Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Stejkal EO, Tanner J (1965) Spin diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J Chemical Phys 42:288–292
LeBihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet (1986) MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 161:401–407
Warach S, Gaa J, Siewert B, Wielopolski P, Edelman RR (1995) Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 37:231–241
Provenzale JM, Engelter ST, Petrella JR, Smith JS, MacFall JR (1999) Use of MR exponential diffusion-weighted images to eradicate T2 “shine-through” effect. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:537–539
Burdette JH, Elster AD, Ricci PE (1999) Acute cerebral infarction: quantification of spin-density and T2 shine-through phenomena on diffusion-weighted MR images. Radiology 212:333–339
Coley SC, Porter DA, Calamante F, Chong WK, Connelly A (1999) Quantitative MR diffusion mapping and cyclosporine-induced neurotoxicity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20:1507–1510
Schaefer PW, Grant PE, Gonzalez RG (2000) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 217:331–345
Field A (2001) Diffusion and perfusion imaging. In: Elster AD, Burdette JH (eds). Questions and answers in magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri pp 194–214
Maldjian JA, Listerud J, Moonis G, Siddiqi F (2001) Computing diffusion rates in T2-dark hematomas and areas of low T2 signal. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:112–128
Engelter ST, Provenzale JM, Petrella JR, Alberts MJ, DeLong DM, MacFall JR (2001) Use of exponential diffusion imaging to determine the age of ischemic infarcts. J Neuroimaging 11:141–147
Chen S, Ikawa F, Kurisu K, Arita K, Takaba J, Kanou Y (2001) Quantitative MR evaluation of intracranial epidermoid tumors by fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging and echolanar diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1089–1096
Geijer B, Sundgren PC, Lindgren A, Brockstedt S, Stahlberg F, Holtas S (2001) The value of b required to avoid T2 shine-through from old lacunar infarcts in diffusion-weighted imaging. Neuroradiology 43:511–517
Casey S (2001) “T2 washout”: an explanation for normal diffusion-weighted images despite abnormal apparent diffusion coefficient maps. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1450–1451
Provenzale JM, Petrella JR, Cruz LC Jr, Wong JC, Engelter S, Barboriak DP (2001) Quantitative assessment of diffusion abnormalities in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1455–1461
Eastwood JD, Engelter ST, MacFall JF, Delong DM, Provenzale JM (2003) Quantitative assessment of the time course of infarct signal intensity on diffusion-weighted images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:680–687
Hiwatashi A, Kinoshita T, Moritani T, et al. (2003) Hypointensity on diffusion-weighted MRI related to T2 shortening and susceptibility effects. AJR Am J Roentgenol (in press)
Elster AD, Burdette JH (2001) Scanner hardware. In: Elster AD, Burdette JH (eds). Questions and answers in magnetic resonance imaging. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri pp 54–71
Haselgrove JC, Moore JR (1996) Correction for distortion of echo-planar images used to calculate the apparent diffusion coefficient. Magn Reson Med 36:960–964
Horsfield MA (1999) Mapping eddy current induced fields for the correction of diffusion-weighted echo planar images. Magn Reson Imaging 17:1335–1345
Jezzard P, Barnett AS, Pierpaoli C (1998) Characterization of and correction for eddy current artifacts in echo planar diffusion imaging. Magn Reson Med 39:801–812
Calamante F, Porter DA, Gadian DG, Connelly A (1999) Correction for eddy current induced Bo shifts in diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Med 41:95–102
Schmithorst VJ, Dardzinski BJ (2002) Automatic gradient preemphasis adjustment: a 15-minute journey to improved diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Med 47:208–212
Papadakis NG, Martin KM, Pickard JD, Hall LD, Carpenter TA, Huang CL (2000) Gradient preemphasis calibration in diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Med 44:616–624
Chapman BL (1999) Shielded gradients. And the general solution to the near field problem of electromagnet design. MAGMA 9:146–151
Robson MD, Anderson AW, Gore JC (1997) Diffusion-weighted multiple shot echo planar imaging of humans without navigation. Magn Reson Med 38:82–88
Brockstedt S, Moore JR, Thomsen C, Holtas S, Stahlberg F (2000) High-resolution diffusion imaging using phase-corrected segmented echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 18:649–657
Maier SE, Gudbjartsson H, Patz S, et al. (1998) Line scan diffusion imaging: characterization in healthy subjects and stroke patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171:85–93
Robertson RL, Maier SE, Mulkern RV, Vajapayam S, Robson CD, Barnes PD (2000) MR line-scan diffusion imaging of the spinal cord in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21:1344–1348
Lovblad KO, Jakob PM, Chen Q, et al. (1998) Turbo spin-echo diffusion-weighted MR of ischemic stroke. Am J Neuroradiol 19:201–208
Alsop DC (1997) Phase insensitive preparation of single-shot RARE: application to diffusion imaging in humans. Magn Reson Med 38:527–533
Forbes KP, Pipe JG, Karis JP, Farthing V, Heiserman JE (2003) Brain imaging in the unsedated pediatric patient: comparison of periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction and single-shot fast spin-echo sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:794–798
Bammer R, Keeling SL, Augustin M, et al. (2001) Improved diffusion-weighted single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) in stroke using sensitivity encoding (SENSE). Magn Reson Med 46:548–554
Porter DA, Calamante F, Gadian DG, Connelly A (1999) The effect of residual Nyquist ghost in quantitative echo-planar diffusion imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:385–392
Bastin ME (2001) On the use of the FLAIR technique to improve the correction of eddy current induced artefacts in MR diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 19:937–950
Anderson AW, Gore JC (1994) Analysis and correction of motion artifacts in diffusion weighted imaging. Magn Reson Med 32:379–387
Ordidge RJ, Helpern JA, Qing ZX, Knight RA, Nagesh V (1994) Correction of motional artifacts in diffusion-weighted MR images using navigator echoes. Magn Reson Imaging 12:455–460
Dietrich O, Heiland S, Benner T, Sartor K (2000) Reducing motion artefacts in diffusion-weighted MRI of the brain: efficacy of navigator echo correction and pulse triggering. Neuroradiology 42:85–91
Pipe JG (1999) Motion correction with PROPELLER MRI: application to head motion and free-breathing cardiac imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:963–969
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2005). Pitfalls and Artifacts of DW Imaging. In: Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging of the Brain. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26386-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26386-1_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-25359-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26386-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)