Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Alopecia areata

  • Chapter
Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abell E, Munro DD (1973) Intralesional treatment of alopecia areata with triamcinolone acetonide by jet injector. Br J Dermatol 88: 55–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ablamunits V, Elias D, Cohen IR (1999) The pathogenicity of islet-infiltrating lymphocytes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 115: 260–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alsaleh QA, Nanda A, al-Hasawi F, el-Kashlan M (1995) Concurrent appearance of alopecia areata in siblings. Pediatr Dermatol 12: 285–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson I (1950) Alopecia areata: A clinical study. Br Med J 2: 1250–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrade M de, Jackow CM, Dahm N, Hordinsky M, Reveille JD, Duvic M (1999) Alopecia areata in families: Association with the HLA locus. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4: 220–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Annacker O, Pimenta-Araujo R, Burlen-Defranoux O, Barbosa TC, Cumano A, Bandeira A (2001) CD25+ CD4+ T cells regulate the expansion of peripheral CD4 T cells through the production of IL-10. J Immunol 166: 3008–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Averbakh EV, Pospelov LE (1986) HLA antigens in patients with alopecia areata. Vestn Dermatol Venerol 1: 24–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber HW (1921) Alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol and Syph 33: 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastos Araujo A, Poiares Baptista A (1967) Algunas consideracions sobre 300 casos de pelada. Trabalhos da Sociedad Portugesa de Dermatologia e Venereolagia 25: 135–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrens-Williams S, Leiter U, Schiener R, Weidmann M, Peter RU, Kerscher M (2001) The PUVA-turban as a new option of applying a dilute psoralen solution selectively to the scalp of patients with alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 44: 248–252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Betterle C, Greggio NA, Volpato M (1998) Clinical review 93 Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 1049–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigazzi PE (1994) Autoimmunity and heavy metals. Lupus 3:449–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodemer C, Peuchmaur M, Fraitaig S, Chatenoud L, Brousse N, De Prost Y (2000) Role of cytotoxic T cells in chronic alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 114: 112–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonjean M, Prime A, Avon P. Pelade chez deux jumeaux homozygotes (sic) (1968) Lyon Med 219: 1852–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bröcker EB, Echternacht-Happle K, Hamm H, Happle R (1987) Abnormal expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility antigens in alopecia areata: Modulation by topical immunotherapy. J Invest Dermatol 88: 564–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown WH (1929) The aetiology of alopecia areata and its relationship to vitiligo and possibly scleroderma. Br J Dermatol and Syph 41: 299–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton JL, Shuster S (1975) Large doses of glucocorticoid in the treatment of alopecia areata. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 55: 493–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho F Anagenic and telogenic effluvia (1997) In: Trichology: Diseases of the pilosebaceous follicle, Camacho F, Montagna W, eds.; Aula Medica Group: Madrid pp. 387–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JM, McElwee KJ, E King L, Byrne MC, Sundberg JP (2002) Gene array profiling and immunomodulation studies define a cell-mediated immune response underlying the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in a mouse model and humans. J Invest Dermatol 119:392–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter DM, Jegasothy BV (1976) Alopecia areata and Down syndrome. Arch Dermatol 112:1397–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Case PC, Mitchell AJ, Swanson NA, Vanderveen EE, Ellis CN, Headington JT (1984) Topical therapy of alopecia areata with squaric acid dibutylester. J Am Acad Dermatol 10:447–51

