Skip to main content

Photoelectron Spectroscopy

  • Chapter
Fundamentals of Semiconductors

Part of the book series: Graduate Texts in Physics ((GTP))

  • 6394 Accesses

Summary

We have briefly discussed a wide range of spectroscopic techniques that involve the use of electrons and/or photons. These techniques yield very detailed information about occupied and empty electron energy bands and also core levels of semiconductors. The angle-resolved versions of photoemission and inverse photoemission have produced convincing pictures of the E(k) dependence of bulk electronic states. They also have yielded information on surface states. We presented spectra of excitations of core levels and discussed the information that can be obtained from them. We also introduced the concepts of surface reconstruction, electronic surface states, and surface energy bands, and presented a few phenomena related to them, such as Fermi level pinning. This led to a brief discussion of the technologically important concepts of charge depletion and enrichment layers at semiconductor surfaces.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Chapter 8

  1. M. Cardona. L. Ley (eds.): Photoemission in Solids I, Topics App. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  2. L. Ley, M. Cardona (eds.): Photoemission in Solids II, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 27 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  3. K. Siegbahn, C. Nordling, A. Fahlman, R. Nordberg, K. Hamrin, J. Hedman, G. Johansson, T. Bergman, S.-E. Karlsson, I. Lindgren, B. Lindberg: ESCA — Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Structure (Almqvist and Wiksels, Uppsala 1967)

    Google Scholar 

  4. L.E. Davis, N.C. MacDonald, P.W. Palmberg, G.E. Riach, R.E. Weber: Handbook of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (Physical Electronics Industries, Eden Prairie, MN 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  5. C. Kunz (eds.): Synchrotron Radiation Techniques and Applications, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol. 10 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  6. E.E. Koch: Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  7. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, P.Y. Yu: Optical absorption of semiconductors from 12 to 200 eV, in: Proc. 10th Int'l Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Cambridge MA (National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 1971) pp. 209–212

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. Daniels, C. v. Festenberg, H. Raether, K. Zeppenfeld: Optical constants of solids by electron spectroscopy. Springer Tracts Mod. Phys. 54, 77–135 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1970)

    Google Scholar 

  9. C. v. Festenberg: Z. Phys. 227, 453 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. D.A. Shirley: In Photoemission in Solids I, ed. by M. Cardona. L. Ley, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978) Chap. 4

    Google Scholar 

  11. W. Mönch: Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  12. H. Lüth: Surfaces and Interfaces of Solids, 3rd edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Hertz: The effect of ultraviolet light on an electrical discharge. Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 31, 983–1000 (1887) in German J. J. Thompson: Cathode rays. Phil. Mag. 44, 293 (1897)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Einstein: The production and transformation of light: A heuristic point of view. Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 17, 132 (1905) in German

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. L. Hughes, L. A. DuBridge: Photoelectric Phenomena (McGraw-Hill, New York 1932) p. 16, Fig. 2-7

    Google Scholar 

  16. R.I. Bell: Negative Electron Affinity Devices (Clarendon, Oxford 1973)

    Google Scholar 

  17. C. Sebenne, D. Bolmont, G. Guichar, M. Balkanski: Surface states from photoemission threshold measurements on a clean, cleaved Si (111) surface. Phys. Rev. B 12, 3280–3285 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. E.O. Kane: Theory of photoelectric emission from semiconductors. Phys. Rev. 127, 131–141 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Winer, I. Hirabayashi, L. Ley: Distribution of occupied near-surface bandgap states. Phys. Rev. B 38, 7680–7693 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Kirschner: Polarized Electrons at Surfaces, Springer Tracts Mod. Phys., Vol. 106 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985) J. Kessler: Polarized Electrons, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Atoms Plasmas, Vol. 1 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  21. H. Riechert, S.F. Alvarado, A.N. Titkov, V.I. Safarev: Precession of the spin polarization of photoexcited electrons in the band bending region of GaAs (110). Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2297–2300 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. F.J. Himpsel: Measurements of the photoemission in the study of solids. Adv. Phys. 32, 1–51 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Valla, A. V. Fedorov, P.D. Johnson, B.O. Wells, S.L. Hulbert, Q. Li, G.D. Gu, N. Koshizuka: Evidence for Quantum critical behavior in optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. Science 285, 2110–2113 (1999). Here a commercial hemispherical analyzer with a resolution of 10 meV was used

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Feldner-Feldegg, U. Gelius, B. Wannberg, A.G. Nilsson, E. Basilier, K. Siegbahn: New developments in ESCA instrumentation. J. Electron Sprectrosc. 5, 643–689 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. W. L. Schaich: Theory of photoemission: Independent praticle model, in Photoemission in Solids I, ed. by M. Cardona, L. Ley, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978) Chap. 2

    Google Scholar 

  26. C. N. Berglund, W.E. Spicer: Photoemission studies of Cu and Ag: Theory. Phys. Rev. A 136, 1030–1044 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Goldmann, J. Tejeda, N.J. Shevchik, M. Cardona: Density of valence states of CuCl, CuBr, CuI, and AgI. Phys. Rev. B 10, 4388–4402 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. W.V. Nemoshkalenko, V.G. Aleshin, Yu.N. Kucherenko: Theoretical study of X-ray photoelectron spectrum of germanium valence electrons. Solid State Commun. 20, 1155–1157 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. S.P. Kowalczyk, L. Ley, F.R. McFeeley, D.A. Shirley: An ionicity scale based on X-ray photoemission valence band spectra of ANB8−N and ANB10−N type crystals. J. Chem. Phys. 61, 2850–2856 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. N. V. Smith: Angular dependent photoemission. In Photoemission in Solids I, ed. by. M. Cardona, L. Ley, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978) Chap. 6

    Google Scholar 

  31. R. Leckey, J.D. Riley, A. Stampfl: Angle resolved photoemission using a toroidal energy analyser. J. Electron Spectrosc. 52, 855–866 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. G.D. Mahan: Theory of Photoemission in Simple Metals. Phys. Rev. B2, 4334–4350 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. P.M. Williams: Direct evalution of electronic band structures of layered solids using angle resolved photoemission. Nuovo Cimento B 38, 216–225 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. I. T. McGovern, W. Eberhardt, E.W. Plummer, J.E. Fischer: The band structures of graphite and graphite intercalation compounds as determined by angle resolved photoemission using synchrotron radiation. Physica B 99, 415–419 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. L.F. Ley: Angular resolved photoemission and the band structure of solids. J. Electron Spectrosc. 15, 329–347 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. M. C. Schabel, C. H. Park, A. Matsuura, Z. X. Shen, D. A. Bonn, R. Liang, W. N. Hardy: Angle Resolved Photoemission on untwinned YBa2Cu3O6.95. Phys. Rev. B 57, 6107–6115 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. F.J. Himpsel: Electronic structure of solids: photoemission spectra and related data. Landolt-Börnstein, Vol. 23 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  38. G. Williams, F. Cerrina, G.J. Lapeyre, J.R. Anderson, R.J. Smith, J. Hermanson: Experimental study of the band structure of GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb. Phys. Rev. B 34, 5548–5557 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. H. U. Middleman, L. Sorba, U. Kinkel, K. Horn: Valence-band-structure determination of InSb by angle resolved photoemission. Phys. Rev. B 34, 957–962 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. H.X. Chen, W. Ranke, E. Schröder-Bergen: Complete band structure of germanium determined by photoemission. Phys. Rev. B 42, 7429–7433 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. J. R. Chelikowsky and M. L. Cohen: Nonlocal pseudopotential calculations for the electronic structure of eleven diamond and zinc-blende semiconductors. Phys. Rev. B 14, 556–582 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. T. Grandke, L. Ley, M. Cardona: Angular resolved UV photoemission and electronic band structure of the lead chalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B. 18, 3847–3871 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. N.J. Shevchik, J. Tejeda, M. Cardona, D.W. Langer: Photoemission and density of valence states of II–VI compounds. Phys. Stat. Solidi B 59, 87–100 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. K.O. Magnusson, G. Neuhold, K. Horn, D.A. Evans: Electronic band structure of cubic CdSe by angle resolved photoemission: Cd 4d and valence states. Phys. Rev. B 57, 8945–8950 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. W.A. Harrison: Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids: The Physics of the Chemical Bond (Dover, New York 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  46. J.N. Anderson, U.O. Karlsson: Surface core level shifts of InAs (110). Phys. Rev. B 41, 3844–3846 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. T. C. Chiang: Core level photoemission of surfaces, interfaces, and overlayers. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 14, 275–317 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. S. P. Kolwalczyk, E. A. Kraut, J. R. Waldrop, R. W. Grant: Measurement of ZnSe/GaAs and ZnSe/Ge heterojunctions band discontinuities by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 21, 482–485 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. J.E. Ortega, F.J. Himpsel: Inverse-photoemission study of Ge (110), Si (100), and GaAs (110): Bulk bands and surface states. Phys. Rev. B 47, 2130–2137 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. P. Molinàs i Mata: Atomic structure and electronic properties of pure and Gacovered Ge(111) surfaces as seen with STM (in German). Dr. Sci. Dissertation, University of Stuttgart (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  51. N. Takeuchi, A. Selloni, E. Tosatti: Do we know the true structure of Ge(111)-c(2×8)? Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 648–651 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. M.A. Olmstead, N. Amer: Direct measurement of the polarization dependence of Si (111) 2×1 surface-state absorption by use of photothermal displacement spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1148 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. W. Eberhardt, G. Kalkoffen, C. Kunz, D. Aspnes, M. Cardona: Surface band bending, EDC and Yield spectroscopy from 2p core levels in heavily doped silicon. Phys. Stat. Solidi B 88, 135–143 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Electron Spectrocopies

  • Cardona M., L. Ley: Photoemission in Solids I, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels J., C. v. Festenberg, H. Raether, K. Zeppenfeld: Optical constants of solids by electron spectroscopy. Springer Tracts Mod. Phys. 54, 77–135 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis E., N. C. MacDonald, P. W. Palmberg, G. E. Riach, R. E. Weber: Handbook of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (Physical Electronics Industries, Eden Prairie, MN 1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Himpsel F. J.: Electronic structure of solids: Photoemission spectra and related data, in Landolt-Börnstein, Vol. 23 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hüfner S.: Photoelectron Spectroscopy, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol. 82 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ley L., M. Cardona: Photoemission in Solids II, Springer Ser. Solid-State Sci., Vol. 35 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegbahn K., C. Nordling, A. Fahlman, R. Nordberg, K. Hamrin, J. Hedman, G. Johansson, T. Bergman, S.-E. Karlsson, I. Lindgren, B. Lindberg: ESCA-Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Structure (Almqvist and Wiksels, Uppsala 1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson M., M. D. Barker, A. Christio, J. F. Tysan: Auger Electron Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York 1985)

    Google Scholar 

Synchrotron Radiation

  • Eberhardt W. (ed.): Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 35 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch E. E.: Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunz C.: Synchrotron Radiation, Topics Curr. Phys., Vol. 10 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1979)

    Google Scholar 

Electronic and Surface Structure

  • Bai C.-L.: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Techniques, Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 32 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell R. I.: Negative Electron Affinity Devices (Clarendon, Oxford 1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Güntherodt H.-J., R. Wiesendanger (eds.): Scanning Tunneling Microscopy I, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 20 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison W. A.: Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids: The Physics of the Chemical Bond (Dover, New York 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lannoo M., P. Friedel: Atomic and Electronic Structure of Surfaces, Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 16 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüth H.: Surfaces and Interfaces of Solids 3rd edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mönch W.: Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, 3rd ed., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiesendanger R., H.-J. Güntherodt (eds.): Scanning Tunneling Microscopy II and III, 2nd edn., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci., Vols. 28 and 29 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1995 and 1996)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yu, P.Y., Cardona, M. (1996). Photoelectron Spectroscopy. In: Fundamentals of Semiconductors. Graduate Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26475-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26475-2_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-25470-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26475-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics