Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Soy, Isoflavones and Atherosclerosis

  • Chapter
Atherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 170))

Abstract

Consumption of soy protein is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in man, and reduced atherosclerosis in a variety of experimental animals. Although a portion of the cardiovascular protective effects appears to be due to reductions in plasma lipoprotein concentration, in most people the magnitude of this effect is relatively small. In many, but not all studies using animal models, the reduction in atherosclerosis is in part independent of changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. This implies that there may be a direct effect on the arterial wall of one or more of the components in soy protein that reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis. The most actively studied components of soy protein that may be responsible for these anti-atherogenic effects are the isoflavones and various protein factions. Extraction of isoflavones and other alcohol-soluble components from soy protein lowers, but does not eliminate its ability to reduce atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, in most studies, adding back the isoflavone-rich alcohol extract to the previously extracted soy protein, or to another protein, does not restore its lipoprotein lowering or anti-atherogenic properties. This implies that alcohol extraction either destroys an active component of soy, alters the structural integrity of the soy proteins, or disassociates a required isoflavone—soy protein complex. Understanding the mechanism of this effect is an important goal for future research. Likewise, the sites of action on the arterial wall, and the mechanisms by 302 R. St. Clair and M. Anthony which various soy components act to reduce atherosclerosis are just now being studied. The recent demonstration that expression of estrogen receptor alpha is required for atheroprotection by soy protein provides important new mechanistic insight. Other properties of soy, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potentially antithrombogenic properties need to be explored more mechanistically before the full potential of dietary soy protein for the protection from cardiovascular disease will be known.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 429.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams MR, Golden DL, Anthony MS, Register TC, Williams JK (2002a) The inhibitory effect of soy protein isolate on atherosclerosis in mice does not require the presence of LDL receptors or alteration of plasma lipoproteins. J Nutr 132:43–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams MR, Golden DL, Franke AA, Potter SM, Smith HS, Anthony MS (2004) Dietary Soy beta-Conglycinin (7S Globulin) Inhibits Atherosclerosis in Mice. J Nutr 134:511–516

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams MR, Golden DL, Register TC, Anthony MS, Hodgin JB, Maeda N, Williams JK (2002b). The atheroprotective effect of dietary soy isoflavones in apolipoprotein E-/-mice requires the presence of estrogen receptor-a. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:1859–1864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akiyama T, Ishida J, Nakagawa S, Ogawara H, Watanabe S, Itoh N, Shibuya M, Fukami Y (1987). Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. J Biol Chem 262:5592–5595

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME (1995) Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 333:276–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RL, Wolf WJ (1995) Compositional Changes in Trypsin Inhibitors, Phytic Acid, Saponins and Isoflavones Related to Soybean Processing. J Nutr 125:581S–588S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony MS (2002a) Soy/isoflavones and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In: Gilani GS, Anderson JJB (eds) Phytoestrogens and health. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp 268–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony MS, Blair RM, Clarkson TB (2002b) Neither isoflavones nor the alcohol-extracted fraction added to alcohol-washed soy protein isolate restores the lipoprotein effects of soy protein isolate. J Nutr 132:583S

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Bullock BC, Wagner JD (1997) Soy protein versus soy phytoestrogens in the prevention of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis of male cynomolgus monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:2524–2531

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Hughes CL Jr, Morgan TM, Burke GL (1996) Soybean isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys. J Nutr 126:43–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, Weigel RM, Klein BP, Persky VW, Freels S, Surya P, Bakhit RM, Ramos E, Shay NF, Potter SM(1998) Long-termintake of soy protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 68:545–551

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaglehole R (1990) International trends in coronary heart disease mortality, morbidity, and risk factors. Epidemiol Rev 12:1–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair RM, Appt SE, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Lamothe V, Potter SM (2002) Dietary soy and soy isoflavones have gender-specific effects on plasma lipids and isoflavones in golden Syrian f(1)b hybrid hamsters. J Nutr 132:3585–3591

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boersma BJ, Patel RP, Botting N, White CR, Parks D, Barnes S, Darley-Usmar VM (2001) Formation of novel bioactive metabolites from the reactions of pro-inflammatory oxidants with polyphenolics. Biofactors 15:79–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke-Gaffney A, Hellewell PG (1996) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression in human vascular endothelial and lung epithelial cells: modulation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br. J Pharmacol. 119:1149–1158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll KK (1982) Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: effects of dietary protein. Fed Proc 41:2792–2796

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Morgan TM. (2001) Inhibition of postmenopausal atherosclerosis progression: A comparison of the effects of conjugated equine estrogens and soy phytoestrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:41–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coward L, Barnes NC, Setchell KDR, Barnes S (1993) Genistein, daidzein, and their b-glycoside conjugates: antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets. J Agric Food Chem 41:1961–1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Crouse JR III, Morgan T, Terry JG, Ellis J, Vitolins M, Burke GL (1999) A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 159:2070–2076

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuevas AM, Irribarra VL, Castillo OA, Yanez MD, Germain AM (2003) Isolated soy protein improves endothelial function in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women. Eur J Clin Nutr 57:889–894

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran EM, Judy BM, Newton LG, Lubahn DB, Rottinghaus GE, Macdonald RS, Franklin C, Estes DM (2004)Dietary soy phytoestrogens and ERalpha signalling modulate interferon gamma production in response to bacterial infection. Clin Exp Immunol 135:219–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dent SB, Peterson CT, Brace LD, Swain JH, Reddy MB, Hanson KB, Robinson JG, Alekel DL (2001) Soy protein intake by perimenopausal women does not affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins or coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. J Nutr 131:2280–2287

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deodato B, Altavilla D, Squadrito G, Campo GM, Arlotta M, Minutoli L, Saitta A, Cucinotta D, Calapai G, Caputi AP, Miano M, Squadrito F (1999) Cardioprotection by the phytoestrogen genistein in experimental myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 128:1683–1690

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewell A, Hollenbeck CB, Bruce B (2002) The effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens on serum lipids and lipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:118–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duane WC (1999) Effects of soybean protein and very low dietary cholesterol on serum lipids, biliary lipids, and fecal sterols in humans. Metabolism 48:489–494

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erdman JW, Fordyce EJ (1989) Soy Products and the Human Diet. Am J Clin Nutr 49:725–737

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner CD, Newell KA, Cherin R, Haskell WL (2001) The Effect of Soy Protein with or without Isoflavones Relative to Milk Protein on Plasma Lipids in Hypercholesterolemic Postmenopausal Women. Am J Clin Nutr 73:728–735

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghatge S, Lee J, Smith I (2003) Sevoflurane: an ideal agent for adult day-case anesthesia? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:917–931

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greaves KA, Parks JS, Williams JK, Wagner JD (1999) Intact dietary soy protein, but not adding an isoflavone-rich soy extract to casein, improves plasma lipids in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. J Nutr 129:1585–1592

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hale G, Paul-Labrador M, Dwyer JH, Merz CN (2002) Isoflavone supplementation and endothelial function in menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 56:693–701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi A, Popovich KS, Kim HC, de Juan E Jr (1997) Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in rat corneal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235:460–467

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgin JB, Krege JH, Reddick RL, Korach KS, Smithies O, Maeda N(2001) Estrogen receptor alpha is a major mediator of 17 beta-estradiol's atheroprotective effects on lesion size in Apoe(-/-) mice. J Clin Invest 107:333–340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Croft KD (1998) Supplementation with isoflavonoid phytoestrogens does not alter serum lipid concentrations: A randomized controlled trial in humans. J Nutr 128:728–732

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Croft KD, Rogers PB (1999) Effects of isoflavonoids on blood pressure in subjects with high-normal ambulatory blood pressure levels: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Hypertens 12:47–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honore EK, Williams JK, Anthony MS, Clarkson TB (1997) Soy isoflavones enhance coronary vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques. Fertil Steril 67:148–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard AN, Gresham GA, Jones D, Jennings IW (1965) The prevention of rabbit atherosclerosis by soya bean meal. J Atheroscler Res 87:330–337

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howes JB, Sullivan D, Lai N, Nestel P, Pomeroy S, West L, Eden JA, Howes LG (2000) The effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on the lipoprotein profiles of postmenopausal women with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 152:143–147

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huff M, Hamilton R, Carroll K (1977) Plasma cholesterol levels in rabbits fed low fat, cholesterol-free, semipurified diets: effects of dietary proteins, protein hydrolysates and amino acid mixtures. Atherosclerosis 28:187–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang J, Sevanian A, Hodis HN, Ursini F (2000) Synergistic inhibition of LDL oxidation by phytoestrogens and ascorbic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 29:79–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang J, Wang J, Morazzoni P, Hodis HN, Sevanian A (2003) The phytoestrogen equol increases nitric oxide availability by inhibiting superoxide production: an antioxidant mechanism for cell-mediated LDL modification. Free Radic Biol Med 34:1271–1282

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Garsetti M, Rosenberg-Zand RS, Jackson CJ, Agarwal S, Rao AV, Diamandis EP, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vuksan V, Vidgen E (2000). Effect of soy protein foods on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and ex vivo sex hormone receptor activity-a controlled crossover trial. Metabolism 49:537–543

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang F, Jones GT, Husband AJ, Dusting GJ (2003) Cardiovascular protective effects of synthetic isoflavone derivatives in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. J Vasc Res 40:276–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingwell BA, Gatzka CD (2002) Arterial stiffness and prediction of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 20:2337–2340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk EA, Sutherland P, Wang SA, Chait A, LeBoeuf RC (1998) Dietary isoflavones reduce plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 mice but not LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Nutr 128:954–959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo K, Suzuki Y, Ikeda Y, Umemura K (2002) Genistein, an isoflavone included in soy, inhibits thrombotic vessel occlusion in the mouse femoral artery and in vitro platelet aggregation. Eur J Pharmacol 455:53–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P (2002) Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420:868–874

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim Y, Kim SH, Cho YJ, Kim KA, Oh MW, and Lee KH (1997) Silica-induced oxygen radical generation in alveolar macrophage. Ind Health 35:380–387

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meinertz H, Nilausen K, Hilden J (2002) Alcohol-extracted, but not intact, dietary soy protein lowers lipoprotein(a) markedly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:312–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merz-Demlow BE, Duncan AM, Wangen KE, Xu X, Carr TP, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS (2000) Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1462–1469

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata C (2000) Ecological study of the association betweeen soy intake and mortality from cancer and heart disease in Japan. Int J Epidemiol 29:832–836

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H (2002) Soy and fish oil intake and mortality in a Japanese community. Am J Epidemiol 156:824–831

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata M, Sedgwick JB, Busse WW (1997) Synergistic activation of eosinophil superoxide anion generation by VCAM-1 and GM-CSF. Involvement of tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 114Suppl 1:78–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel P (2002) Role of soy protein in cholesterol-lowering-How good is it? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:1743–1744

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel P (2003) Isoflavones: their effects on cardiovascular risk and functions. Curr Opin Lipidol 14:3–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel PJ, Pomeroy S, Kay S, Komesaroff P, Behrsing J, Cameron JD, West L (1999) Isoflavones from red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:895–898

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel PJ, Yamashita T, Sasahara T, Pomeroy S, Dart A, Komesaroff P, Owen A, Abbey M (1997) Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:3392–3398

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilausen K, Meinertz H (1999) Lipoprotein(a) and dietary proteins: Casein lowers lipoprotein(a) concentrations as compared with soy protein. Am J Clin Nutr 69:419–425

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shanahan MF, Banz WJ. (2000) A cooperative interaction between soy protein and its isoflavone-enriched fraction lowers hepatic lipids in male obese Zucker rats and reduces blood platelet sensitivity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr 130:2333–2342

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter SM (1995) Overview of proposed mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy. J Nutr 125:606S–611S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter SM (1998) Soyprotein and cardiovascular disease: theimpact of bioactive components in soy. Nutr Rev 56:231–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regal JF, Fraser DG, Weeks CE, Greenberg NA (2000). Dietary phytoestrogens have antiinflammatory activity in a guinea pig model of asthma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 223:372–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson TL, Kato H, Rhoads A, Kagan M, Marmot M, Syme SL, Gordon T, Worth RM, Belsky JL, Dock DS, Miyanishi M, Kawamoto S (1977) Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Incidence of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 39:239–243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Larrea MB, Mohan AR, Paganga G, Miller NJ, Bolwell GP, Rice-Evans CA (1997) Antioxidant activity of phytoestrogenic isoflavones. Free Radic Res 26:63–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowska-Krowicka H, Mannick EE, Oliver PD, Sandoval M, Zhang XJ, Eloby-Childess S, Clark DA, Miller MJ (1998) Genistein and gut inflammation: role of nitric oxide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 217:351–357

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasazuki S, Fukuoka Heart Study Group (2001) Case-control study of nonfatal myocardial infarction in relation to selected foods in Japanese men and women. Jpn Circ J 65:200–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM (2000) Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101:1899–1906

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwenke DC (1998) Antioxidants and atherogenesis. J Nutr Biochem 9:424–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, Celermajer DS (2000) Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women*1. Am J Cardiol 85:1297–1301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sirtori CR, Even R, Lovati MR (1993) Soybean protein diet and plasma cholesterol: from therapy to molecular mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 676:188–201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song T, Lee SO, Murphy PA, Hendrich S (2003) Soy protein with or without isoflavones, soy germ and soy germ extract, and daidzein lessen plasma cholesterol levels in golden Syrian hamsters. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228:1063–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Morabito N, Crisafulli A, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Ruggeri P, Campo GM, Calapai G, Caputi AP, Squadrito G (2002) The effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 163:339–347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Crisafulli A, Saitta A, Cucinotta D, Morabito N, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Ruggeri P, Frisina N, Squadrito G (2003) Effect of genistein on endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Am J Med 114:470–476

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg FM, Guthrie NL, Villablanca AC, Kumar K, Murray MJ (2003) Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 78:123–130

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suwaidi JA, Hamasaki S, Higano ST, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR Jr, Lerman A (2000) Longterm follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 101:948–954

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe J, Watanabe M, Kondoh S, Mue S, Ohuchi K (1994) Possible roles of protein kinases in neutrophil chemotactic factor production by leucocytes in allergic inflammation in rats. Br J Pharmacol 113:1480–1486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teede HJ, Dalais FS, Kotsopoulos D, Liang YL, Davis S, McGrath BP (2001) Dietary soy has both beneficial and potentially adverse cardiovascular effects: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3053–3060

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teede HJ, McGrath BP, DeSilva L, Cehun M, Fassoulakis A, Nestel PJ (2003) Isoflavones reduce arterial stiffness—A placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:1066–1071

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, Hannum S, Erdman JW Jr, Hasler CM (2000) Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1077–1084

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tikkanen MJ, Vihma V, Hökerstedt A, Jauhiainen M, Helisten H, Kaamanen M (2002) Lipophilic oestrogen derivatives contained in lipoprotein particles. Acta Physiol Scand 176:117–121

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tikkanen MJ, Wahala K, Ojala S, Vihma V, Adlercreutz H (1998). Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3106–3110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration (1999) Food labeling: health claims: soy protein and coronary heart disease. Fed Regist 64: 21CFR part 101, 57700–57733

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Schouw YT, Pijpe A, Lebrun CE, Bots ML, Peeters PH, Van Staveren WA, Lamberts SW, Grobbee DE (2002). Higher usual dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with lower aortic stiffness in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:1316–1322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdrengh M, Jonsson IM, Holmdahl R, Tarkowski A (2003) Genistein as an anti-inflammatory agent. Inflamm Res 52:341–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner JD, Clarkson TB, StClair RW, Schwenke DC, Shively CA, Adams MR (1991) Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy reduces LDL accumulation in the coronary arteries of surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys. J Clin Invest 88:1995–2002

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner JD, Schwenke DC, Greaves KA, Zhang L, Anthony MS, Blair RM, Shadoan MK, Williams JK (2003) Soy protein with isoflavones, but not an isoflavone-rich supplement, improves arterial low-density lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:2241–2246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker HA, Dean TS, Sanders TA, Jackson G, Ritter JM, Chowienczyk PJ (2001) The phytoestrogen genistein produces acute nitric oxide-dependent dilation of human forearm vasculature with similar potency to 17ss-estradiol. Circulation 103:258–262

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wangen KE, Duncan AM, Xu X, Kurzer MS (2001) Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 73:225–231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, Anthony M(1999) Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause 6:7–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber C (1996) Involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in endothelial adhesionmolecule induction. Immunol Res 15:30–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox JN, Blumenthal BF (1995) Thrombotic mechanisms in atherosclerosis: Potential impact of soy proteins. J Nutr 125:S631–S638

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams JK, Anthony MS, Herrington DM (2001). Interactive effects of soy protein and estradiol on coronary artery reactivity in atherosclerotic, ovariectomized monkeys. Menopause. 8:307–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JK, Clarkson TB (1998) Dietary soy isoflavones inhibit in-vivo constrictor responses of coronary arteries to collagen-induced platelet activation. Coron Artery Dis 9:759–764

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman H, OReilly JD, Adlercreutz H, Mallet AI, Bowey EA, Rowland IR, Sanders TAB (2000) Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F-2-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 72:395–400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witztum JL, Steinberg D (2001) The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherosclerosis: does it hold for humans? Trends Cardiovasc Med 11:93–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolle J, Hill RR, Ferguson E, Devall LJ, Trivedi BK, Newton RS, Saxena U (1996) Selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression by a novel flavonoid. Lack of effect on transcription factor NF-kappa B. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16:1501–1508

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamakoshi J, Piskula MK, Izumi T, Tobe K, Saito M, Kataoka S, Obata A, Kikuchi M (2000) Isoflavone aglycone-rich extract without soy protein attenuates atherosclerosis development in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Nutr 130:1887–1893

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung J, Yu TF (2003) Effects of isoflavones (soy phyto-estrogens) on serum lipids: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr J 2:15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yildirir A, Tokgozoglu SL, Oduncu T, Oto A, Haznedaroglu I, Akinci D, Koksal G, Sade E, Kirazli S, Kes S (2001) Soy protein diet significantly improves endothelial function and lipid parameters. Clin Cardiol 24:711–716

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Li Q, Li H, Jin F, Zheng W (2003) Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women. J Nutr 133:2874–2878

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA

    R. St. Clair & M. Anthony

Authors
  1. R. St. Clair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Anthony
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland

    Arnold von Eckardstein

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clair, R.S., Anthony, M. (2005). Soy, Isoflavones and Atherosclerosis. In: von Eckardstein, A. (eds) Atherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 170. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27661-0_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation