stromal cells. Endocrinology 139: 4743–4746
Horwood NJ, Kartsogiannis V, Quinn JMW, Romas E, Martin TJ, Gillepsie MT (1999) Activated T cells support osteoclast formation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265: 144–150
Hsu H, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR et al. (1999) Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 3540–3545
Hughes AE, Ralston SH, Marken J et al. (2000) Mutations in TNFRSF11A, affecting the signal peptide of RANK, cause familial expansile osteolysis. Nature Genet 24: 45–48
Ikeda T, Kasai M, Utsuyama M, Hirokawa K (2001) Determination of three isoforms of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and their differential expression in bone and thymus. Endocrinology 142: 1419–1426
Ito H, Akiyama H, Shigeno C, Iyama K, Matsuoka H, Nakamura T (1999) Hedgehog signaling molecules in bone marrow cells at the initial stage of fracture repair. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 262: 443–451
Itoh K, Udagawa N, Matsuzaki K et al. (2000) Importance of membrane-or matrix-associated forms of M-CSF and RANKL/ODF in osteoclastogenesis supported by SaOS-4/3 cells expressing recombinant PTH/PTHrP receptors. J Bone Miner Res 15: 1766–1775
Itonaga I, Fujikawa Y, Sabokbar A, Murray DW, Athanasou NA (2000) Rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophage-osteoclast differentiation is osteoprotegerin ligand-dependent. J Pathol 192: 97–104
Jimi E, Nakamura I, Duong LT, Ikebe T, Takahashi N, Rodan GA, Suda T (1999 a) Interleukin 1 induces multinucleation and bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts in the absence of osteoblasts/stromal cells. Exp Cell Res 257: 719–723
Jimi E, Akiyama S, Tsurukai T et al. (1999 b) Osteoclast differentiation factor acts as a multifunctional regulator in murine osteoclast differentiation and function. J Immunol 163: 434–442
Jono S, Ikari Y, Shioi A, Mori K, Miki T, Hara K, Nishizawa Y (2002) Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Circulation 106: 1192–1194
Josien R, Wong BR, Li HL, Steinman RM, Choi Y (1999) TRANCE, a TNF family member, is differentially expressed on T cell subsets and induces cytokine production in dendritic cells. J Immunol 162: 2562–2568
Josien R, Li HL, Ingulli E et al. (2000) TRANCE, a tumor necrosis factor family member, enhances the longevity and adjuvant properties of dendritic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 191: 495–502
Jung K, Lein M, von Hosslin K, Brux B, Schnorr D, Loening SA, Sinha P (2001) Osteoprotegerin in serum as a novel marker of bone metastatic spread in prostate cancer. Clin Chem 47: 2061–2063
Kaneda T, Nojima T, Nakagawa M et al. (2000) Endogenous production of TGF-β is essential for osteoclastogenesis induced by a combination of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol 165: 4254–4263
Kanzawa M, Sugimoto T, Kanatani M, Chihara K (2000) Involvement of osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor in the stimulation of osteoclast formation by parathyroid hormone in mouse bone cells. Eur J Endocrinol 142: 661–664
Kartsogiannis V, Zhou H, Horwood NJ et al. (1999) Localization of RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) mRNA and protein in skeletal and extraskeletal tissues. Bone 25: 525–534
Khosla S, Arrighi HM, Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon WM, Dunstan CR, Riggs BL (2002) Correlates of osteoprotegerin levels in women and men. Osteoporos Int 13: 394–399
Kim YM, Kim YM, Lee YM et al. (2002) TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) induces angiogenesis through the activation of Src and phospholipase C (PLC) in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 277: 6799–6805
Kim HH, Shin HS, Kwak HJ et al. (2003) RANKL regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 32-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. FASEB J 17: 2163–2165
Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Maeda S (1999) Promoter structure of mouse RANKL/TRANCE/OPGL/ODF gene. Biochem Biophys Acta 1445: 134–141
Klein BY, Ben-Bassat H, Breuer E, Solomon V, Golomb G (1998) Structurally different bisphosphonates exert opposing effects on alkaline phosphatase and mineralization in marrow osteoprogenitors. J Cell Biochem 68: 186–194
Kobayashi K, Takahashi N, Jimi E et al. (1999) Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of the ODF/RANKL-RANK interaction. J Exp Med 191: 275–286
Kobayashi Y, Hashimoto F, Miyamoto H et al. (2000) Forceinduced osteoclast apoptosis in vivo is accompanied by elevation in transforming growth factor β and osteoprotegerin expression. J Bone Miner Res 15: 1924–1934
Kodaira K, Kodaira K, Mizuno A et al. (1999) Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding mouse osteoclast differentiation factor. Gene 230: 121–127
Koide M, Murase Y, Yamato K, Noguchi T, Okahashi N, Nishihara T (1999) Bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhances osteoclast formation mediated by interleukin-lα through upregulation of osteoclast differentiation factor and cyclooxygenase-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 259: 97–102
Kondo H, Guo J, Bringhurst FR (2002) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A mediates parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor regulation of osteoclastogenesis and expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin mRNAs by marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1667–1679