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caserio RJ (1987) Treatment of alopecia areata with squaric acid dibutylester. Arch Dermatol 123: 1036–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan LS, Vanderlugt CJ, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Zone JJ, Black MM, Wojnarowska F, Stevens SR, Chen M, Fairley JA, Woodley DT, Miller SD, Gordon KB (1998) Epitope spreading: lessons from autoimmune skin diseases. J Invest Dermatol 110: 103–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charuwichitratana S, Wattanakrai P, Tanrattanakorn S (2000) Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in the treatment of alopecia areata with 0.25% desoximetasone cream. Arch Dermatol 136: 1276–1277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claudy AL, Gagnaire D (1983) PUVA treatment of alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 119: 975–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole GW, Herzlinger D (1984) Alopecia universalis in identical twins. Int J Dermatol 23: 283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colombe BW, Price VH, Khoury EL, Garovoy MR, Lou CD (1995) HLA class II antigen associations help define two types of alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 33: 757–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colombe BW, Lou CD, Price VH (1999) The genetic basis of alopecia areata: HLA associations with patchy alopecia areata versus alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4: 216–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Colon EA, Popkin MK, Callies AL, Dessert NJ, Hordinsky MK (1991) Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alopecia areata. Compr Psychiatry 32: 245–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cork MJ, Crane AM, Duff GW (1996) Genetic control of cytokines: Cytokine gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata. Dermatol Clin 14: 671–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotellessa C, Peris K, Caracciolo E, Mordenti C, Chimenti S (2001) The use of topical diphenylcyclopropenone for the treatment of extensive alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 44: 73–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe WJ, Hall R, Stevenson CJ, Weightman D (1969) Alopecia areata, thyroid disease and autoimmunity. Br J Dermatol 81: 877–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Waard-van der Spek FB, Oranje AP, De Raeymaecker DM, Peereboom-Wynia JD (1989) Juvenile versus maturity-onset alopecia areata — a comparative retrospective clinical study. Clin Exp Dermatol 14:429–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Weert J, Temmerman L, Kint A (1984) Alopecia areata: A clinical study. Dermatologica 168: 224–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dillaha CJ, Rothman S (1952) Therapeutic experiments in alopecia areata with orally administered cortisone. J Am Med Ass 150:546–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Vivier A, Munro DD (1975) Alopecia areata, autoimmunity, and Down’s syndrome. Br Med J I: 191–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvic M, Hordinsky MK, Fiedler VC, O’Brien WR, Young R, Reveille JD (1991) HLA-D locus associations in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 127: 64–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duvic M, Welsh EA, Jackow C, Papadopoulos E, Reveille JD, Amos C (1995) Analysis of HLA-D locus alleles in alopecia areata patients and families. J Invest Dermatol 104(suppl):5S–6S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichmüller S, van der Veen C, Moll I, Hermes B, Hofmann U, Muller-Rover S, Paus R (1998) Clusters of perifollicular macrophages in normal murine skin: physiological degeneration of selected hair follicles by programmed organ deletion. J Histochem Cytochem 46:361–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP (2002) Stress hormones, proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 966:290–303

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D (1999) Minocycline-induced autoimmune syndromes: an over-view. Semin Arthritis Rheum 28: 392–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler-Weiss VC, West DP, Buys CM, Rumsfield JA (1986) Topical minoxidil dose-response effect in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 122:180–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finnish-German APECED Consortium (1997) An autoimmune disease, APECED, caused by mutations in a novel gene featuring two PHD-type zinc-finger domains. Nature Genet 17:399–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Fransway AF, Muller SA (1988) 3 percent topical minoxidil compared with placebo for the treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata. Cutis 41: 431–435

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frentz G (1977) Topical treatment of extended alopecia. Dermatologica 155: 147–154

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frentz G (1985) Topical minoxidil for extended areate alopecia. Acta Derm Venereol 65: 172–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frentz G, Thomsen K, Jakobsen BK, Svejgaard A (1986) HLA-DR4 in alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 14: 129–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freyschmidt-Paul P, Sundberg JP, Happle R, McElwee KJ, Metz S, Boggess D, Hoffmann R (1999) Successful treatment of alopecia areata-like hair loss with the contact sensitizer squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) in C3H/HeJ mice. J Invest Dermatol 113: 61–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R, Levine E, Sundberg JP, Happle R, McElwee KJ (2001) Current and potential agents for the treatment of alopecia areata. Curr Pharm Des 7: 213–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freyschmidt-Paul P, McElwee KJ, Botchkarev V, Kissling S, Wenzel E, Sundberg JP, Happle R, Hoffmann R (2003) Fas-deficient C3.MRL-Tnfrsf6(lpr) mice and Fas ligand-deficient C3H/HeJ-Tnfsf6(gld) mice are relatively resistant to the induction of alopecia areata by grafting of alopecia areata-affected skin from C3H/HeJ mice. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 8:104–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freyschmidt-Paul P, Zoeller M, McElwee KJ, Sundberg JP, Hoffmann R (2004) Th-1 cytokines in alopecia areata pathogenesis: IFNγ is essentially involved while IL-2 plays a minor role. J Invest Dermatol 122, A8

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedli A, Labarthe MP, Engelhardt E, Feldman R, Salomon D, Saurat JH (1998) Pulse methyprednisolone therapy for severe alopecia areata: an open prospective study of 45 patients. J Am Acad Deramtol 39: 597–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann PS (1981) Alopecia areata and autoimmunity. Br J Dermatol 105: 153–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman PS (1985) Clinical and immunologic association of alopecia areata. Semin Dermatol 4: 9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Fülöp E, Vajda Z (1971) Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die therapeutische und schädigende Wirkung der intrafokalen Steroidbehandlung. Dermatol Monatsschr 157: 269–77

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith GM, Thiers BH, Pandey JP (1984) Gm allotype associated resistance and susceptibility to alopecia areata. Clin Exp Immunol 56: 149–52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith GM, Pandey JP (1989) Km1 allotype association with one subgroup of alopecia areata. Am J Hum Genet 44: 426–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith GM, Pandey JP (1995) Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene polymorphism in alopecia areata. Hum Genet 96: 433–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith GM, Palesch Y, Gore EA, Pandey JP (1999) Contribution of interleukin 1beta and KM loci to alopecia areata. Hum Hered 49: 85–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Q, Rouse TM, Kazmerzak K, Field EH (1999) CD4+CD25+ cells regulate CD8 cell anergy in neonatal tolerant mice. Transplant 68:1891–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilhar A, Pillar T, Assay B, David M (1992) Failure of passive transfer of serum from patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis to inhibit hair growth in transplants of human scalp skin grafted on to nude mice. Br J Dermatol 126:166–71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilhar A, Ullmann Y, Berkutzki T, Assy B, Kalish RS (1998) Autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata) transferred by T lymphocytes to human scalp explants on SCID mice. J Clin Invest 101: 62–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, Shalaginov R, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS (2001) Melanocyte-associated T cell epitopes can function as autoantigens for transfer of alopecia areata to human scalp explants on Prkdc(scid) mice. J Invest Dermatol 117:1357–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, Shalaginov R, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS (2002) Mediation of alopecia areata by cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes: transfer to human scalp explants on Prkdc(scid) mice. Arch Dermatol 138: 916–922

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gip L, Lodin A, Molin L (1969) Alopecia areata: A follow-up investigation of outpatient material. Acta Derm Venereol 49: 180–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldshtein LM, Chipizhenko VA (1978) Familial alopecia areata. Vestn Dermatol Venerol 10: 36–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gollick H, Orfanos CE (1990) Alopecia areata: pathogenesis and clinical picture. In: Orfanos CE, Happle R, eds. Hair and Hair Diseases. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 529–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon PM, Aldridge RD, McVittie E, Hunter JAA (1996) Topical diphencyprone for alopecia areata: evaluation of 48 cases after 30 months’ follow up. Br J Dermatol 134: 869–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hacham-Zadeh S, Brautbar C, Cohen C, Cohen T (1981) HLA and alopecia areata in Jerusalem. Tissue Antigens 18: 71–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R (1979) Hinweis zur DNCB-Therapie bei Alopecia areata. Hautarzt 30: 556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Echternacht K (1977) Induction of hair growth in alopecia areata with D.N.C.B. Lancet 2:1002–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Kalveram KJ, Büchner U, Echternacht-Happle K, Göggelmann W, Summer KH (1980) Contact allergy as a therapeutic tool for alopecia areata: application of squaric acid dibutylester. Dermatologica 161: 289–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Hausen BM, Wiesner-Menzel L (1983) Diphencyprone in the treatment of alopecia areata. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 63: 49–52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Perret C, Wiesner-Menzel L (1984) Treatment of alopecia areata with diphencyprone induces hair regrowth and affects the composition of peribulbar infiltrates. In Immunodermatology MacDonald, DM Ed.; Butterworth: London pp. 279–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Happle R (1985) The potential hazards of dinitrochlorobenzene. Arch Dermatol 121: 330–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happle R, Klein HM, Macher E (1986) Topical immunotherapy changes the composition of the peribulbar infiltrate in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol Res 278: 214–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healy E, Rogers S (1993) PUVA treatment for alopecia areata: does it work? A retrospective review of 102 cases. Br J Dermatol 129:42–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendren S (1949) Identical alopecia areata in identical twins. Arch Dermatol 60: 793–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann R, Wenzel E, Huth A, van der Steen P, Schäufele M, Henninger HP, Happle R (1994) Cytokine mRNA levels in Alopecia areata before and after treatment with the contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone. J Invest Dermatol 103: 530–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann R, Happle R (1996) Topical immunotherapy in alopecai areata: what; how; and why? Dermatol Clin 14: 739–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann R, Happle R (1999) Alopecia areata. 1: Clinical aspects, etiology, pathogenesis. Hautarzt 50: W222–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsapple MP (2002) Autoimmunity by pesticides: a critical review of the state of the science. Toxicol Lett 127: 101–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hordinsky MK, Hallgren H, Nelson D, Filipovich AH (1984) Familial alopecia areata. HLA antigens and autoantibody formation in an American family. Arch Dermatol 120: 464–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoting E, Boehm A (1992) Therapy of alopecia areata with diphencyprone. Br J Dermatol 127:625–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huseby ES, Liggitt D, Brabb T, Schnabel B, Ohlen C, Goverman J (2001) A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 194: 669–676

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda T (1965) A new classification of alopecia areata. Dermatologica 131: 421–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen BJ, van Ruissen F, Cerneus S, Cloin W, Bergers M, van Erp PE, Schalkwijk J (2003) Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand triggers apoptosis in dividing but not in differentiating human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 121: 1433–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalkoff KW, Macher E (1958) Ãœber das Nachwachsen der Haare bei der Alopecia areata und maligna nach intracutaner Hydrocortisoninjektion. Hautarzt 9: 441–51

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kavak A, Yesildal N, Parlak AH (2002) Effect of two consecutive earthquakes on outbreaks of alopecia areata. J Dermatol 29: 414–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kianto U, Reunala T, Karvonen J, Lassus A, Tiilikainen A (1977) HLA-B12 in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 113: 1716

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kissler S, Anderton SM, Wraith DC (2001) Antigen-presenting cell activation: a link between infection and autoimmunity? J Autoimmun 16: 303–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntz BM, Selzle D, Braun-Falco O (1977) HLA antigens in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 113: 1717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkö O, Swanbeck G (1983) PUVA treatment for alopecia totalis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 63: 546–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson M, Fonteneau JF, Bhardwaj N (2001) Dendritic cells resurrect antigens from dead cells. Trends Immunol 22: 141–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lassus A, Eskelinen A, Johansson E (1984) Treatment of alopecia areata with three different PUVA modalities. Photodermatology 1: 141–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehnert W Zur Lokalbehandlung schwerer Formen der Alopecia areata mit Kortikosteroidsalbe (1974) Dermatol Monatsschr 160: 396–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lévy-Franckel A, Juster E La pelade (1925) J de Medecine de Paris 44: 631–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyden JJ, Kligman AM (1972) Treatment of alopcia areata with steroid solution. Arch Derm 106: 924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liakopoulou M, Alifieraki T, Katideniou A, Kakourou T, Tselalidou E, Tsiantis J, Stratigos J (1997) Children with alopecia areata: psychiatric symptomatology and life events. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36: 678–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindner G, Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Ling G, van der Veen C, Paus R (1997) Analysis of apoptosis during hair follicle regression (catagen). Am J Pathol 151:1601–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludewig B, Junt T, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM (2001) Dendritic cells in autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 13: 657–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz G, Bauer R (1988) Autoimmunity in alopecia areata: An assessment in 100 patients. Hautarzt 39: 5–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald Hull S, Cunliffe WJ (1991) Successful treatment of alopecia areata using the contact allergen diphencyprone. Br J Dermatol 124: 212–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald Hull S, Norris JF (1988) Diphencyprone in the treatment of long-standing alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 119: 367–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald Hull S, Pepall L, Cunliffe WJ (1991) Alopecia areata in children: response to treatment with diphencyprone. Br J Dermatol 125: 164–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Main RA, Robbie RB, Gray ES, Donald D, Horne CH (1975) Smooth muscle antibodies and alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 92: 389–93

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maitland JM, Alridge RD, Main RA, White MI, Ormerod AD (1984) Topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. Br Med J 288: 794

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonagh AJ, Messenger AG (1996) The pathogenesis of alopecia areata. Dermatol Clin 14: 661–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Pickett P, Oliver RF (1996a) The DEBR rat, alopecia areata and autoantibodies to the hair follicle. Br J Dermatol 134: 55–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Spiers EM, Oliver RF (1996b) In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells restores hair growth in the DEBR model for alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 135: 211–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Boggess D, King LE Jr, Sundberg JP (1998a) Experimental induction of alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H/HeJ mice using full-thickness skin grafts. J Invest Dermatol 111: 797–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Boggess D, Olivry T, Oliver RF, Whiting D, Tobin DJ, Bystryn JC, King LE Jr, Sundberg JP (1998b) Comparison of alopecia areata in human and nonhuman mammalian species. Pathobiology 66: 90–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Bristol IJ, Boggess D, Leiter EH, King LE Jr, Elson CO, Cong Y, Sundberg JP (1999a) A common disease susceptibility gene locus for development of alopecia areata and/or colitis in C3H/HeJ mice. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4: 249

    Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Spiers EM, Oliver RF (1999b) Partial restoration of hair growth in the DEBR model for Alopecia areata after in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells. Br J Dermatol 140: 432–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Tobin DJ, Bystryn JC, King LE Jr, Sundberg JP (1999c) Alopecia areata: An autoimmune disease? Exp Dermatol 8: 371–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee K, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Ziegler A, Happle R, Hoffmann R (2001a) Genetic susceptibility and severity of alopecia areata in human and animal models. Eur J Dermatol 11: 11–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Silva K, Beamer WG, King LE Jr, Sundberg JP (2001b) Melanocyte and gonad activity as potential severity modifying factors in C3H/HeJ mouse alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 10: 420–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Hoffmann R (2002a) Alopecia areata — animal models. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:414–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Hoffmann R, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Wenzel E, Kissling S, Sundberg JP, Zöller M (2002b) Resistance to alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice is associated with increased expression of regulatory cytokines and a failure to recruit CD4+ and CD8+ cells. J Invest Dermatol 119: 1426–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Niiyama S, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Wenzel E, Kissling S, Sundberg JP, Hoffmann R (2003a) Dietary soy oil content and soy-derived phytoestrogen genistein increase resistance to alopecia areata onset in C3H/HeJ mice. Exp Dermatol 12: 30–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Silva K, Boggess D, Bechtold L, King LE Jr, Sundberg JP (2003b) Alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice involves leukocyte-mediated root sheath disruption in advance of overt hair loss. Vet Pathol 40: 643–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee KJ, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R, Kissling S, Hummel S, Vitacolonna M, Zöller M Transfer of CD8+ cells induce localized hair loss while CD4+/CD25-cells promote systemic alopecia areata and CD4+/CD25+ cells blockade disease onset in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. J Invest Dermatol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehlman RD, Griesemer RD (1968) Alopecia areata in the very young. Am J Psychiatry 125:605–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messenger AG, Bleehen SS (1985) Expression of HLA-DR by anagen hair follicles in alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 85: 569–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messenger AG, Simpson NB (1997) Alopecia areata. In: Diseases of the hair and scalp. Dawber R, ed.; Blackwell Science Oxford pp. 338–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Micali G, Cicero RL, Nasca MR, Sapuppo A (1996) Treatment of alopecia areata with squaric acid dibutylester. Int J Dermatol 35: 52–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michie HJ, Jahoda CA, Oliver RF, Johnson BE (1991) The DEBR rat: An animal model of human alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 125: 94–100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milgraum SS, Mitchell AJ, Bacon GE, Rasmussen JE (1987) Alopecia areata, endocrine function, and autoantibodies in patients 16 years of age or younger. J Am Acad Dermatol 17:57–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell AJ, Douglass MC (1985) Topical photochemotherapy for alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 12: 644–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monk B (1989) Induction of hair growth in alopecia totalis with diphencyprone sensitization: Clin Exp Dermtol 14: 154–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes LF (1977) Topical halcinonide in alopecia areata and in alopecia totalis. J Cut Pathol 4: 47–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Morling N, Frentz G, Fugger L, Georgsen J, Jakobsen B, Odum N, Svejgaard A (1991) DNA polymorphism of HLA class II genes in alopecia areata. Dis Markers 9: 35–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motyka B, Korbutt G, Pinkoski MJ, Heibein JA, Caputo A, Hobman M, Barry M, Shostak I, Sawchuk T, Holmes CF, Gauldie J, Bleackley RC (2000) Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor is a death receptor for granzyme B during cytotoxic T cell-induced apoptosis. Cell 103: 491–500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller SA, Winkelmann RK (1963) Alopecia areata: An evaluation of 736 patients. Arch Dermatol 88: 290–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson DA, Spielvogel RL (1985) Anthralin therapy fo alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 24:606–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nutbrown M, MacDonald Hull SP, Baker TG, Cunliffe WJ, Randall VA (1996) Ultrastructural abnormalities in the dermal papillae of both lesional and clinically normal follicles from alopecia areata scalps. Br J Dermatol 135: 204–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsendorf FR, Mitrou G, Milbradt R (1988) Therapie der Alopecia Areata mit Diphenylcyclopropenone. Z Hautkr 63: 94–100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olivetti L, Bubola D(1965) Clinical observations on 160 cases of "area celsi"./G It Dermatol Minerva Dermatol 106: 367–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orecchia G, Belvedere MC, Martinetti M, Capelli E, Rabbiosi G (1987) Human leukocyte antigen region involvement in the genetic predisposition to alopecia areata. Dermatologica 175: 10–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orentreich N, Sturm HM, Weidman AI, Pelzig A (1960) Local Injection of steroids and hair regrowth in alopecias. Arch Dermatol 82: 894–902

