Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abercrombie HC, Schaefer SM, Larson CL et al. (1998) Metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients. NeuroReport 9: 3301–3307
Abrams R, Taylor MA (1987) Cognitive dysfunction in melancholia. Psychol Med 17: 359–362
Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9: 357–381
Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Campbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M (1997) ‚Vascular depression’ hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54: 915–922
Al-Mousawi AH, Evans N, Ebmeier KP, Roeda D, Chaloner F, Ashcroft GW (1996) Limbic dysfunction in schizophrenia and mania. A study using 18F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Br J Psychiatry 169: 509–516
Austin MP, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Parker G, Hickie I, Brodaty H, Chan J, Eyers K, Milic M, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (1999) Cognitive function in depression: a distinct pattern of frontal impairment in melancholia? Psychol Med 29: 73–85
Axelson DA, Doraiswamy PM, McDonald WM et al. (1993) Hypercortisolemia and hippocampal changes in depression. Psychiatry Res 47: 163–173
Aylward EH, Roberts-Twillie JV, Barta PE, Kumar AJ, Harris GJ, Geer M, Peyser CE, Pearlson GD (1994) Basal ganglia volumes and white matter hyperintensities in patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 151: 687–693
Bakshi R, Czarnecki D, Shaikh ZA, Priore RL, Janardhan V, Kaliszky Z, Kinkel PR (2000) Brain MRI lesions and atrophy are related to depression in multiple sclerosis. NeuroReport 11: 1153–1158
Ballard C, Neill D, O’Brien J, McKeith IG, Ince P, Perry R (2000) Anxiety, depression and psychosis in vascular dementia: prevalence and associations. J Affect Disord 59: 97–106
Basso MR, Lowery N, Neel J, Purdie R, Bornstein RA (2002) Neuropsychological impairment among manic, depressed, and mixed-episode inpatients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychology 16: 84–91
Baxter LR Jr, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Schwartz JM, Gerner RH, Selin CE, Sumida RM (1985) Cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in mood disorders. Studies with positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose F 18. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 441–447
Baxter LR Jr, Schwartz JM, Phelps ME et al. (1989) Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 243–250
Beats BC, Sahakian BJ, Levy R (1996) Cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in the elderly depressed. Psychol Med 26: 591–603
Beauregard M, Leroux JM, Bergman S, Arzoumanian Y, Beaudoin G, Bourgouin P, Stip E (1998) The functional neuroanatomy of major depression: an fMRI study using an emotional activation paradigm. NeuroReport 9: 3253–3258
Bench CJ, Friston KJ, Brown RG, Scott LC, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ (1992) The anatomy of melancholia: focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression. Psychol Med 22: 607–615
Bench CJ, Friston KJ, Brown RG, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ (1993) Regional cerebral blood flow in depression measured by positron emission tomography: the relationship with clinical dimensions. Psychol Med 23: 579–590
Bench CJ, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ (1995) Changes in regional cerebral blood flow on recovery from depression. Psychol Med 25: 247–261
Beyer JL, Krishnan KR (2002) Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders. Bipolar Disord 4: 89–104
Biver F, Goldman S, Delvenne V et al. (1994) Frontal and parietal metabolic disturbances in unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 36: 381–388
Blumberg HP, Stern E, Ricketts S et al. (1999) Rostral and orbital prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the manic state of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1986–1988
Botteron KN, Raichle ME, Drevets WC, Heath AC, Todd RD (2002) Volumetric reduction in left subgenual prefrontal cortex in early onset depression. Biol Psychiatry 51: 342–344
Brambilla P, Harenski K, Nicoletti MA, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC (2001) Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in bipolar disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 106: 65–80
Brambilla P, Nicoletti MA, Harenski K, Sassi RB, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC (2002) Anatomical MRI study of subgenual prefrontal cortex in bipolar and unipolar subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 27: 792–799
Bremner JD, Narayan M, Anderson ER, Staib LH, Miller HL, Charney DS (2000) Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 57: 115–118
Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, Nazeer A, Adil J, Khan S, Staib LH, Charney DS (2002) Reduced volume of orbitofrontal cortex in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 51: 273–279
Brody AL, Saxena S, Stoessel P, Gillies LA, Fairbanks LA, Alborzian S, Phelps ME, Huang SC, Wu HM, Ho ML, Ho MK, Au SC, Maidment K, Baxter LR Jr (2001) Regional brain metabolic changes in patients with major depression treated with either paroxetine or interpersonal therapy: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 631–640
Buchsbaum MS, Wu J, Siegel BV, Hackett E, Trenary M, Abel L, Reynolds C (1997) Effect of sertraline on regional metabolic rate in patients with affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 41: 15–22
Burruss JW, Hurley RA, Taber KH, Rauch RA, Norton RE, Hayman LA (2000) Functional neuroanatomy of the frontal lobe circuits. Radiology 214: 227–230
Byrum CE, Ahearn EP, Krishnan KR (1999) A neuroanatomic model for depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 23: 175–193
Cavedini P, Ferri S, Scarone S, Bellodi L (1998) Frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression: a clinical-neuropsychological study. Psychiatry Res 78: 21–28
Channon S (1996) Executive dysfunction in depression: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. J Affect Disord 39: 107–114
Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Weiner RD et al. (1993) Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 7–16
Coffman JA, Bornstein RA, Olson SC, Schwarzkopf SB, Nasrallah HA (1990) Cognitive impairment and cerebral structure by MRI in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 27: 1188–1196
Cracco RQ, Cracco JB, Maccabee PJ, Amassian VE (1999) Cerebral function revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 86: 209–219
Crowe SF (1996) The performance of schizophrenic and depressed subjects on tests of fluency support for a compromise in dorsolateral prefrontal functioning. Aust Psychol 31: 204–209
Cummings JL (1992) Depression and Parkinson’s disease: a review. Am J Psychiatry 149: 443–454
Cummings JL (1993) The neuroanatomy of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 54: 14–20
Cummings JL (1995) Anatomic and behavioral aspects of frontal-subcortical circuits. Ann N Y Acad Sci 769: 1–13
Dannon PN, Dolberg OT, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L (2002) Three and six-month outcome following courses of either ECT or rTMS in a population of severely depressed individuals-preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 51: 687–690
Dasari M, Friedman L, Jesberger J, Stuve TA, Findling RL, Swales TP, Schulz SC (1999) A magnetic resonance imaging study of thalamic area in adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 91: 155–162
Davidson RJ, Ekman P, Saron CD, Senulis JA, Friesen WV (1990) Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: emotional expression and brain physiology, I. J Pers Soc Psychol 58: 330–341
Davidson RJ, Irwin W, Anderle MJ, Kalin NH (2003) The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine. Am J Psychiatry 160: 64–75
Davies J, Lloyd KR, Jones IK, Barnes A, Pilowsky LS (2003) Changes in regional cerebral blood flow with venlafaxine in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 160: 374–376
Di Legge S, Piattella MC, Pozzilli C, Pantano P, Caramia F, Pestalozza IF, Paolillo A, Lenzi GL (2003) Longitudinal evaluation of depression and anxiety in patients with clinically isolated syndrome at high risk of developing early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 9: 302–306
Dolan RJ, Bench CJ, Liddle PF, Friston KJ, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Frackowiak RS (1993) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the major psychoses symptom or disease specificity? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56: 1290–1294
Dolan RJ, Bench CJ, Brown RG, LC Frackowiak RS (1994) Neuropsychological dysfunction in depression: the relationship to regional cerebral blood flow. Psychol Med 24: 849–857
Drevets WC (1999) Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 877:614–637
Drevets WC (2000a) Functional anatomical abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal cortical structures in major depression. Prog Brain Res 126: 413–431.
Drevets WC (2000b) Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 48: 813–829
Drevets WC, Videen TO, Price JL, Preskorn SH, Carmichael ST, Raichle ME (1992) A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neurosci 12: 3628–3641
Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR Jr, Todd RD, Reich T, Vannier M, Raichle ME (1997) Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 386: 824–827
Drevets WC, Ongur D, Price JL (1998) Neuroimaging abnormalities in the subgenual prefrontal cortex: implications for the pathophysiology of familial mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 3: 220–226
Drevets WC, Bogers W, Raichle ME (2002a) Functional anatomical correlates of antidepressant drug treatment assessed using PET measures of regional glucose metabolism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12: 527–44
Drevets WC, Price JL, Bardgett ME, Reich T, Todd RD, Raichle ME (2002b) Glucose metabolism in the amygdala in depression: relationship to diagnostic subtype and plasma cortisol levels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71: 431–47
Dupont RM, Butters N, Schafer K, Wilson T, Hesselink J, Gillin JC (1995) Diagnostic specificity of focal white matter abnormalities in bipolar and unipolar mood disorder. Biol Psychiatry 38: 482–486
Ebmeier KP, Glabus MF, Prentice N, Ryman A, Goodwin GM (1998) A voxel-based analysis of cerebral perfusion in dementia and depression of old age. Neuroimage 7: 199–208
Elliott R, Baker SC, Rogers RD et al. (1997) Prefrontal dysfunction in depressed patients performing a complex planning task: a study using positron emission tomography. Psychol Med 27: 931–942
Elliott R, Rubinsztein JS, Sahakian BJ, Dolan RJ (2003) The neural basis of mood-congruent processing biases in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59: 597–604
Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, McKay AP, Herrod JJ, Robbins TW, Paykel ES (1996) Neuropsychological impairments in unipolar depression: the influence of perceived failure on subsequent performance. Psychol Med 26: 975–989
Folstein MF, Maiberger R, McHugh PR (1977) Mood disorder as a specific complication of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40: 1018–1020
Fossati P, Amar G, Raoux N, Ergis AM, Allilaire JF (1999) Executive functioning and verbal memory in young patients with unipolar depression and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 89: 171–187
Fossati P, Coyette F, Ergis AM, Allilaire JF (2002) Influence of age and executive functioning on verbal memory of inpatients with depression. J Affect Disord 68: 261–271
Franke P, Maier W, Hardt J, Frieboes R, Lichtermann D, Hain C (1993) Assessment of frontal lobe functioning in schizophrenia and unipolar major depression. Psychopathology 26: 76–84
Freedman M (1994) Frontal and parietal lobe dysfunction in depression: delayed alternation and tactile learning deficits. Neuropsychologia 32: 1015–1025
Frodl T, Meisenzahl E, Zetzsche T, Bottlender R, Born C, Groll C, Jager M, Leinsinger G, Hahn K, Moller HJ (2002) Enlargement of the amygdala in patients with a first episode of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 51: 708–714
Fuster JM (1997) The prefrontal cortex: anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. Lippincott, Philadelphia
Galynker II, Cai J, Ongseng F, Finestone H, Dutta E, Serseni D (1998) Hypofrontality and negative symptoms in major depressive disorder. J Nucl Med 39: 608–612
Gaupp R (1905) Die Depressionszustände des höheren Lebensalters. Münch Med Wochenschr 32: 1531–1537
Gemar MC, Kapur S, Segal ZV, Brown GM, Houle S (1996) Effects of self-generated sad mood on regional cerebral activity: a PET study in normal subjects. Depression 4: 81–88
George MS, Ketter TA, Post RM (1994) Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression. Depression 2: 59–72
George MS, Ketter TA, Parekh PI, Horwitz B, Herscovitch P, Post RM (1995) Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. Am J Psychiatry 152: 341–351
Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L (2003) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 160: 835–845
Goodwin GM (1997) Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal lobes in depression. J Psychopharmacol 11: 115–122
Grant MM, Thase ME, Sweeney JA (2001) Cognitive disturbance in outpatient depressed younger adults: evidence of modest impairment. Biol Psychiatry 50: 35–43
Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, Polak D, Dannon PN (2003) A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 53: 324–331
Gyulai L, Alavi A, Broich K, Reilley J, Ball WB, Whybrow PC (1997) I-123 iofetamine single-photon computed emission tomography in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a clinical study. Biol Psychiatry 41: 152–161
Habel U, Wild B, Topka H, Kircher T, Salloum JB, Schneider F (2001) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: No effect on mood with single pulse during learned helplessness. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 25: 497–506
Hamakawa H, Kato T, Shioiri T, Inubushi T, Kato N (1999) Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the bilateral frontal lobes in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 29: 639–644
Heun R, Kockler M, Ptok U (2002) Depression in Alzheimer’s disease: is there a temporal relationship between the onset of depression and the onset of dementia? Eur Psychiatry 17: 254–258
Hirono N, Mori E, Ishii K et al. (1998) Frontal lobe hypometabolism and depression in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 50: 380–383
Iacobini M, Padovani A, DiPiero V, Lenzi GL (1995) Poststroke depression: relationships with morphological damage and cognition over time. Ital J Neurol Sci 16: 209–216
Iidaka T, Nakajima T, Suzuki Y, Okazaki A, Maehara T, Shiraishi H (1997) Quantitative regional cerebral flow measured by Tc-99 M HMPAO SPECT in mood disorder. Psychiatry Res 68: 143–154
Ito H, Kawashima R, Awata S, Ono S, Sato K, Goto R, Koyama M, Sato M, Fukuda H (1996) Hypoperfusion in the limbic system and prefrontal cortex in depression: SPECT with anatomic standardization technique. J Nucl Med 37: 410–414
Jacoby RJ, Levy R (1980) Computed tomography in the elderly, 3. Affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 136: 270–275
Joseph R (1999) Frontal lobe psychopathology: mania, depression, confabulation, catatonia, perseveration, obsessive compulsions, and schizophrenia. Psychiatry 62: 138–172
Kegeles LS, Malone KM, Slifstein M, Ellis SP, Xanthopoulos E, Keilp JG, Campbell C, Oquendo M, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ (2003) Response of cortical metabolic deficits to serotonergic challenge in familial mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry 160: 76–82
Kemmerer M, Nasrallah HA, Sharma S, Olson SC, Martin R, Lynn MB (1994) Increased hippocampal volume in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 35: 626
Kennedy SH, Javanmard M, Vaccarino FJ (1997) A review of functional neuroimaging in mood disorders: positron emission tomography and depression. Can J Psychiatry 42: 467–475
Kim JS, Choi-Kwon S (2000) Poststroke depression and emotional incontinence: correlation with lesion location. Neurology 54: 1805–1810
Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, George MS, Danielson AL, Willis MW, Repella JD, Benson BE, Herscovitch P, Post RM, Wassermann EM (2002) Left prefrontal-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in normal volunteers. Psychiatry Res 115: 101–113
Klein E, Kreinin I, Chistyakov A et al. (1999) Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: a doubleblind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 315–320
Korhonen V, Laukkanen E, Antikainen R, Peiponen S, Lehtonen J, Viinamaki H (2002) Effect of major depression on cognitive performance among treatment-seeking adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry 56: 187–193
Krishnan KR, Hays JC, Blazer DG (1997) MRI-defined vascular depression. Am J Psychiatry 154: 497–501
Krishnan KR, McDonald WM, Escalona PR et al. (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudate nuclei in depression. Preliminary observations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 553–557
Kumar A, Miller D (1997) Neuroimaging in late-life mood disorders. Clin Neurosci 4: 8–15
Kumar A, Newberg A, Alavi A, Berlin J, Smith R, Reivich M (1993) Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in latelife depression and Alzheimer disease: a preliminary positron emission tomography study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 7019–7023
Kumar A, Jin Z, Bilker W, Udupa J, Gottlieb G (1998) Lateonset minor and major depression: early evidence for common neuroanatomical substrates detected by using MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7654–7658
Kumar A, Bilker W, Jin Z, Udupa J (2000) Atrophy and high intensity lesions: complementary neurobiological mechanisms in late-life major depression. Neuropsychopharmacol 22: 264–274
Lai T, Payne ME, Byrum CE, Steffens DC, Krishnan KR (2000) Reduction of orbital frontal cortex volume in geriatric depression. Biol Psychiatry 48: 971–975
Lane RD, Reiman EM, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ (1997) Neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness, and disgust. Am J Psychiatry 154: 926–933
Larisch R, Klimke A, Mayoral F, Hamacher K, Herzog HR, Vosberg H, Tosch M, Gaebel W, Rivas F, Coenen HH, Müller-Gärtner HW (2001) Disturbance of serotonin 5HT2 receptors in remitted patients suffering from hereditary depressive disorder. Nuklearmedizin 40: 129–134
Leentjens AF, Van Den Akker M, Metsemakers JF, Lousberg R, Verhey FR (2003) Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson’s disease: A register study. Mov Disord 18: 414–418
Lesser IM, Mena I, Boone KB, Miller BL, Mehringer CM, Wohl M (1994) Reduction of cerebral blood flow in older depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 677–686 a
Levesque J, Eugene F, Joanette Y, Paquette V, Mensour B, Beaudoin G, Leroux JM, Bourgouin P, Beauregard M (2003) Neural circuitry underlying voluntary suppression of sadness. Biol Psychiatry 53: 502–510
Li YS, Meyer JS, Thornby J (2001) Longitudinal follow-up of depressive symptoms among normal versus cognitively impaired elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 718–727
Lisanby SH, Sackheim HA (1999) TMS in major depression. In: George MS, Belmaker RH (eds) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropsychiatry. American Press, Washington, DC
Lisanby SH, Schlaepfer TE, Fisch HU, Sackeim HA (2001) Magnetic seizure therapy of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 303–305
Liu SK, Chiu CH, Chang CJ, Hwang TJ, Hwu HG, Chen WJ (2002) Deficits in sustained attention in schizophrenia and affective disorders: stable versus state-dependent markers. Am J Psychiatry 159: 975–982
Lockwood KA, Alexopoulos GS, van Gorp WG (2002) Executive dysfunction in geriatric depression. Am J Psychiatry 159: 1119–1126
Lopez-Larson MP, DelBello MP, Zimmerman ME, Schwiers ML, Strakowski SM (2002) Regional prefrontal gray and white matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 52: 93–100
Lyketsos CG, Corazzini K, Steele C (1995) Mania in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7: 350–352
MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, Macdonald K, Amano S, Joffe RT, Nahmias C, Young LT (2003) Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 1387–1392
Martin SD, Martin E, Rai SS, Richardson MA, Royall R (2001) Brain blood flow changes in depressed patients treated with interpersonal psychotherapy or venlafaxine hydrochloride: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 641–648
Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Colom F, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Gasto C, Salamero M (2000) Cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar disorder: evidence of neuropsychological disturbances. Psychother Psychosom 69: 2–18
Martinez-Aran A, Penades R, Vieta E, Colom F, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Salamero M, Gasto C (2002) Executive function in patients with remitted bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and its relationship with functional outcome. Psychother Psychosom 71: 39–46
Martinot JL, Hardy P, Feline A et al. (1990) Left prefrontal glucose hypometabolism in the depressed state: a confirmation. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1313–1317
Matsuo K, Kato N, Kato T (2002) Decreased cerebral haemodynamic response to cognitive and physiological tasks in mood disorders as shown by near-infrared spectroscopy. Psychol Med 32: 1029–37
Mayberg HS, Robinson RG, Wong DF et al. (1988) PET imaging of cortical S2 serotonin receptors after stroke: lateralized changes and relation. Am J Psychiatry 145: 937–943
Mayberg HS, Starkstein SE, Sadzot B et al. (1990) Selective hypometabolism in the inferior frontal lobe in depressed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 28: 57–64
Mayberg HS, Starkstein SE, Peyser CE, Brandt J, Dannals RF, Folstein SE (1992) Paralimbic frontal lobe hypometabolism in depression associated with Huntington’s disease. Neurology 42: 1791–1797
Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, McGinnis S, Mahurin RK, Jerabek PA, Silva JA, Tekell JL, Martin CC, Lancaster JL, Fox PT (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 156: 675–682
McGrath J, Scheldt S, Welham J, Clair A (1997) Performance on tests sensitive to impaired executive ability in schizophrenia, mania and well controls: acute and subacute phases. Schizophr Res 26: 127–137
Mervaala E, Föhr J, Könönen M et al. (2000) Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression. Psychol Med 30: 117–125
Mitterschiffthaler MT, Kumari V, Malhi GS, Brown RG, Giampietro VP, Brammer MJ, Suckling J, Poon L, Simmons A, Andrew C, Sharma T (2003) Neural response to pleasant stimuli in anhedonia: an fMRI study. Neuroreport 14: 177–82
Mottaghy FM, Keller CE, Gangitano M, Ly J, Thall M, Parker JA, Pascual-Leone A (2002) Correlation of cerebral blood flow and treatment effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 115: 1–14
Mulsant BH, Ganguli M (1999) Epidemiology and diagnosis of depression in late life. J Clin Psychiatry 6020: 9–15
Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS (2003) Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord 5: 40–47
Neu P, Kiesslinger U, Schlattmann P, Reischies FM (2001) Time-related cognitive deficiency in four different types of depression. Psychiatry Res 103: 237–247
Nilsson FM, Kessing LV, Sorensen TM, Andersen PK, Bolwig TG (2002) Major depressive disorder in Parkinson’s disease: a register-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106: 202–211
Noga JT, Vladar K, Torrey EF (2001) A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 106: 25–34
Ogura A, Morinobu S, Kawakatsu S, Totsuka S, Komatani A (1998) Changes in regional brain activity in major depression after successful treatment with antidepressant drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98: 54–59
Okada G, Okamoto Y, Morinobu S, Yamawaki S, Yokota N (2003) Attenuated left prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task in patients with depression. Neuropsychobiology 47: 21–26
Padberg F, Moller HJ (2003) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: does it have potential in the treatment of depression? CNS Drugs 17: 383–403
Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Thoma H et al. (1999) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in pharmacotherapy-refractory major depression: comparative study of fast, slow and sham rTMS. Psychiatry Res 88: 163–171
Paradiso S, Johnson DL, Andreasen NC, O’Leary DS, Watkins GL, Ponto LL, Hichwa RD (1999) Cerebral blood flow changes associated with attribution of emotional valence to pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral visual stimuli in a PET study of normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1618–1629
Pardo JV, Pardo PJ, Raichle ME (1993) Neural correlates of self-induced dysphoria. Am J Psychiatry 150: 713–719
Passero S, Nardini M, Battistini N (1995) Regional cerebral blood flow changes following chronic administration of antidepressant drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 19: 627–636
Patten SB, Metz LM, Reimer MA (2000) Biopsychosocial correlates of lifetime major depression in a multiple sclerosis population. Mult Scler 6: 115–120
Phillips ML, Bullmore ET, Howard R et al. (1998) Investigation of facial recognition memory and happy and sad facial expression perception: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 83: 127–138
Poewe W, Luginger E (1999) Depression in Parkinson’s disease: impediments to recognition and treatment options. Neurology 52: 2–6
Price JL (1999) Prefrontal cortical networks related to visceral function and mood. Ann N Y Acad Sci 877: 383–396
Pujol J, Bello J, Deus J, Marti-Vilalta JL, Capdevila A (1997) Lesions in the left arcuate fasciculus region and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 49: 1105–1110
Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C (1997) Neuropsychological function in young patients with unipolar major depression. Psychol Med 27: 1277–1285
Quraishi S, Frangou S (2002) Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord 72: 209–226
Rangel-Guerra RA, Perez-Payan H, Minkoff L, Todd LE (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance in bipolar affective disorders. Am J Neuroradiol 4: 229–231
Reid PD, Daniels B, Rybak M, Turnier-Shea Y, Pridmore S (2002) Cortical excitability of psychiatric disorders: reduced post-exercise facilitation in depression compared to schizophrenia and controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36: 669–673
Reiman EM, Lane RD, Ahern GL et al. (1997) Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion. Am J Psychiatry 154: 918–925
Ring HA, Bench CJ, Trimble MR, Brooks DJ, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ (1994) Depression in Parkinson’s disease. A positron emission study. Br J Psychiatry 165: 333–339
Risch SC (1997) Recent advances in depression research. From stress to molecular biology and brain imaging. J Clin Psychiatry 58: 3–6
Robbins TW, James, M, Lange, W, Owen, AM, Quinn, NP, Marsden CD (1992) Cognitive performance in multiple system atrophy. Brain 115: 271–291
Robinson RG, Starkstein SE, Price TR (1988) Post-stroke depression and lesion location. Stroke 19: 125–126
Rogers MA, Bradshaw JL, Pantelis C, Phillips JG (1998) Frontostriatal deficits in unipolar major depression. Brain Res Bull 47: 297–310
Rubinsztein JS, Michael A, Paykel ES, Sahakian BJ (2000) Cognitive impairment in remission in bipolar affective disorder. Psychol Med 30: 1025–1036
Rusch BD, Abercrombie HC, Oakes TR, Schaefer SM, Davidson RJ. (2001) Hippocampal morphometry in depressed patients and control subjects: relations to anxiety symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 50: 960–964
Sax KW, Strakowski SM, Zimmerman ME, DelBello MP, Keck PE Jr, Hawkins JM (1999) Frontosubcortical neuroanatomy and the continuous performance test in mania. Am J Psychiatry 156: 139–141
Saxena S, Brody AL, Ho ML, Alborzian S, Ho MK, Maidment KM, Huang SC, Wu HM, Au SC, Baxter LR Jr (2001) Cerebral metabolism in major depression and obsessivecompulsive disorder occurring separately and concurrently. Biol Psychiatry 50: 159–170
Saxena S, Brody AL, Ho ML, Zohrabi N, Maidment KM, Baxter LR Jr (2003) Differential brain metabolic predictors of response to paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder versus major depression. Am J Psychiatry 160: 522–532
Schlaepfer TE, Harris GJ, Tien AY et al. (1994) Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151: 842–848
Schlaepfer TE, Kosel M, Nemeroff CB (2003) Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 201–205
Schneider F (1992) Psychophysiologische Unspezifität schizophrener Erkrankungen. Stuttgart: Fischer
Schneider F, Weiss U (1998) Neurobehavioural substrates of mood induction. In: Ebert D, Ebmeier K (Hrsg) New models for depression. Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol 19. Karger, Basel, S 34–48
Schneider F, Weiss U (1999) Experimentelle Induktion von Emotionen. In: Bräunig P (Hrsg) Motorische Störungen bei schizophrenen Psychosen. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 151–160
Schneider F, Gur RC, Gur RE, Muenz LR (1994a) Standardized mood induction with happy and sad facial expressions. Psychiatry Res 51: 19–31
Schneider F, Gur RC, Jaggi JL, Gur RE (1994b) Differential effects of mood on cortical cerebral blood flow: a 133Xenon clearance study. Psychiatry Res 52: 215–236
Schneider F, Gur RE, Mozley LH, Smith RJ, Mozley PD, Censits DM, Alavi A, Gur RC (1995) Mood effects on limbic blood flow correlate with emotional self-rating: a PET study with oxygen-15 labeled water. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 61: 265–283
Schneider F, Grodd W, Machulla HJ (1996a) Untersuchung psychischer Funktionen durch funktionelle Bildgebung mit Positronenemissionstomographie und Kernspintomographie. Nervenarzt 67: 721–729
Schneider F, Gur RE, Alavi A, Seligman ME, Mozley LH, Smith RJ, Mozley PD, Gur RC (1996b) Cerebral blood flow changes in limbic regions induced by unsolvable anagram tasks. Am J Psychiatry 153: 206–212
Schneider F, Grodd W, Weiss U, Klose U, Mayer KR, Nägele T, Gur RC (1997) Functional MRI reveals left amygdala activation during emotion. Psychiatry Res Neuroimage 76: 75–82
Schneider F, Weiss U, Kessler C, Salloum JB, Posse S, Grodd W, Müller-Gärtner H-W (1998) Differential amygdala activation in schizophrenia during sadness. Schizophr Res 34: 133–142
Schneider F, Habel U, Kessler C, Salloum JB, Posse S (2000) Gender differences in regional cerebral activity during sadness. Hum Brain Mapp 9: 226–238 Erratum: Hum Brain Mapp (2001) 13: 124
Seligman ME (1972) Learned helplessness. Annu Rev Med 23: 407–412
Shah PJ, Ebmeier KP, Glabus MF, Goodwin GM (1998) Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment-resistant chronic unipolar depression. Controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Br J Psychiatry 172: 527–532
Shajahan PM, Glabus MF, Gooding PA, Shah PJ, Ebmeier KP (1999) Reduced cortical excitability in depression. Impaired post-exercise motor facilitation with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Br J Psychiatry 174: 449–454
Shajahan PM, Glabus MF, Steele JD, Doris AB, Anderson K, Jenkins JA, Gooding PA, Ebmeier KP (2002) Left dorsolateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation affects cortical excitability and functional connectivity, but does not impair cognition in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26: 945–954
Shallice T (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Sheline YI, Sanghavi M, Mintun MA, Gado MH (1999) Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci 19: 5034–5043
Sheline YI, Barch DM, Donnelly JM, Ollinger JM, Snyder AZ, Mintun MA (2001) Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry 50: 651–658
Shoulson I (1990) Huntington’s disease: cognitive and psychiatric features. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 3: 15–222
Skaf CR, Yamada A, Garrido GE, Buchpiguel CA, Akamine S, Castro CC, Busatto GF (2002) Psychotic symptoms in major depressive disorder are associated with reduced regional cerebral blood flow in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex: a voxel-based single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study. J Affect Disord 68: 295–305
Soares JC, Mann JJ (1997) The anatomy of mood disorders: review of structural neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry 41: 86–106
Starkstein SE, Pearlson GD, Boston J, Robinson RG (1987) Mania after brain injury. A controlled study of causative factors. Arch Neurol 44: 1069–1073
Starkstein SE, Preziosi TJ, Bolduc PL, Robinson RG (1990) Depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Nerv Ment Dis 178: 27–31
Starkstein SE, Fedoroff P, Berthier ML, Robinson RG (1991) Manic-depressive and pure manic states after brain lesions. Biol Psychiatry 29: 149–158
Steffens DC, Byrum CE, McQuoid DR, Greenberg DL, Payne ME, Blitchington TF, MacFall JR, Krishnan KR (2000) Hippocampal volume in geriatric depression. Biol Psychiatry 48: 301–309
Steffens DC, Krishnan KRR (1998) Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders: recent findings, implications for classification, and future directions. Biol Psychiatry 43: 705–712
Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Sax KW, Zimmerman ME, Shear PK, Hawkins JM, Larson ER (1999) Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 254–260
Strakowski SM, Adler CM, DelBello MP (2002) Volumetric MRI studies of mood disorders: do they distinguish unipolar and bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disord 4: 80–88
Sullivan RM, Gratton A (1999) Lateralized effects of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on neuroendocrine and autonomic stress responses in rats. J Neurosci 19: 2834–2840
Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, Laake K, Cummings JL (1997) Risk factors for depression in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 54: 625–630
Teneback CC, Nahas Z, Speer AM et al. (1999) Changes in prefrontal cortex and paralimbic activity in depression following two weeks of daily left prefrontal TMS. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11: 426–435
Thomas KM, Drevets WC, Dahl RE, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Eccard CH, Axelson D, Whalen PJ, Casey BJ (2001) Amygdala response to fearful faces in anxious and depressed children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(11): 1057–1063
Trichard C, Martinot JL, Alagille M, Masure MC, Hardy P, Ginestet D, Feline A (1995) Time course of prefrontal lobe dysfunction in severely depressed in-patients: a longitudinal neuropsychological study. Psychol Med 25: 79–85
Tutus A, Simsek A, Sofuoglu S, Nardali M, Kugu N, Karaaslan F, Gonul AS (1998) Changes in regional cerebral blood flow demonstrated by single photon emission computed tomography in depressive disorders: comparison of unipolar vs. bipolar subtypes. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag 83: 169–177
Vakili K, Pillay SS, Lafer B, Fava M, Renshaw PF, Bonello-Cintron CM, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2000) Hippocampal volume in primary unipolar major depression: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 47:1087–1090
van Elst LT, Woermann FG, Lemieux L, Thompson PJ, Trimble MR (2000) Affective aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a quantitative MRI study of the amygdala. Brain 123: 234–243
Veiel HO (1997) A preliminary profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 19: 587–603
Videbech P (1997) MRI findings in patients with affective disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 96: 157–168
Videbech P (2000) PET measurements of brain glucose metabolism and blood flow in major depressive disorder: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101: 11–20
von Gunten A, Fox NC, Cipolotti L, Ron MA (2000) A volumetric study of hippocampus and amygdala in depressed patients with subjective memory problems. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 12: 493–498
Wefel JS, Hoyt BD, Massma PJ (1999) Neuropsychological functioning in depressed versus nondepressed participants with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neuropsychol 13: 249–257
Weiss U, Salloum JB, Schneider F (1999) Correspondence of emotional self-rating with facial expression. Psychiatry Res 86: 175–184
Whalen PJ, Rauch SL, Etcoff NL, McInerney SC, Lee MB, Jenike MA (1998) Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J Neurosci 18: 411–418
Wu J, Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC et al. (1999) Prediction of antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation by metabolic rates in the ventral anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1149–1158
Zorzon M, Zivadinov R, Nasuelli D, Ukmar M, Bratina A, Tommasi MA, Mucelli RP, Brnabic-Razmilic O, Grop A, Bonfigli L, Cazzato G (2002) Depressive symptoms and MRI changes in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 9:491–496
Zubenko GS, Zubenko WN, McPherson S, Spoor E, Marin DB, Farlow MR, Smith GE, Geda YE, Cummings JL, Petersen RC, Sunderland T (2003) A collaborative study of the emergence and clinical features of the major depressive syndrome of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry 160: 857–866
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schneider, F., Habel, U., Bestmannc, S. (2005). Affektive Störungen. In: Förstl, H. (eds) Frontalhirn. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26841-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26841-3_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-20485-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26841-3
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)