Kong Y-Y, Yoshida H, Sarosi I et al. (1999 a) OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 397: 315–323
Kong Y-Y, Feige U, Sarosi I et al. (1999 b) Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand. Nature 402: 304–309
Kong Y-Y, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM (2000) Osteoprotegerin ligand: A regulator of immune responses and bone physiology. Immunol Today 21: 495–502
Koshihara Y, Hoshi K, Okawara R, Ishibashi H, Yamamoto S (2003) Vitamin K stimulates osteoblastogenesis and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in human bone marrow cell culture. J Endocrinol 176: 339–348
Kostenuik PJ, Capparelli C, Morony S et al. (2001) OPG and PTH-(l–34) have additive effects on bone density and mechanical strength in osteopenic ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 142: 4295–4304
Kotake S, Udagawa N, Takahashi N et al. (1999) IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest 103: 1345–1352
Kotake S, Udagawa N, Hakoda M et al. (2001) Activated human T cells directly induce osteoclastogenesis from human monocytes: Possible role of T cells in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 44: 1003–1012
Koyama H, Nakade O, Takada Y, Kaku T, Lau KH (2002) Melatonin at pharmacologic doses increases bone mass by suppressing resorption through down-regulation of the RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation and activation. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1219–1229
Kwon BS, Wang S, Udagawa N et al. (1998) TR1, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, induces fibroblast proliferation and inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. FASEB J 12: 845–854
Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan H-L et al. (1998) Osteoprotegerin (OPG) ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93: 165–176
Lacey DL, Tan H-L, Lu J et al. (2000) Osteoprotegerin ligand modulates murine osteoclast survival in vitro and in vivo. Am J Pathol 157:435–448
Lam J, Nelson CA, Ross FP, Teitelbaum SL, Fremont DH (2001) Crystal structure of the TRANCE/RANKL cytokine reveals determinants of receptor-ligand specificity. J Clin Invest 108: 971–979
Langdahl BL, Carstens M, Stenkjaer L, Erikksen EF (2002) Polymorphisms in the osteoprotegerin gene are associated with osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1245–1255
Lee SK, Lorenzo JA (1999) Parathyroid hormone stimulates TRANCE and inhibits osteoprotegerin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in murine bone marrow cultures: Correlation with osteoclast-like cell formation. Endocrinology 140: 3552–3561
Lee SK, Lorenzo JA (2002) Regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin mRNA expression by parathyroid hormone is predominantly mediated by the protein kinase a pathway in murine bone marrow cultures. Bone 31: 252–259
Li J, Sarosi I, Yan X-Q et al. (2000) RANK is the intrinsic hematopoietic cell surface receptor that controls osteoclastogenesis and regulation of bone mass and calcium metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 1566–1571
Lin DL, Tarnowski CP, Zhang J et al. (2001) Bone metastatic LNCaP-derivative C4-2B prostate cancer cell line mineralizes in vitro. Prostate 47: 212–221
Lindberg MK, Erlandsson M, Alatalo SL et al. (2001) Estrogen receptor α, but not estrogen receptor β, is involved in the regulation of the OPG/RANKL (osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) ratio and serum interleukin-6 in male mice. J Endocrinol 171: 425–433
Lipton A, Ali SM, Leitzel K et al. (2002) Serum osteoprotegerin levels in healthy controls and cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 8: 2306–2310
Locklin RM, Khosla S, Turner RT, Riggs BL (2003) Mediators of the biphasic responses of bone to intermittent and continuously administered parathyroid hormone. J Cell Biochem 89: 180–190
Lubberts E, Joosten LA, Chabaud M et al. (2000) IL-4 gene therapy for collagen arthritis suppresses synovial IL-17 and osteoprotegerin ligand and prevents bone erosion. J Clin Invest 105: 1697–1710
Lubberts E, van den Bersselaar L, Oppers-Walgreen B et al. (2003) IL-17 promotes bone erosion in murine collagen-induced arthritis through loss of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin balance. J Immunol 170: 2655–2662
Lubberts E, Koenders MI, Oppers-Walgreen B, van den Bersselaar L, Coenen-de Roo CJ, Joosten LA, van den Berg WB (2004) Treatment with a neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17 antibody after the onset of collagen-induced arthritis reduces joint inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. Arthritis Rheum 50: 650–659
Luger NM, Honore P, Sabino MA et al. (2001) Osteoproteger-in diminishes advanced bone cancer pain. Cancer Res 61: 4038–4047
Lum L, Wong BR, Josien R et al. (1999) Evidence for a role of a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-converting enzyme-like protease in shedding of TRANCE, a TNF family member involved in osteoclastogenesis and dendritic cell survival. J Biol Chem 274: 13613–13618
Mackie PS, Fisher JL, Zhou H, Choong PF (2001) Bisphosphonates regulate cell growth and gene expression in the UMR 106-01 clonal rat osteosarcoma cell line. Br J Cancer 84: 951–958
Makiishi-Shimobayashi C, Tsujimura T, Iwasaki T et al. (2001) Interleukin-18 up-regulates osteoprotegerin expression in stromal/osteoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 281: 361–366
Malyankar UM, Scatena M, Suchland KL, Yun TJ, Clark EA, Giachelli CM (2000) Osteoprotegerin is an α v β 3-induced, NF-κB-dependent survival factor for endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 275: 20959–20962
Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Wolczynski S, Mysliwiec M (2003) Osteoprotegerin and its correlations with new markers of bone formation and bone resorption in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 35: 2227–2229
Manolagas SC (2000) Birth and death of bone cells: Basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 21: 115–137
Manolagas SC, Jilka RL (1995) Bone marrow, cytokines, and bone remodeling: Emerging insights into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 332: 305–311
Matsuo K, Owens JM, Tonko M, Elliott C, Chambers TJ, Wagner EF (2000) Fosl1 is a transcriptional target of c-Fos during osteoclast differentiation. Nature Genet 24: 184–187
Matsuzaki K, Udagawa N, Takahashi N et al. (1998) Osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) induces osteoclast-like cell formation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 246: 199–204
Mbalaviele G, Abu-Amer Y, Meng A et al. (2000) Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ pathway inhibits osteoclast differentiation. J Biol Chem 275: 14388–14393
Menaa C, Reddy SV, Kurihara N et al. (2000a) Enhanced RANK ligand expression and responsivity of bone marrow cells in Paget’s disease of bone. J Clin Invest 105: 1833–1838
Menaa C, Barsony J, Reddy SV, Cornish J, Cundy T, Roodman GD (2000b) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 hypersensitivity of osteoclast precursors from patients with Paget’s disease. J Bone Miner Res 15: 228–236
Merewether LA, Le J, Jones MD, Lee R, Shimamoto G, Lu HS (2000) Development of disulfide peptide mapping and determination of disulfide structure of recombinant human osteoprotegerin chimera produced in Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 375: 101–110
Michigami T, Ihara-Watanabe M, Yamazaki M, Ozono K (2001) Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) is a key molecule of osteoclast formation for bone metastasis in a newly developed model of human neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 61: 1637–1644
Min H, Morony S, Sarosi I et al. (2000) Osteoprotegerin reverses osteoporosis by inhibiting endosteal osteoclasts and prevents vascular calcification by blocking a process resembling osteoclastogenesis. J Exp Med 192: 463–474
Miyamoto A, Kunisada T, Hemmi H et al. (1998) Establishment and characterization of an immortal macrophage-like cell line inducible to differentiate to osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 242: 703–709
Mizuno A, Murakami A, Nakagawa N, Yasuda H, Tsuda E, Morinaga T, Higashio K (1998a) Structure of the mouse osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor/osteoprotegerin gene and its expression in embryogenesis. Gene 215: 339–343
Mizuno A, Amizuka N, Irie K et al. (1998b) Severe osteoporosis in mice lacking osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor/osteoprotegerin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247: 610–615
Morinaga T, Nakagawa N, Yasuda H, Tsuda E, Higashio K (1998) Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding human osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor. Eur J Biochem 254: 685–691
Morony S, Capparelli C, Lee R, Shimamoto G, Boone T, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR (1999) A chimeric form of osteoprotegerin inhibits hypercalcemia and bone resorption induced by IL-lβ, TNF-α, PTH, PTHrP, and 1,25(OH)2D3. J Bone Miner Res 14: 1478–1485
Morony S, Capparelli C, Sarosi I, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Kostenuik PJ (2001) Osteoprotegerin inhibits osteolysis and decreases skeletal tumor burden in syngeneic and nude mouse models of experimental bone metastasis. Cancer Res 61: 4432–4436
Mochizuki S, Fujise N, Higashio K, Tsuda E (2002) Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor/osteoprotegerin ameliorates the decrease in both bone mineral density and bone strength in immobilized rats. J Bone Miner Metab 20: 14–20
Murakami T, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto M et al. (1998) Transforming growth factor-β 1 increases mRNA levels of osteo-clastogenesis inhibitory factor in osteoblastic/stromal cells and inhibits the survival of murine osteoclast-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252: 747–752
Myers DE, Collier FM, Minkin C, Wang H, Holloway WR, Malakellis M, Nicholson GC (1999) Expression of functional RANK on mature rat and human osteoclasts. FEBS Lett 463: 295–300
Myoung H, Park JY, Choung PH (2001) Effects of a bisphosphonate on the expression of bone specific genes after autogenous free bone grafting in rats. J Periodontal Res 36: 244–251
Nagai M, Sato N (1999) Reciprocal gene expression of osteo-clastogenesis inhibitory factor and osteoclast differentiation factor regulates osteoclast formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257: 719–723
Nagai M, Kyakumoto S, Sato N (2000) Cancer cells responsible for humoral hypercalcemia express mRNA enclosing a secreted form of ODF/TRANCE that induces osteoclast formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 269: 532–536
Nakagawa N, Kinosaki M, Yamaguchi K et al. (1998) RANK is the essential signaling receptor for osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253: 395–400
Nakagawa N, Yasuda H, Yano K et al. (1999a) Basic fibroblast growth factor induces osteoclast formation by reciprocally regulating the production of osteoclast differentiation factor and osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor in mouse osteoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265: 158–163
Nakagawa N, Yasuda H, Yano K et al. (1999b) Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits osteoclast formation induced by lα,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through suppressing the production of osteoclast differentiation factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265: 45–50
Nakashima T, Kobayashi Y, Yamasaki S, Kawakami A, Egucji K, Sasaki H, Sakai H (2000) Protein expression and functional difference of membrane-bound and soluble receptor activator of NF-κB ligand: Modulation of the expression by osteotropic factors and cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 275: 768–775
Neale SD, Smith R, Wass JA, Athanasou NA (2000) Osteoclast differentiation from circulating mononuclear precursors in Paget’s disease is hypersensitive to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and RANKL. Bone 27: 409–416
Nosaka K, Miyamoto T, Sakai T, Mitsuya H, Suda T, Matsuoka M (2002) Mechanism of hypercalcemia in adult T-cell leukemia: Overexpression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand on adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 99: 634–640
O’Brien EA, Williams JHH, Marshall MJ (2000) Osteoprotegerin ligand regulates osteoclast adherence to the bone surface in mouse calvaria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274: 281–290
Ogawa T, Tokuda M, Tomizawa K et al. (1998) Osteoblastic differentiation is enhanced by rapamycin in rat osteoblastic-like osteosarcoma (ROS 17/28) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 249: 226–230
Ohmori H, Makita Y, Funamizu M et al. (2002) Linkage and association analyses of the osteoprotegerin gene locus with human osteoporosis. J Hum Genet 47: 400–406
Okada Y, Lorenzo JA, Freeman AM, Tomita M, Morham SG, Raisz LG, Pilbeam CC (2000) Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 is required for maximal formation of osteoclast-like cells in culture. J Clin Invest 105: 823–832
Onyia JE, Miles RR, Yang X et al. (2000) In vivo demonstration that parathyroid hormone 1–38 inhibits the expression of osteoprotegerin in bone with the kinetics of an immediate early gene. J Bone Miner Res 15: 863–871
Onyia JE, Galvin RJ, Ma YL et al. (2004) Novel and selective small molecule stimulators of osteoprotegerin expression inhibit bone resorption. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309: 369–379
Otsuka E, Kato Y, Hirose S, Hagiwara H (2000) Role of ascorbic acid in the osteoclast formation: Induction of osteoclast differentiation factor with formation of the extracellular collagen matrix. Endocrinology 141: 3006–3011
Oyajobi BO, Anderson DM, Traianedes K, Williams PJ, Yoneda T, Mundy GR (2001) Therapeutic efficacy of a soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB-IgG Fc fusion protein in suppressing bone resorption and hypercalcemia in a model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Cancer Res 61: 2572–2578
Pearse RN, Sordillo EM, Yaccoby S et al. (2001) Multiple myeloma disrupts the TRANCE/osteoprotegerin cytokine axis to stimulate bone destruction and promote tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 11581–11586
Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC et al. (1999) Multiline-age potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284: 143–147
Plotkin LI, Weinstein RS, Parfitt AM, Roberson PK, Manolagas SC, Bellido T (1999) Prevention of osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis by bisphos-phonates and calcitonin. J Clin Invest 104: 1363–1374
Price PA, June HH, Buckley JR, Williamson MK (2001) Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 1610–1616
Quinn JMW, Elliott J, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (1998) A combination of osteoclast differentiation factor and macrophage-colony stimulating factor is sufficient for both human and mouse osteoclast formation in vitro. Endocrinology 139: 4424–4427
Quinn JMW, Horwood NJ, Elliott J, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (2000) Fibroblastic stromal cells express receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and support osteoclast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 15: 1459–1466
Quinn JM, Itoh K, Udagawa N et al. (2001) Transforming growth factor-β affects osteoclast differentiation via direct and indirect actions. J Bone Miner Res 16: 1787–1794
Rani CS, MacDougall M (2000) Dental cells express factors that regulate bone resorption. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 3: 145–152
Reinholz GG, Getz B, Pederson L, Sanders ES, Subramaniam M, Ingle JN, Spelsberg TC (2000) Bisphosphonates directly regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression in human osteoblasts. Cancer Res 60: 6001–6007
Reszka AA, Halasy-Nagy JM, Masarachia PJ, Rodan GA (1999) Bisphosphonates act directly on the osteoclast to induce caspase cleavage of mst1 kinase during apoptosis. A link between inhibition of the mevalonate pathway and regulation of an apoptosis-promoting kinase. J Biol Chem 274: 34967–34973
Ritchlin CT, Haas-Smith SA, Li P, Hicks DG, Schwarz EM (2003) Mechanisms of TNF-α-and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in psoriatic arthritis. J Clin Invest 111: 821–831
Rodan GA, Martin TJ (2000) Therapeutic approaches to bone diseases. Science 289: 1508–1514
Rogers A, Saleh G, Hannon RA, Greenfield D, Eastell R (2002) Circulating estradiol and osteoprotegerin as determinants of bone turnover and bone density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 4470–4475
Romas E, Bakharevski O, Hards DK et al. (2000) Expression of osteoclast differentiation factor at sites of bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43: 821–826
Roodman GD (1996) Advances in bone biology: The osteoclast. Endocr Rev 17: 308–332
Ross FR (2000) RANKing the importance of measles virus in Paget’s disease. J Clin Invest 105: 555–558
Roux S, Meignin V, Quillard J et al. (2002) RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB) and RANKL expression in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 117: 86–92
Rubin J, Murphy T, Nanes MS, Fan X (2000) Mechanical strain inhibits expression of osteoclast differentiation factor by murine stromal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278: C1126–C1132
Rubin J, Murphy TC, Fan X, Goldschmidt M, Taylor WR (2002) Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is involved in mechanical strain inhibition of RANKL expression in bone stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1452–1460
Rubin J, Murphy TC, Zhu L, Roy E, Nanes MS, Fan X (2003) Mechanical strain differentially regulates endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and receptor activator of nuclear κB ligand expression via ERK1/2 MAPK. J Biol Chem 278: 34018–34025
Sahni M, Guenther HL, Fleisch H, Collin P, Martin TJ (1993) Bisphosphonates act on rat bone resorption through the mediation of osteoblasts. J Clin Invest 91: 2004–2011
Saika M, Inoue D, Kido S, Matsumoto T (2001) 17β-Estradiol stimulates expression of osteoprotegerin by a mouse stromal cell line, ST-2, via estrogen receptor-α. Endocrinology 142: 2205–2212
Sakata M, Shiba H, Komatsuzawa H et al. (1999) Expression of osteoprotegerin (osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor) in cultures of human dental mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells. J Bone Miner Res 14: 1486–1492
Sakurai A, Okahashi N, Nakagawa I, Kawabata S, Amano A, Ooshima T, Hamada S (2003) Streptococcus pyogenes infection induces septic arthritis with increased production of the receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand. Infect Immun 71: 6019–6026
Sasaki N, Kusano E, Ando Y, Yano K, Tsuda E, Asano Y (2001) Glucocorticoid decreases circulating osteoprotegerin (OPG): Possible mechanism for glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 479–482
Sasaki N, Kusano E, Ando Y et al. (2002) Changes in osteo-protegerin and markers of bone metabolism during glucocorticoid treatment in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Bone 30: 853–858
Sato T, Tominaga Y, Iwasaki Y et al. (2001) Osteoprotegerin levels before and after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 38(4 Suppl 1): S175–177
Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC (2002) RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin: Paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 549–553
Schoppet M, Sattler AM, Schaefer JR, Herzum M, Maisch B, Hofbauer LC (2003) Increased osteoprotegerin serum levels in men with coronary artery disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 1024–1028
Seidel C, Hjertner O, Abildgaard N et al. for the Nordic Myeloma Study Group (2001) Serum osteoprotegerin levels are reduced in patients with multiple myeloma with lytic bone disease. Blood 98: 2269–2271
Sells Galvin RJ, Gatlin CL, Horn JW, Fuson TR (1999) TGF-β enhances osteoclast differentiation in hematopoietic cell cultures stimulated with RANKL and M-CSF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265: 233–239
Sezer O, Heider U, Jakob C, Eucker J, Possinger K (2002 a) Human bone marrow myeloma cells express RANKL. J Clin Oncol 20: 353–354
Sezer O, Heider U, Jakob C et al. (2002 b) Immunocytochemistry reveals RANKL expression of myeloma cells. Blood 99: 4646–4647
Sezer O, Heider U, Zavrski I, Kühne CA, Hofbauer LC (2003) RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin in myeloma bone disease. Blood 101: 2094–2098
Shevde NK, Bendixen AC, Dienger KM, Pike JW (2000) Estrogens suppress RANK ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation via a stromal cell independent mechanism involving c-Jun repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 7829–7834
Shiba H, Nakanishi K, Sakata M, Fujita T, Uchida Y, Kurihara H (2000) Effects of ageing on proliferative ability, and the expressions of secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and osteoprotegerin (osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor) in cultures of human periodontal ligament cells. Mech Ageing Dev 117: 69–77
Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR et al. (1997) Osteoprotegerin: A novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89: 309–319
Spelsberg TC, Subramaniam M, Riggs BL, Khosla S (1999) The actions and interactions of sex steroids and growth factors/cytokines on the skeleton. Mol Endocrinol 13: 819–828
Srivastava S, Toraldo G, Weitzmann MN, Cenci S, Ross FP, Pacifici R (2001) Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced JNK activation. J Biol Chem 276: 8836–8840
Standal T, Seidel C, Hjertner O et al. (2002) Osteoprotegerin is bound, internalized and degraded by multiple myeloma cells. Blood 100: 3002–3007
Stilgren LS, Hegedus LM, Beck-Nielsen H, Abrahamsen B (2003) Osteoprotegerin levels in primary hyperparathyroidism: Effect of parathyroidectomy and association with bone metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 73: 210–216
Stolina M, Guo J, Faggioni R, Brown H, Senaldi G (2003) Regulatory effects of osteoprotegerin on cellular and humoral immune responses. Clin Immunol 109: 347–354
Suda T, Takahashi N, Martin TJ (1992) Modulation of osteoclast differentiation. Endocr Rev 13: 66–80
Suda T, Takahashi N, Martin TJ (1995) Modulation of osteoclast differentiation: Update 1995. Endocr Rev 4: 266–270
Suda T, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Jimi E, Gillepsie MT, Martin TJ (1999) Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families. Endocr Rev 20: 345–357
Szalay F, Hegedus D, Lakatos PL, Tornai I, Bajnok E, Dunkel K, Lakatos P (2003) High serum osteoprotegerin and low RANKL in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 38: 395–400
Szulc P, Hofbauer LC, Heufelder AE, Roth S, Delmas PD (2001) Osteoprotegerin serum levels in men: Correlation with age, estrogen, and testosterone status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 3162–3165
Takai H, Kanematsu M, Yano K et al. (1998) Transforming growth factor-β stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor by bone marrow stromal cells. J Biol Chem 273: 27091–27096
Takayanagi H, Iizuka H, Juji T et al. (2000 a) Involvement of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis from synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43: 259–269
Takayanagi H, Ogasawara K, Hida S et al. (2000 b) T-cell-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis by signalling cross-talk between RANKL and IFN-γ. Nature 408: 600–605
Takeuchi Y, Suzawa M, Fukumoto S, Fujita T (2000) Vitamin K(2) inhibits adipogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and ODF/ RANK ligand expression in murine bone marrow cell cultures. Bone 27: 769–776
Tan KB, Harrop J, Reddy M et al. (1997) Characterization of a novel TNF-like ligand and recently described TNF ligand and TNF receptor superfamily genes and their constitutive and inducible expression in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Gene 204: 35–46
Teitelbaum SL (2000) Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 289: 1504–1508
Teng Y-TA, Nguyen H, Gao X et al. (2000) Functional human T-cell immunity and osteoprotegerin ligand control alveolar bone destruction in periodontal infection. J Clin Invest 106: R59–R67
Thirunavukkarasu K, Halladay DL, Miles RR et al. (2000) The osteoblast-specific transcription factor cbfa1 contributes to the expression of osteoprotegerin, a potent inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and function. J Biol Chem 275: 25163–25172
Thirunavukkarasu K, Miles RR, Halladay DL et al. (2001) Stimulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β): Mapping of the OPG promoter region that mediates TGF-β effects. J Biol Chem 276: 36241–36250
Thomas RJ, Guise TA, Yin JJ, Elliott J, Horwood NJ, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (1999 a) Breast cancer cells interact with osteoblasts to support osteoclast formation. Endocrinology 140: 4451–4458
Thomas T, Gori F, Khosla S, Jensen MD, Burguera B, Riggs BL (1999b) Leptin acts on human marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation to osteoblasts and to inhibit differentiation to adipocytes. Endocrinology 140: 1630–1638
Tian E, Zhan F, Walker R, Rasmussen E, Ma Y, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy JD (2003) The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 349: 2483–2494
Tintut Y, Demer LL (2001) Recent advances in multifactorial regulation of vascular calcification. Curr Opin Lipidol 12: 555–560
Tirpitz C von, Epp S, Klaus J et al. (2003) Effect of systemic glucocorticoid therapy on bone metabolism and the osteoprotegerin system in patients with active Crohn’s disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: 1165–1170
Tokuda H, Kozawa O, Harada A, Uematsu T (1998) Tiludronate inhibits interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts: Inhibition of phospholipase D activation in MC3T3-E1 cells. J Cell Biochem 69: 252–259
Tomoyasu A, Goto M, Fujise N et al. (1998) Characterization of monomeric and homodimeric forms of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245: 382–387
Toraldo G, Roggia C, Qian WP, Pacifici R, Weitzmann MN (2003) IL-7 induces bone loss in vivo by induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and tumor necrosis factor alpha from T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 125–130
Tsuda E, Goto M, Mochizuki S-I, Yano K, Kobayashi F, Morinaga T, Higashio K (1997) Isolation of a novel cytokine from human fibroblasts that specifically inhibits osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 234: 137–142
Tsukii K, Shima N, Mochizuki S et al. (1998) Osteoclast differentiation factor mediates an essential signal for bone resorption induced by lα,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, prostaglandin E2, or parathyroid hormone in the microenvironment of bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 246: 337–341
Turner RT, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC (1994) Skeletal effects of estrogen. Endocr Rev 15: 275–300
Tyson KL, Reynolds JL, McNair R, Zhang Q, Weissberg PL, Shanahan CM (2003) Osteo/chondrocytic transcription factors and their target genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression in human arterial calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 489–494
Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Jimi E et al. (1999) Osteoblasts/stromal cells stimulate osteoclast activation through expression of osteoclast differentiation factor/RANKL but not macrophage colony-stimulating factor: Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. Bone 25: 517–523
Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Yasuda H et al. (2000) Osteoprotegerin produced by osteoblasts is an important regulator in osteoclast development. Endocrinology 141: 3478–3484
Ueland T, Bollerslev J, Godang K, Muller F, Froland SS, Aukrust P (2001) Increased serum osteoprotegerin in disorders characterized by persistent immune activation or glucocorticoid excess-possible role in bone homeostasis. Eur J Endocrinol 145: 685–690
Ueland T, Bollerslev J, Flyvbjerg A, Hansen TB, Vahl N, Mosekilde L (2002) Effects of 12 months of GH treatment on cortical and trabecular bone content of IGFs and OPG in adults with acquired GH deficiency: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 2760–2763
Vidal NOA, Brändström H, Jonsson KB, Ohlsson C (1998a) Osteoprotegerin mRNA is expressed in primary human osteoblast-like cells: Down-regulation by glucocorticoids. J Endocrinol 159: 191–195
Vidal ON, Sjögren K, Eriksson BI, Ljunggren Ö, Ohlsson C (1998b) Osteoprotegerin mRNA is increased by interleukin-1α in the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 and in human osteoblast-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248: 696–700
Viereck V, Emons G, Lauck V, Frosch KH, Blaschke S, Gründker C, Hofbauer LC (2002a) Bisphosphonates pamidronate and zoledronic acid stimulate osteoprotegerin production by primary human osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291: 680–686
Viereck V, Gründker C, Blaschke S, Siggelkow H, Emons G, Hofbauer LC (2002b) Phytoestrogen genistein stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human trabecular osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 84: 725–735
Viereck V, Grundker C, Blaschke S et al. (2003) Raloxifene concurrently stimulates osteoprotegerin and inhibits interleukin-6 production by human trabecular osteoblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 4206–4213
Vitte C, Fleisch H, Guenther HL (1996) Bisphosphonates induce osteoblasts to secrete an inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated resorption. Endocrinology 137: 2324–2333
Wan M, Shi X, Feng X, Cao X (2001) Transcriptional mechanisms of bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteoprotegerin gene expression. J Biol Chem 276: 10119–10125
Wani MR, Fuller K, Kim NS, Choi Y, Chambers T (1999) Prostaglandin E2 cooperates with TRANCE in osteoclast induction from hematopoietic precursors: Synergistic activation of differentiation, cell spreading, and fusion. Endocrinology 140: 1927–1935
Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC (1998) Inhibition of osteoblastogenesis and promotion of apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes by glucocorticoids. Potential mechanism of their deleterious effects on bone. J Clin Invest 102: 274–282
Weitzmann MN, Cenci S, Rifas L, Brown C, Pacifici R (2000) Interleukin-7 stimulates osteoclast formation by up-regulating the T-cell production of soluble osteoclastogenic cytokines. Blood 96: 1873–1878
Weitzmann MN, Cenci S, Rifas L, Haug J, Dipersio J, Pacifici R (2001) T cell activation induces human osteoclast formation via receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand-dependent and-independent mechanisms. J Bone Miner Res 16: 328–337
Whyte MP, Hughes AE (2002) Expansile skeletal hyperphosphatasia is caused by a 15-base pair tandem duplication in TNFRSF11A encoding RANK and is allelic to familial expansile osteolysis. J Bone Miner Res 17: 26–29
Whyte MP, Obrecht SE, Finnegan PM, Jones JL, Podgornik MN, McAlister WH, Mumm S (2002) Osteoprotegerin deficiency and juvenile Paget’s disease. N Engl J Med 347: 175–184
Wiethe C, Dittmar K, Doan T, Lindenmaier W, Tindle R (2003) Enhanced effector and memory CTL responses generated by incorporation of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand costimulatory molecules into dendritic cell immunogens expressing a human tumor-specific antigen. J Immunol 171: 4121–4130
Williamson E, Bilsborough JM, Viney JL (2002) Regulation of mucosal dendritic cell function by receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand interactions: Impact on tolerance induction. J Immunol 169: 3606–3612
Wong BR, Josien R, Lee SY, Sauter B, Li HL, Steinman RM, Choi Y (1997a) TRANCE (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related activation-induced cytokine), a new TNF family member predominantly expressed in T cells, is a dendritic cell-specific survival factor. J Exp Med 186: 2075–2080
Wong BR, Rho J, Arron J et al. (1997b) TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates c-jun N-terminal kinase in T cells. J Biol Chem 272: 25190–25194
Wong BR, Josien R, Young Lee S, Vologodskaia M, Steinman RM, Choi Y (1998) The TRAF family of signal transducers mediates NF-κB activation by the TRANCE receptor. J Biol Chem 273: 28355–28359
Wong BR, Josien R, Choi Y (1999a) TRANCE is a TNF family member that regulates dendritic cell and osteoclast function. J Leuko Biol 65: 715–724
Wong BR, Besser D, Kim N, Arron JR, Vologodskaia M, Hanafusa H, Choi Y (1999b) TRANCE, a TNF family member, activates Akt/PKB through a signaling complex involving TRAF6 and c-Src. Mol Cell 4: 1041–1049
Wynne F, Drummond F, O’Sullivan K, Daly M, Shanahan F, Molloy MG, Quane KA (2002) Investigation of the genetic influence of the OPG, VDR (Fok1), and COLIA Sp1 polymorphisms on BMD in the Irish population. Calcif Tissue Int 71: 26–35
Xu J, Tan JW, Huang L et al. (2000) Cloning, sequencing, and functional characterization of the rat homologue of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. J Bone Miner Res 15: 2178–2186
Yamagishi T, Otsuka E, Hagiwara H (2001) Reciprocal control of expression of mRNAs for osteoclast differentiation factor and OPG in osteogenic stromal cells by genistein: Evidence for the involvement of topoisomerase II in osteoclastogenesis. Endocrinology 142: 3632–3637
Yamaguchi A, Komori T, Suda T (2000) Regulation of osteoblast differentiation mediated by bone morphogenetic proteins, hedgehogs, and Cbfa1. Endocr Rev 21: 393–411
Yamaguchi K, Kinosaki M, Goto M, Kobayashi F, Tsuda E, Morinaga T, Higashio K (1998) Characterization of structural domains of human osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor. J Biol Chem 273: 5117–5123
Yamamoto M, Murakami T, Nishikawa M et al. (1998) Hypocalcemic effect of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor/osteoprotegerin in the thyroparathyroidectomized rat. Endocrinology 139: 4012–4015
Yamane T, Kunisada T, Yamazaki H, Nakano T, Orkin SH, Hayashi SI (2000) Sequential requirements for SCL/tal-1, GATA-2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and osteoclast differentiation factor/osteoprotegerin ligand in osteoclast development. Exp Hematol 28: 833–840
Yano K, Tsuda E, Washida N et al. (1999) Immunological characterization of circulating osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor: Increased serum concentrations in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 14: 518–527
Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N et al. (1998a) Identity of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG): A mechanism by which OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Endocrinology 139: 1329–1337
Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N et al. (1998b) Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 3597–3602
Yonou H, Kanomata N, Goya M et al. (2003) Osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor decreases human prostate cancer burden in human adult bone implanted into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res 63: 2096–2102
Yun TJ, Chaudhary PM, Shu GL et al. (1998) OPG/FDCR-1, a TNF receptor family member, is expressed in lymphoid cells and is up-regulated by ligating CD40. J Immunol 161: 6113–6121
Yun TJ, Tallquist MD, Aicher A et al. (2001) Osteoprotegerin, a crucial regulator of bone metabolism, also regulates B cell development and function. J Immunol 166: 1482–1491
Zhang J, Dai J, Qi Y et al. (2001) Osteoprotegerin inhibits prostate cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents prostate tumor growth in the bone. J Clin Invest 107: 1235–1244
Zhang J, Dai J, Lin DL et al. (2002) Osteoprotegerin abrogates chronic alcohol ingestion-induced bone loss in mice. J Bone Miner Res 17: 1256–1263
Ziolkowska M, Kurowska M, Radzikowska A et al. (2002) High levels of osteoprotegerin and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in serum of rheumatoid arthritis patients and their normalization after anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment. Arthritis Rheum 46: 1744–1753
Zwerina J, Hayer S, Tohidast-Akrad M et al. (2004) Single and combined inhibition of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and RANKL pathways in tumor necrosis factor-induced arthritis: Effects on synovial inflammation, bone erosion, and cartilage destruction. Arthritis Rheum 50: 277–290
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hofbauer, L.C., Schoppet, M. (2006). Bedeutung von RANK-Ligand und Osteoprotegerin für den Knochenstoffwechsel. In: Ganten, D., Ruckpaul, K., Köhrle, J. (eds) Molekularmedizinische Grundlagen von para- und autokrinen Regulationsstörungen. Molekulare Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28782-5_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28782-5_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28781-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-28782-7
eBook Packages: Life Science and Basic Disciplines (German Language)