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parakkal PF (1969) Role of macrophages in collagen resorption during hair growth cycle. J Ultrastruct Res 29: 210–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascher F, Kurtin S, Andrade R (1970) Assay of 0.2% fluocinolone acetonide cream for alopecia areata and totalis. Dermatologica 141: 193–202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paus R, Slominski A, Czarnetzki BM (1993) Is alopecia areata an autoimmune-response against melanogenesis-related proteins, exposed by abnormal MHC class I expression in the anagen hair bulb? Yale J Biol Med 66: 541–54

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paus R (1996) Control of the hair cycle and hair diseases as cycling disorders. Curr Opin Dermatol 3: 248–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Paus R, Christoph T, Muller-Rover S (1999) Immunology of the hair follicle: a short journey into terra incognita. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 4: 226–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penders AJ (1968) Alopecia areata and atopy. Dermatologica 136: 395–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perret C, Wiesner-Menzel L, Happle R (1984) Immunohistochemical analysis of T-cell subsets in the peribulbar and intrabulbar infiltrates of alopecia areata. Acta Derm Venereol 64: 26–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perret CM, Steijlen PM, Happle R (1990) Erythema multiforme-like eruptions: a rare side effect of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Dermatologica 180: 5–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perriard-Wolfensberger J, Pasche-Koo F, Mainetti C, Labarthe MP, Salomon D, Saurat J (1993) Pulse of methylprednisolone in alopecia areata. Dermatology 187: 282–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phinck E P, Peereboom-Wynia J D, Vuzevski V D, Westerhof W, Stolz E (1993) Tuming white overnight, is it possible? Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 137: 207–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter D, Burton JL (1971) A comparison of intra-lesional triamcinolone hexacetonide and triamcinolone acetonide in alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 85: 272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price VH (1987a) Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of topical minoxidil in extensive alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 16: 730–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price VH (1987b) Topical minoxidil (3 %) in extensive alopecia areata, including long-term efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol 16: 737–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puavilai S, Puavilai G, Charuwichitratana S, Sakuntabhai A, Sriprachya-Anunt S. (1994) Prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 33: 632–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranchoff RE, Bergfeld WF, Steck WD, Subichin SJ (1989) Extensive alopecia areata. Results of treatment with 3% topical minoxidil. Cleve Clin J Med 56: 149–154

