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Principles of European Tort Law pp 149–181Cite as

Damages

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References

  1. See the references in U. Magnus, Comparative Report on the Law of Damages, in: U. Magnus (ed.), Unification of Tort Law: Damages (2001, hereafter cited as PETL Damages) no. 1 fn. 1.

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  2. See also Art. 24 of the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations (“Rome II”), COM(2003) 427 final, 22.7.2003: “non-compensatory damages, such as exemplary or punitive damages, … contrary to Community public policy”.

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  3. See also Art. 10:103 and the comments on Causation (Chapter 3).

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  4. Cf. the following country reports in PETL Damages: W.V.H. Rogers, England, no. 9; S. Galand-Carval, France, no. 12 et seq.; K. Kerameus, Greece, no. 2; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, no.7; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, no. 19; see also J. Neethling, South Africa, no. 5.

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  5. H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 9; H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no.13 et seq.; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 9.

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  6. H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 1; H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 1; W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 1; S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 1; K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 1; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 1; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 7; see also J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 1 et seq.; G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 1.

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  7. See H. Cousy/ A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 11 et seq.; W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 1; S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 7; K. Kera-meus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 1; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 5; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 15; see also J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 5; G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 1 et seq.

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  8. An exception can be found in Austria and Switzerland where the extent of compensation depends on the degree of fault: cf. H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 5.

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  9. For further details see U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 21 et seq.

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  10. Compare for details U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 8 et seq.

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  11. See K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 1 et seq.

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  12. F. Busnelli/ G. Comande, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 2.

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  13. M.H. Wissink/ W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 9.

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  14. W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 3.

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  15. S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 3 et seq.

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  16. See G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 3.

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  17. See W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 11; S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 15.

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  18. See thereto U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 16.

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  19. This seems also to be the general rule in many countries: see for instance W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 53; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 49; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 61; J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 19, 28; G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 18.

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  20. See J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 19, 28.

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  21. See thereto in particular H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 63.

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  22. See, e.g., § 843 German BGB.

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  23. See the references in fn. 20.

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  24. See U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 89 with references.

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  25. Compare H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 63; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 49; K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 20; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 61.

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  26. S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 57.

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  27. M.H. Wissink/ W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 99 et seq.

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  28. W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 53. At the time of our Comparative Report on Damages periodical payments were only possible in England by agreement between the parties. However, when the Courts Act 2003 comes into force there will be a general discretion to make a periodical payment award in personal injury cases.

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  29. See in particular F. Busnelli/ G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 59; J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 26.

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  30. See U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 84.

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  31. See H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 61; H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 56, 58; W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no 49; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 47; K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 18; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 59; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 93.

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  32. See H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 61; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 47; K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 18; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 59; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 93; also J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 26.

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  33. See for instance H. Cousy/ A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 56, 58; W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no 49; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 93.

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  34. See U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 84 et seq.

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  35. In favour of deduction see H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 105 et seq.; H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 142; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 83; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 22 (in Italy the courts order sometimes deductions in these cases); M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 129 (though disputed). Against deduction see W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 80; S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 86; K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 37; J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 50; G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 36.

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  36. In favour of deduction though with differing qualifications see for H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 109 et seq.; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 87 et seq.; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 134; J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 54. Against deduction see H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, 146, 56 et seq.; W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 84; S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 90; G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 40; probably also K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 40; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 115 et seq.

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  37. See W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 9; S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 12 et seq.; K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 2; F. Busnelli/G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 7; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 19; also J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 5.

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  38. See H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 9; H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 13 et seq.; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 9.

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  39. See also Commentary to Art. 10:101.

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  40. See U. Magnus, Comparative Report, in U. Magnus (ed.), Unification of Tort Law: Damages (2001, hereafter cited as PETL Damages) no. 64 et seq.

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  41. H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 40.

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  42. See in detail W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 31 et seq.

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  43. S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 33,36.

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  44. H. Cousy/ A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 32.

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  45. U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 34.

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  46. Cf. infra Art. 10:301 no. 2.

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  47. For instance Austrian law accepts such compensation: see H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 81 et seq. The same is true for the USA: G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 25. On the contrary England (W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 63), France (S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 68), Germany (U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 62), Greece (K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 27), the Netherlands (M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 110) and South Africa (J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 35) deny compensation in such cases.

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  48. See already the references cited supra Art. 10:104 no. 8 and Art. 10:201 no. 17.

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  49. See in particular W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 31 et seq.; S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 33, 36.

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  50. See U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 90 et seq.

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  51. Compare the references in fn. 45.

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  52. See, e.g., H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 40,95; W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 33 et seq.; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 70.

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  53. See the survey by U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 64 et seq.

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  54. See W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages, no. 40.

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  55. S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages, no. 39.

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  56. U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 35 et seq.

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  57. K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 13.

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  58. H. Cousy/ A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 124 et seq. Also South Africa (J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 21) and the USA (G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 12) follow the approach to compensate the pure loss of use.

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  59. See H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 46.

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  60. F. Busnelli/ G. Comandé, Italy, PETL Damages, no. 47.

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  61. Compare the references cited in Art. 10:202 no. 15.

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  62. Austrian law disallows such kind of fictitious damage (see H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 50) while the other countries allow it (see the references in U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages, no. 71 fn. 129 et seq.).

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  63. Partly diminution in (market) value is regarded as the upper limit of compensation if costs of repair exceed this amount: see H. Koziol, Austria, PETL Damages, no. 103; K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages, no. 36; M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages, no. 126, also J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages, no. 48; G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages, no. 34. Other legal systems do not draw this line strictly: see H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages, no. 140; U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, no. 81 (allowance up to 130 %).

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  64. See Art. 10:202 no. 2.

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  65. See J. Fedtke, Germany, in H. Koziol/ B. Steininger (eds.), European Tort Law 2001 (2002) 232 et seq.

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  66. See Law Commission, Claims for Wrongful Death (1999) § 9.2.

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  67. See W.V.H. Rogers, Comparative Report, in W.V.H Rogers (ed), Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective (2001, hereafter cited as Rogers, Non-Pecuniary Loss) 262 et seq.

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  68. See infra no. 11.

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  69. See generally Rogers, Non-Pecuniary Loss (supra fn. 5).

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  70. Rogers, Non-Pecuniary Loss (supra fn. 5), at 257 et seq.

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  71. Art. 2:101 no. 4–5.

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  72. E. Karner/ H. Koziol, Austria; H. Cousy/D. Droshout, Belgium; W.V.H. Rogers, England; S. Galand-Carval, France; U. Magnus/J. Fedtke, Germany; K.D. Kerameus, Greece; F.D. Bus-nelli/G. Comandé, Italy; M.H. Wissink/W.H. van Boom, The Netherlands; M. Nesterowicz/E. Baginska, Poland; M. Martin-Casals/J. Ribot/J. Solé, Spain. There is also information on Israeli (I. Gilead) and Swiss (P. Tercier) law.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pisa, Italy

    Francesco D. Busnelli & Giovanni Comandé

  2. Leuven, Belgium

    Herman Cousy

  3. Tucson, USA

    Dan B. Dobbs

  4. Stockholm, Sweden

    Bill W. Dufwa

  5. Maastricht, Netherlands

    Michael G. Faure

  6. Jerusalem, Israel

    Israel Gilead

  7. Winston-Salem, USA

    Michael D. Green

  8. Athens, Greece

    Konstantinos D. Kerameus

  9. Innsbruck/Vienna, Austria

    Bernhard A. Koch

  10. Vienna/Graz, Austria

    Helmut Koziol

  11. Hamburg, Germany

    Ulrich Magnus

  12. Girona, Spain

    Miquel Martín-Casals

  13. Lyon, France

    Olivier Moréteau

  14. Pretoria, South Africa

    Johann Neethling

  15. Leeds, England

    W. V. Horton Rogers

  16. Coimbra, Portugal

    Jorge Ferreira Sinde Monteiro

  17. The Hague, Netherlands

    Jaap Spier

  18. Prague, Czech Republic

    Lubos Tichy

  19. Lausanne, Switzerland

    Pierre Widmer

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  1. Francesco D. Busnelli
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Busnelli, F.D. et al. (2005). Damages. In: Principles of European Tort Law. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27751-X_11

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