Abstract
Removal of contaminant sources or associated residual free phase pools often suffers from a combination of inefficiency, increased risk of contaminant spreading due to uncontrolled mobilization, and/or high treatment costs. The paper gives a brief overview of results from laboratory and field studies where chemical and biochemical in-situ source control actions are evaluated with respect to their efficiency on changes of source emission. The studies focused on the contaminant group of chlorinated ethenes. Chemical approaches aim to mobilize contaminant phases. By now these studies have been mainly executed in the laboratory and only few pilotscale field studies exist. The results indicate large emission rates at the beginning of the phase displacement but give less information on long-term emission rates. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation approaches revealed increased emission on short time scales and accumulation of cis- Dichloroethylene and Vinylchloride due to incomplete degradation of higher chlorinated solvents in the source zone. On long-term scales emission rates decreased and groundwater plumes were shrinking.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acosta E, Tran S, Uchiyama H, Sabatini DA, Harwell JH (2002) Formulating chlorinated hydrocarbon microemulsions using linker molecules. ES&T 36:4618–4624
Adamson DT, McDade JM, Hughes JB (2003) Inoculation of a DNAPL source zone to initiate reductive dechlorination of PCE. ES&T 37:2525–2533
AFCEE, NFESC (2004) Principles and Practices of Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents. Report Nr. 022/738863/28.doc.
Aral MM, Liao B (2002) Effect of groundwater table fluctuations on LNAPL thickness in monitoring wells. Env. Geology 42:151–161
Arneth J-D, Milde G, Kerndorff H, Schleyer R (1989) The 15 most frequently detected organic compounds in groundwater at waste disposal sites in Germany and the U.S. In: Baccini P (ed) The Landfill. Springer-Verlag, New York
Broholm K, Feenstra S, Cherry JA (1999) Solvent release into a sandy aquifer. 1. Overview of source distribution and dissolution behaviour. ES&T 33:681–690
Brooks MC, Annable MD, Rao PSC, Hatfield K, Jawitz JW, Wise WR, Wood AL, Enfield CG (2002) Controlled release, blind tests of DNAPL characterization using partitioning tracers. JCH 59:187–210
Brooks MC, Annable MD, Rao PSC, Hatfield K, Jawitz JW, Wise WR, Wood AL, Enfield CG (2004) Controlled release, blind test of DNAPL remediation by ethanol flushing. JCH 69:281–297
Cain RB, Johnson GR, McCray JE, Blanford WJ, Brusseau M (2000) Partitioning tracer tests for evaluating remediation performance. Ground Water 38:752–761
Carr CS, Garg S, Hughes JB (2000) Effect of dechlorinating bacteria on the longevity and composition of PCE-containing nonaqueous phase liquids and equilibrium dissolution conditions. ES&T 34:1088–1094
Cho Y-L, McClements DJ, Decker EA (2002) Ability of surfactant micelles to alter the physical location and reactivity of iron in oil-in-water emulsions. J Agric Food Chem 50:5704–5710
Christ JA, Ramsburg, CA, Abriola LM, Pennell KD, Löffler FE (in press) Coupling aggressive mass removal with microbial reductive dechlorination for remediation of DNAPL source zones — a review and assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives
Cope N, Hughes JB (2001) Biologically-enhanced removal of PCE from NAPL source zones. ES&T 35:2014–2021
Crimi ML, Siegrist RL (2003) Geochemical effects on metals following permanganate oxidation of DNAPLs. Ground Water 41:458–469
Davis BM, Istok JD, Semprini L (2002) Push-pull partitioning tracer tests using radon-222 to quantify non-aqueous liquid contamination. JCH 58:129–146
Davis BM, Istok JD, Semprini L (2003) Static and push-pull methods using Radon-222 to characterize dense nonaqueous phase liquid saturations. Ground Water 41:470–481
DiStefano TD, Barai R, Duran M, Speece RE (2001) A comparison of complex electron donors for anaerobic dechlorination of PCE. Biorem. J. 5:131–143
Dugan PJ, McCray JE, Thyne GD (2003) Influence of a solubilty-enhancing agent (cyclodextrin) on NAPL-water partition coefficients, with implication for partitioning tracer tests. Water Resour. Res. 39:1123
Dwarakanath V, Jackson RE, Pope GA (2002) Influence of wettability on the recovery of NAPLs from alluvium. ES&T 36:227–231
Eberhardt C, Grathwohl P (2002) Time scales of organic contaminant dissolution from complex source zones: coal tar pools vs. blobs. JCH 58:45–66
Elliott DW, Zhang W-X (2001) Field assessment of nanoscale bimetallic particles for groundwater treatment. ES&T 35:4922–4926
Field JA, Sawyer TE, Schroth MH, Humphrey MD, Istok JD (2000) Effect of cation exchange on surfactant-enhanced solubilization of trichloroethene. JCH 46:131–149
Field MS (2003) A review of some tracer-test design equations for tracer-mass estimation and sample collection frequency. Env. Geology 43:867–881
Geiger CL, Clausen CA, Brooks K, Clausen C, Huntley C, Filipek L, Reinhart DR, Quinn J, Krug T, O’Hara S, Major D (2003) Nanoscale and microscale iron emulsions for treating DNAPL. In: Henry SM, Warner SD (ed) Chlorinated solvent and DNAPL remediation: Innovative strategies for subsurface cleanup. ACS Symposium Series 837:132.140
Grathwohl P (2001) Zeitskalen der Schadstofflösung und-desorption: Natural Attenuation im Abstrom persistenter Schadstoffquellen. F. Geoök. 12:28–34
Hill III EH, Moutier M, Alfaro J, Miller CT (2001) Remediation of DNAPL pools using dense brine barrier strategies. ES&T 35:3031–3039
Hunkeler D, Aravena R, Parker BL, Cherry JA, Diao X (2003) Monitoring oxidation of chlorinated ethenes by permanganate in groundwater using stable isotopes: laboratory and field studies. ES&T 37:798–804
Imhoff PT, Mann AS, Mercer M, Fitzpatrick M (2003a) Scaling DNAPL migration from the laboratory to the field. JCH 64:73–92
Imhoff PT, Pirestani K, Jafarpour Y, Spivey KM (2003b) Tracer interaction effects during partitioning tracer tests for NAPL detection. ES&T 37:1441–1447
Istok JD, Field JA, Schroth MH, Davis BM, Dwarakanath V (2002) Single-well “Push-Pull” partitioning tracer test for NAPL detection in the subsurface. ES&T 36:2708–2716
ITRC (2003a) An introduction to characterizing sites contaminated with DNAPLs
ITRC (2003b) Technical and regulatory guidance for surfactant/cosolvent flushing of DNAPL source zones
ITRC (2004) Strategies for monitoring the performance of DNAPL source zone remediation
Jawitz JW, Sillan RK, Annable MD, Rao PSC, Warner K (2000) In-situ alcohol flushing of a DNAPL source-zone at a dry cleaner site. ES&T 34:3722–3729
Jayanti S, Britton LN, Dwarakanath V, Pope GA (2002) Laboratory evaluation of custom-designed surfactants to remediate NAPL source zones. ES&T 36:5491–5497
Jeong S-W, Wood AL, Lee TR (2002) Enhanced contact of cosolvent and DNAPL in porous media by concurrent injection of cosolvent and air. ES&T 36:5238–5244
Johnson RL, Pankow JF (1992) Dissolution of dense chlorinated solvents into groundwater. 2. Source functions for pools of solvent. ES&T 26:896–901
Kastner JR, Domingo JS, Denham M, Molina M, Brigmon R (2000) Effect of chemical oxidation of subsurface microbiology and Trichloroethene (TCE) biodegradation. Biorem. J. 4:219–236
Kausar T (2003) 3D stochastic modelling of aquifer properties in a fluvial setting based on geophysical measurements in the framework of the RETZINA project. PhD, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen
Khachikian C, Harmon TC (2000) Nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution in porous media: current state of knowledge. Transport in Porous Media 38:3–28
Kostarelos K, Pope GA, Rouse BA, Shook GM (1998) A new concept: the use of neutrally-bouyant microemulsions for DNAPL remediation. JCH 34:383–397
Kram ML, Keller AA, Rossabi J, Everett LG (2001) DNAPL characterization methods and approaches, Part 1: Performance comparisons. GWMR 21:109–123
Kram ML, Keller AA, Rossabi J, Everett LG (2002) DNAPL characterization methods and approaches, Part 2: Cost comparison. GWMR 22:46–61
Lee ES, Seol Y, Fang YC, Schwartz FW (2003) Destruction Efficiencies and Dynamic of Reaction Fronts Associated with the Permanganate Oxidation of Trichlorethylene. ES&T 37:2540–2546
Li XD, Schwartz FW (2004a) DNAPL remediation with in situ chemical oxidation using potassium permanganate. II. Increasing removal efficiency by dissolving MN oxide precipitates. JCH 68:269–287
Li XD, Schwartz FW (2004b) DNAPL remediation with in-situ chemical oxidation using potassium permanganate. Part I. Mineralogy of Mn oxide and its dissolution in organic acids. JCH 68:39–53
Lien HL, Zhang WX (2001) Nanoscale iron particles for complete reduction of chlorinated ethenes. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 191:97–105
Looney B, Vangelas KM (2004) Compatibility of alternative chlorinated solvent source treatment strategies with monitored natural attenuation, WSRC-MS-2004-00236:1–21
Mackay DM, Shiu WY, Maijanen A, Feenstra S (1991) Dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids in ground water. JCH 8:23–43
MacKinnon LK, Thomson NR (2002) Laboratory-scale in situ chemical oxidation of a perchloroethylene pool using permanganate. JCH 56:49–74
Maymo-Gatell X, Nijenhuis I, Zinder S (2001) Reductive dechlorination of cis-1,2-Dichloroethene and Vinyl Chloride by “Dehalococcoides ethenogenes”. ES&T 35:516–521
McNab Jr. WW, Ruiz R, Reinhard M (2000) In-situ destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater using catalytic reductive dehalogenation in a reactive well: testing and operational experiences. ES&T 34:149–153
Meinardus HW, Dwarakanath V, Ewing J, Hirasaki GJ, Jackson RE, Jin M, Ginn JS, Londergan JT, Miller CA, Pope GA (2002) Performance assessment of NAPL remediation in hetereogeneous alluvium. JCH 54:173–193
Miller CT, Hill III EH, Moutier M (2000) Remediation of DNAPL-contaminated subsurface systems using density-motivated solubilization. ES&T 34:719–724
Mravik SC, Sillan RK, Wood AL, Sewell GW (2003) Field evaluation of the solvent extraction residual biotreatment technology. ES&T 37:5040–5049
Nelson MD, Parker BL, Al TA, Cherry JA, Loomer D (2001) Geochemical reactions resulting from in situ oxidation of PCE-DNAPL by KMnO4 in a sandy aquifer. ES&T 35:1266–1275
Noordman WH, De Boer GJ, Wietzes P, Volkering F, Janssen DB (2000) Assessment of the use of partitioning and interfacial tracers to determine the content and mass removal rates of nonaqueous phase liquids. ES&T 34:4301–4306
O’Hara S, Krug T, Major D, Quinn J, Geiger CL, Clausen C, Yoon S (2004) Performance evaluation of dehalogenation of DNAPLs using emulsified zerovalent iron. Session C3, Remed. of Chlorin. and Recalcitrant Compounds, 4th Internat. Conf. Monterey, CA
Pankow JF, Cherry JA (1996) Dense chlorinated solvents and other DNAPLs in groundwater. Waterloo Press, Portland, Oregon
Parker BL, Cherry JA, Chapman SW, Guilbeault (2003) Review and analysis of chlorinates solvent dense nonaqueous phase liquid distributions in five sandy aquifers. Vadose Zone Journal 2:116–137
Payne FC, Suthersan SS, Lenzo FZ, Burdick JS (2001) Mobilization of sorbedphase chlorinated alkenes in enhanced reductive dechlorination. Proceed. 6th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium 53–60
Poulson MM, Kueper BH (1992) A field experiment to study the behavior of tetrachloroethylene in unsaturated porous media. ES&T 26:889–895
Poulson SR, Naraoka H (2002) Carbon isotope fractionation during permanganate oxidation of chlorinated ethylenes (CDCE, TCE, PCE). ES&T 36:3270–3274
Quinn J, O’Hara S, Krug T, Geiger CL, Clausen C (2004) Evaluating the distribution of emulsified zero-valent iron for four different injection techniques. Session E4, Remed. of Chlorin. and Recalcitrant Compounds, 4th Internat. Conf. Monterey, CA
Ramsburg CA, Pennell KD (2002) Density-modified displacement for DNAPL source zone remediation: Density conversion and recovery in heterogeneous aquifer cells. ES&T 36:3176–3178
Ramsburg CA, Pennell KD, Kibbey TCG, Hayes KF (2003) Use of the surfactantstabilized emulsion to deliver 1-Butanol for density-modified displacement of Trichloroethene. ES&T 37:4246–4253
Richardson RE, James CA, Bhupathiraju VK, Alvarez-Cohen L (2002) Microbial activity in soils following steam treatment. Biodegradation 13:185–295
Sabatini DA, Knox RC, Harwell JH, Wu B (2000) Integrated design of surfactant enhanced DNAPL remediation: efficient supersolubilization and gradient systems. JCH 45:99–121
Sale T, McWhorter DB (2001) Steady state mass transfer from single-component dense non-aqueous phase liquids in uniform flow fields. Water Resour. Res. 37:393–404
Schnarr M, Truax C, Farquhar G, Hood E, Gonullu T, Stickney B (1998) Laboratory and controlled field experiments using potassium permanganate to remediate trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene DNAPLs in porous media. JCH 29:205–224
Schwille F (1988) Dense chlorinated solvents in porous and fractured media. Lewis Pubslisher, Chelsea
Seol Y, Zhang H, Schwartz FW (2003) A review on in-situ chemical oxidation and heterogeneity. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 6:39–51
Shook GM, Pope GA, Kostarelos K (1998) Prediction and minimization of vertical migration of DNAPLS using surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation at netraul buoyancy. JCH 34:363–382
Sorenson KS (2003) Enhanced bioremediation for treatment of chlorinated solvent residual source areas. In: Henry SM, Warner SD (ed) Chlorinated solvent and DNAPL remediation: Innovative strategies for cleanup, vol 837. ACS Symposium Series, 119–131
Stroo HF, Unger M, Ward CH, Kavanaugh MC, Vogel C, Leeson A, Smith BP (2003) Remediating chlorinated solvent source zones. ES&T 37:224A–230A
Taylor TP, Pennell KD, Abriola LM, Dane JH (2001) Surfactant enhanced recovery of tetrachloroethylene from a porous medium containing low permeability lenses 1. Experimental studies. JCH 48:325–350
Taylor TP, Rathfelder KM, Pennell KD, Abriola LM (2004) Effects of ethanol addition on micellar solubilization and plume migration during surfactant enhanced recovery of tetrachloroethene. JCH 69:73–99
Temples TJ, Waddell MG, Domoracki WJ, Eyer J (2001) Noninvasive determination of the location and distribution of DNAPL using advanced seismic reflection techniques. Ground Water 39:465–474
Tick GR, Lourenso F, Wood AL, Brusseau M (2003) Pilot-scale demonstration of cyclodextrin as a solubility-enhancement agent for remediation of a tetrachloroethene-contaminated aquifer. ES&T 37:5829–5834
Tuck DM, Iversen GM, Pirkle WA, Rulison C (1998) Time-dependent interfacial porperty effects on DNAPL flow and distribution. In: Wickramanayake GB, Hinchee RE (ed) Nonaqueous Phase Liquids Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, pp 73–78
U.S.EPA (1992) Estimating potential for occurence of DNAPL at Superfund Sites. (9355.4-07FS OP)
U.S.EPA (1998) In situ remediation technology: In situ chemical oxidation. 542-R-98-008
U.S.EPA (1999) Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites. OSWER-Directive 9200.4-17-P
U.S.EPA (2003) The DNAPL remediation challenge: Is there a case for source depletion? EPA/600/R-03/143
U.S.EPA (2004a) In situ thermal treatment of chlorinated solvents — Fundamentals and field applications. 542-R-04-010
U.S.EPA (2004b) Site characterization technologies for DNAPL investigation. 542-R-04-017
U.S.EPA (2004c) Treatment technologies for site cleanup: Annual Status Report, 11th edition. 542-R-03-009
U.S.EPA (2004d) DNAPL Remediation: Selected projects approaching regulatory closure. EPA 542-R-04-016
Vera SM, Werth CJ, Sandford RA (2001) Evaluation of different polymeric organic materials for creating conditions that favor reductive processes in groundwater. Biorem. J. 5:169–181
Wadley SLS, Gillham RW, Gui L (accepted) Remediation of DNAPL source zones with grannular iron: Laboratory and field tests. Ground Water
Wiedemeier TH, Haas P (2002) Designing monitoring programs to effectively evaluate the performance of natural attenuation. GWMR 22:124–135
Wilson RD, Mackay DM (1995) Direct detection of residual nonaqueous phase liquid in the saturated zone using SF6 as a partitioning tracer. ES&T 29: 1255–1258
Yan L, Thompson KE, Valsaraj KT, Reible DD (2003) In-situ control of DNAPL density using polyaphrons. ES&T 37:4487–4493
Yang Y, McCarty PL (2000) Biologically enhanced dissolution of tetrachloroethene DNAPL. ES&T 34:2979–2984
Yang Y, McCarty PL (2002) Comparison between donor substrates for biologically enhanced tetrachloroethene DNAPL dissolution. ES&T 36:3400–3404
Zhang W-X (2003) Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 5:323–332
Zheng D, Carr CS, Hughes JB (2001) Influence of hydraulic retention time on extent of PCE dechorination and preliminary characterization of the enrichment culture. Biorem. J. 5:159–168
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grandel, S., Dahmke, A. (2005). Partial source treatment by in-situ technologies — a review of limits, advantages and challenges. In: Nützmann, G., Viotti, P., Aagaard, P. (eds) Reactive Transport in Soil and Groundwater. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26746-8_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26746-8_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-26744-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26746-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)