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randall VA (2001) Is alopecia areata an autoimmune disease? Lancet 358: 1922–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranki A, Kianto U, Kanerva L, Tolvanen E, Johansson E (1984) Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic characterization of the cellular infiltrate in alopecia (areata, totalis, and universalis). J Invest Dermatol 83: 7–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ro BI (1995) Alopecia areata in Korea (1982–1994) J Dermatol 22: 858–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JH, Ley TJ (2002) Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 323–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabouraud R (1913) Nouvelles recherches sur l’etiologie de la pelade (pelade et menopause). Annales de Dermatologie et de syphiligraphie 5: 88–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabouraud R (1896) Sur les origines de la pelade. Annales de Dermatologie et syphiligraphie 3:253–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabouraud R (1929) Sur l’etiologie de la pelade Arch Dermato-Syphiligr Clin Hop St Louis 1:31–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ 3rd (1995) Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. Mayo Clin Proc 70: 628–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salamon T, Musafija A, Milicevic M (1971) Alopecia areata and diseases of the thyroid gland. Dermatologica 142: 62–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauder DN, Bergfeld WF, Krakauer RS (1980) Alopecia areata: An inherited autoimmune disease. In: Hair, trace elements and human disease Brown AC, Crounse AG eds. New York: Praeger, 343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scerri L, Pace JL (1992) Identical twins with identical alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 27:766–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schallreuter KU, Lemke R, Brandt O, Schwartz R, Westhofen M, Montz R, Berger J (1994) Vitiligo and other diseases: coexistence or true association? Hamburg study on 321 patients. Dermatology 188: 269–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder K, Hertzog PJ, Ravasi T, Hume DA (2004) Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J Leukoc Biol 75: 163–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz A, Hamm H, Weiglein U, Axt M, Bröcker EB (1996) Dexamethasone pulse therapy in severe long-standing alopecia areata: a treatment failure. Eur J Dermatol 6: 26–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuttelaar M-LA, Hamstra JJ, Plinck E.P, Peereboom-Wynia JDR, Vuzevski VD, Mulder PGH, Oranje AP (1996) Alopecia areata in children: treatment with diphencyprone. Br J Dermatol 135: 581–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seiter S, Ugurel S, Tilgen W, Reinhold U (2001) High-Dose pulse corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of severe alopecia areata. Dermatology 202: 230–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma VK (1996) Pulsed administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 35: 133–136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma VK, Dawn G, Kumar B (1996a) Profile of alopecia areata in Northern India. Int J Dermatol 35: 22–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma VK, Kumar B, Dawn G (1996b) A clinical study of childhood alopecia areata in Chandigarh, India. Pediatr Dermatol 13: 372–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma VK, Muralidhar S (1998) Treatment of widespread alopecia areata in young patients with monthly oral corticosteroid pulse. Pediatr Dermatol 15: 313–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shellow WV, Edwards JE, Koo JY (1992) Profile of alopecia areata: A questionnaire analysis of patient and family. Int J Dermatol 31: 186–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton JM, Hollander L (1942) Alopecia totalis in father and daughter. Arch Dermatol Syph 46: 137–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RM, Chan FK, Chun HJ, Lenardo MJ (2000) The multifaceted role of Fas signaling in immune cell homeostasis and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 1: 469–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stankler L (1979) Synchronous alopecia areata in two siblings: a possible viral aetiology. Lancet 1: 1303–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart MI, Smoller BR (1993) Alopecia universalis in an HIV-positive patient: possible insight into pathogenesis. J Cutan Pathol 20:180–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg JP, Boggess D, Silva KA, McElwee KJ, King LE, Li R, Churchill G, Cox GA (2003) Major locus on mouse chromosome 17 and minor locus on chromosome 9 are linked with alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice. J Invest Dermatol. 120: 771–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg JP, Cordy WR, King LE Jr. (1994) Alopecia areata in aging C3H/HeJ mice. J Invest Dermatol 102: 847–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suri-Payer E, Amar AZ, Thornton AM, Shevach EM (1998) CD4+CD25+ T cells inhibit both the induction and effector function of autoreactive T cells and represent a unique lineage of immunoregulatory cells. J Immunol 160: 1212–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarlow JK, Clay FE, Cork MJ, Blakemore AI, McDonagh AJ, Messenger AG, Duff GW. (1994) Severity of alopecia areata is associated with a polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. J Invest Dermatol 103: 387–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor CR, Hawk JLM (1995) PUVA treatment of alopecia areata partialis, totalis and universalis: audit of 10 years’ experience at St John’s Institute of Dermatology. Br J Dermatol 133: 914–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin DJ, Orentreich N, Bystryn JC (1994a) Autoantibodies to hair follicles in normal individuals. Arch Dermatol 130: 395–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin DJ, Orentreich N, Fenton DA, Bystryn JC (1994b) Antibodies to hair follicles in alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 102: 721–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin DJ, Sundberg JP, King LE Jr, Boggess D, Bystryn JC (1997) Autoantibodies to hair follicles in C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata-like hair loss. J Invest Dermatol 109: 329–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin DJ, Alhaidari Z, Olivry T (1998) Equine alopecia areata autoantibodies target multiple hair follicle antigens and may alter hair growth. A preliminary study. Exp Dermatol 7:289–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin DJ (2003) Characterization of hair follicle antigens targeted by the anti-hair follicle immune response. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 8: 176–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tosti A, Piraccini B, Pazzaglia M, Vincenzi C (2003) Clobetasol propionate 0.05% under occlusion in the treatment of alopecia totalis/universalis. J Am Acad Dermatol 49: 96–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valsecchi R, Vicari O, Frigeni A, Foiadelli L, Naldi L, Cainelli T (1985) Familial alopecia areata — genetic susceptibility or coincidence? Acta Derm Venereol 65: 175–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Steen PH, Baar van JMJ, Perret C, Happle R (1991) Treatment of alopecia areata with diphenylcyclopropenone. J Am Acad Dermatol 24: 253–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Steen P, Traupe H, Happle R, Boezeman J, Strater R, Hamm H (1992a) The genetic risk for alopecia areata in first degree relatives of severely affected patients. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 72: 373–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Steen PH, Happle R (1992b) Dyschromia in confetti as a side effect of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Arch Dermatol 128: 518–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Veen EE, Ellis CN, Kang S, Case P, Headington JT, Voorhees JJ, Swanson NA (1984) Topical minoxidil for hair regrowth. J Am Acad Dermatol 11: 416–421

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verbov J (1973) Steroid solution treatment of alopecia areata. Arch Derm 108:135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vestey JP, Savin JA (1986) A trial of 1% minoxidil used topically for severe alopecia areata. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 66: 179–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel F, Motulsky AG (1997) Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 223–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker SA, Rothman S (1950) Alopecia areata. A statistical study and consideration of endocrine influences. J Invest Dermatol 14: 403–413

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weedon D, Strutton G (1981) Apoptosis as the mechanism of the involution of hair follicles in catagen transformation. Acta Derm Venereol 61: 335–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidman AI, Zion LS, Mamelok AE (1956) Alopecia areata occurring simultaneously in identical twins. Arch Dermatol 74: 424–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Weise K, Kretzschmar L, John SM, Hamm H (1996) Topical immunotherapy in alopecia areata: anamnestic and clinical criteria of prognostic significance. Dermatology 192:129–133

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss VC, West DP, Fu TS, Robinson LA, Cook B, Cohen RL, Chambers DA (1984) Alopecia areata treated with topical minoxidil. Arch Dermatol 120: 457–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weitgasser H (1968) Erfahrungen mit einer Triamcinolon-Tinktur bei entzündlichen Dermatosen. Z Hautkr 43: 505–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh EA, Clark HH, Epstein SZ, Reveille JD, Duvic M (1994) Human leukocyte antigen-DQB1 *03 alleles are associated with alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 103: 758–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westgate GE, Craggs RI, Gibson WT (1991) Immune privilege in hair growth. J Invest Dermatol 97: 417–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White SI, Friedmann PS (1985) Topical minoxidil lacks efficacy in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 121: 591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmont K, Cooper A (2003) PUVA treatment of alopecia areata totalis and universalis: a retrospective study. Australas J Dermatol 44: 106–109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman MC, Shapiro J, MacDonald N, Lui H (2001) Predictive model for immunotherapy of alopecia areata with diphencyprone. Arch Dermatol 137: 1063–1068

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wucherpfennig KW (2001) Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents. J Clin Invest 108: 1097–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wunderlich C, Braun-Falco O (1965) Mongolismus und Alopecia areata. Med Welt 10:477–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y (2002) HIV and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 1: 329–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JG, Oliver RF (1994) Immunohistological study of the development of the cellular infiltrate in the pelage follicles of the DEBR model for alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 130:405–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotogorski A, Weinrauch L, Brautbar C (1990) Familial alopecia areata: No linkage with HLA. Tissue Antigens 36: 40–1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zöller M, McElwee KJ, Engel P, Hoffmann R (2002) Transient CD44 variant isoform expression and reduction in CD4(+)/CD25(+) regulatory T cells in C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 118: 983–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Pia Freyschmidt-Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kevin McElwee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rolf Hoffmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany

    Michael Hertl MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freyschmidt-Paul, P., McElwee, K., Hoffmann, R. (2005). Alopecia areata. In: Hertl, M. (eds) Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27377-8_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27377-8_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-20686-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-211-27377-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation