Skip to main content

Brain Tumor Imaging

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Abstract

The variety of brain tumors with different histology, localization, age distribution, and prognosis might be confusing. The WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous system (2007) includes more than 100 different entities (Louis et al. 2007). The comparison of primary brain and CNS tumors by site and by histology facilitates a first insight (Ostrom et al. 2014). Moreover, this reflects the incidence rates of specific brain tumors. Besides metastatic tumors of the CNS, meningeal tumors and glioma account for more than 60 % of all primary brain tumors. Regarding malignant tumors, gliomas even represent 80 % of all primary brain tumors. From 45 years of age and older, meningioma is the most frequent and glioblastoma the second most frequent brain tumor. In children and adolescents, pilocytic astrocytoma and embryonal tumors are more relevant (Ostrom et al. 2014).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahluwalia MS, Vogelbaum MV, Chao ST, Mehta MM (2014) Brain metastasis and treatment. F1000Prime Rep 6:114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M, Nakagawa K, Toyoda T, Hatano K, Kenjyo M, Oya N, Hirota S, Shioura H, Kunieda E, Inomata T, Hayakawa K, Katoh N, Kobashi G (2006) Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295(21):2483–2491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aoyama H, Tago M, Kato N, Toyoda T, Kenjyo M, Hirota S, Shioura H, Inomata T, Kunieda E, Hayakawa K, Nakagawa K, Kobashi G, Shirato H (2007) Neurocognitive function of patients with brain metastasis who received either whole brain radiotherapy plus stereotactic radiosurgery or radiosurgery alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68(5):1388–1395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batchelor TT, Mulholland P, Neyns B, Nabors LB, Campone M, Wick A, Mason W, Mikkelsen T, Phuphanich S, Ashby LS, Degroot J, Gattamaneni R, Cher L, Rosenthal M, Payer F, Jurgensmeier JM et al (2013) Phase III randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cediranib as monotherapy, and in combination with lomustine, versus lomustine alone in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 31(26):3212–3218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brada M, Viviers L, Abson C, Hines F, Britton J, Ashley S, Sardell S, Traish D, Gonsalves A, Wilkins P, Westbury C (2003) Phase II study of primary temozolomide chemotherapy in patients with WHO grade II gliomas. Ann Oncol 14(12):1715–1721

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner JC, Gesme D Jr, O’Fallon JR, Hammack JE, Stafford S, Brown PD, Hawkins R, Scheithauer BW, Erickson BJ, Levitt R, Shaw EG, Jenkins R (2003) Phase II trial of procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine as initial therapy for patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma: efficacy and associations with chromosomal abnormalities. J Clin Oncol 21(2):251–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross G, Macdonald D, Ludwin S, Lee D, Cascino T, Buckner J, Fulton D, Dropcho E, Stewart D, Schold C Jr et al (1994) Chemotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma. National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 12(10):2013–2021

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross G, Berkey B, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Scheithauer B, Brachman D, Buckner J, Fink K, Souhami L, Laperierre N, Mehta M, Curran W (2006) Phase III trial of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone for pure and mixed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Intergroup Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9402. J Clin Oncol 24(18):2707–2714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J, Fink K, Souhami L, Laperriere N, Curran W, Mehta M (2013) Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term results of RTOG 9402. J Clin Oncol 31(3):337–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, Allen PK, Lang FF, Kornguth DG, Arbuckle RB, Swint JM, Shiu AS, Maor MH, Meyers CA (2009) Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10(11):1037–1044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chinot OL, Wick W, Mason W, Henriksson R, Saran F, Nishikawa R, Carpentier AF, Hoang-Xuan K, Kavan P, Cernea D, Brandes AA, Hilton M, Abrey L, Cloughesy T (2014) Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy-temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 370(8):709–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle ND, Korfel A, Lubow MA, Schorb E, Schlegel U, Rogowski S, Fu R, Dosa E, Illerhaus G, Kraemer DF, Muldoon LL, Calabrese P, Hedrick N, Tyson RM, Jahnke K, Maron LM et al (2013) Long-term cognitive function, neuroimaging, and quality of life in primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology 81(1):84–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fogh SE, Andrews DW, Glass J, Curran W, Glass C, Champ C, Evans JJ, Hyslop T, Pequignot E, Downes B, Comber E, Maltenfort M, Dicker AP, Werner-Wasik M (2010) Hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy: an effective therapy for recurrent high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 28(18):3048–3053

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman HS, Prados MD, Wen PY, Mikkelsen T, Schiff D, Abrey LE, Yung WK, Paleologos N, Nicholas MK, Jensen R, Vredenburgh J, Huang J, Zheng M, Cloughesy T (2009) Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 27(28):4733–4740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert MR, Dignam JJ, Armstrong TS, Wefel JS, Blumenthal DT, Vogelbaum MA, Colman H, Chakravarti A, Pugh S, Won M, Jeraj R, Brown PD, Jaeckle KA, Schiff D, Stieber VW, Brachman DG et al (2014) A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 370(8):699–708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Glas M, Bähr O, Felsberg J, Rasch K, Wiewrodt D, Schabet M, Simon M, Urbach H, Steinbach JP, Rieger J, Fimmers R, Bamberg M, Nagele T, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Herrlinger U (2011) NOA-05 phase 2 trial of procarbazine and lomustine therapy in gliomatosis cerebri. Ann Neurol 70(3):445–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grosu AL, Weber WA, Franz M, Stark S, Piert M, Thamm R, Gumprecht H, Schwaiger M, Molls M, Nieder C (2005) Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade gliomas using amino acid PET (SPECT)/CT/MRI image fusion to determine gross tumor volume for stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63(2):511–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann C, Hentschel B, Wick W, Capper D, Felsberg J, Simon M, Westphal M, Schackert G, Meyermann R, Pietsch T, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Loeffler M, von Deimling A (2010) Patients with IDH1 wild type anaplastic astrocytomas exhibit worse prognosis than IDH1-mutated glioblastomas, and IDH1 mutation status accounts for the unfavorable prognostic effect of higher age: implications for classification of gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 120(6):707–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hattingen E, Jurcoane A, Daneshvar K, Pilatus U, Mittelbronn M, Steinbach JP, Bähr O (2013) Quantitative T2 mapping of recurrent glioblastoma under bevacizumab improves monitoring for non-enhancing tumor progression and predicts overall survival. Neuro Oncol 15(10):1395–1404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Weller M, Kros JM, Hainfellner JA, Mason W, Mariani L, Bromberg JE, Hau P, Mirimanoff RO, Cairncross JG, Janzer RC, Stupp R (2005) MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352(10):997–1003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermann EJ, Hattingen E, Krauss JK, Marquardt G, Pilatus U, Franz K, Setzer M, Gasser T, Tews DS, Zanella FE, Seifert V, Lanfermann H (2008) Stereotactic biopsy in gliomas guided by 3-tesla 1H-chemical-shift imaging of choline. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 86(5):300–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrlinger U (2012) Gliomatosis cerebri. Handb Clin Neurol 105:507–515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter GK, Suh JH, Reuther AM, Vogelbaum MA, Barnett GH, Angelov L, Weil RJ, Neyman G, Chao ST (2012) Treatment of five or more brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(5):1394–1398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutterer M, Hattingen E, Palm C, Proescholdt MA and Hau P (2014) Current standards and new concepts in MRI and PET response assessment of antiangiogenic therapies in high-grade glioma patients. Neuro Oncol 1–16, doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou322

    Google Scholar 

  • Illerhaus G, Marks R, Ihorst G, Guttenberger R, Ostertag C, Derigs G, Frickhofen N, Feuerhake F, Volk B, Finke J (2006) High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation and hyperfractionated radiotherapy as first-line treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 24(24):3865–3870

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kocher M, Soffietti R, Abacioglu U, Villa S, Fauchon F, Baumert BG, Fariselli L, Tzuk-Shina T, Kortmann RD, Carrie C, Ben Hassel M, Kouri M, Valeinis E, van den Berge D, Collette S, Collette L et al (2011) Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952–26001 study. J Clin Oncol 29(2):134–141

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Korfel A, Schlegel U (2013) Diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. Nat Rev Neurol 9(6):317–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korfel A, Thiel E, Martus P, Mohle R, Griesinger F, Rauch M, Roth A, Hertenstein B, Fischer T, Hundsberger T, Mergenthaler HG, Junghanss C, Birnbaum T, Fischer L, Jahnke K, Herrlinger U, et al (2015) Randomized phase III study of whole-brain radiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology 84(12):1242–1248

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreth FW, Thon N, Simon M, Westphal M, Schackert G, Nikkhah G, Hentschel B, Reifenberger G, Pietsch T, Weller M, Tonn JC (2013) Gross total but not incomplete resection of glioblastoma prolongs survival in the era of radiochemotherapy. Ann Oncol 24(12):3117–3123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW, Kleihues P (2007) The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 114(2):97–109

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Louis DN, Perry A, Burger P, Ellison DW, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Aldape K, Brat D, Collins VP, Eberhart C, Figarella-Branger D, Fuller GN, Giangaspero F, Giannini C, Hawkins C, Kleihues P et al (2014) International Society of Neuropathology–Haarlem consensus guidelines for nervous system tumor classification and grading. Brain Pathol 24(5):429–435

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malmstrom A, Gronberg BH, Marosi C, Stupp R, Frappaz D, Schultz H, Abacioglu U, Tavelin B, Lhermitte B, Hegi ME, Rosell J, Henriksson R (2012) Temozolomide versus standard 6-week radiotherapy versus hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients older than 60 years with glioblastoma: the Nordic randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13(9):916–926

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandonnet E, Delattre JY, Tanguy ML, Swanson KR, Carpentier AF, Duffau H, Cornu P, Van Effenterre R, Alvord EC Jr, Capelle L (2003) Continuous growth of mean tumor diameter in a subset of grade II gliomas. Ann Neurol 53(4):524–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norden AD, Lesser GJ, Drappatz J, Ligon KL, Hammond SN, Lee EQ, Reardon DR, Fadul CE, Plotkin SR, Batchelor TT, Zhu JJ, Beroukhim R, Muzikansky A, Doherty L, Lafrankie D, Smith K et al (2013) Phase 2 study of dose-intense temozolomide in recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 15(7):930–935

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Rouse C, Chen Y, Dowling J, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan J (2014) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007–2011. Neuro Oncol 16(Suppl 4):iv1–iv63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pace A, Vidiri A, Galie E, Carosi M, Telera S, Cianciulli AM, Canalini P, Giannarelli D, Jandolo B, Carapella CM (2003) Temozolomide chemotherapy for progressive low-grade glioma: clinical benefits and radiological response. Ann Oncol 14(12):1722–1726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Macdonald JS, Young B (1990) A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 322(8):494–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pels H, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Glasmacher A, Schulz H, Engert A, Diehl V, Zellner A, Schackert G, Reichmann H, Kroschinsky F, Vogt-Schaden M, Egerer G, Bode U, Schaller C, Deckert M, Fimmers R et al (2003) Primary central nervous system lymphoma: results of a pilot and phase II study of systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy with deferred radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 21(24):4489–4495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry JR, Belanger K, Mason WP, Fulton D, Kavan P, Easaw J, Shields C, Kirby S, Macdonald DR, Eisenstat DD, Thiessen B, Forsyth P, Pouliot JF (2010) Phase II trial of continuous dose-intense temozolomide in recurrent malignant glioma: RESCUE study. J Clin Oncol 28(12):2051–2057

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pignatti F, van den Bent M, Curran D, Debruyne C, Sylvester R, Therasse P, Afra D, Cornu P, Bolla M, Vecht C, Karim AB (2002) Prognostic factors for survival in adult patients with cerebral low-grade glioma. J Clin Oncol 20(8):2076–2084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn JA, Reardon DA, Friedman AH, Rich JN, Sampson JH, Provenzale JM, McLendon RE, Gururangan S, Bigner DD, Herndon JE 2nd, Avgeropoulos N, Finlay J, Tourt-Uhlig S, Affronti ML, Evans B, Stafford-Fox V et al (2003) Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with progressive low-grade glioma. J Clin Oncol 21(4):646–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuss DE, Sahm F, Schrimpf D, Wiestler B, Capper D, Koelsche C, Schweizer L, Korshunov A, Jones DT, Hovestadt V, Mittelbronn M, Schittenhelm J, Herold-Mende C, Unterberg A, Platten M, Weller M et al (2015) ATRX and IDH1-R132H immunohistochemistry with subsequent copy number analysis and IDH sequencing as a basis for an “integrated” diagnostic approach for adult astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 129(1):133–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Revannasiddaiah S, Susheela SP, Kallur KG (2014) Integration of methionine-PET into the radiotherapy planning process for high grade glioma: prospects against non-central and central failures. Radiother Oncol 113(2):296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanai N, Polley MY, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Berger MS (2011) An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed glioblastomas. J Neurosurg 115(1):3–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanson M, Cartalat-Carel S, Taillibert S, Napolitano M, Djafari L, Cougnard J, Gervais H, Laigle F, Carpentier A, Mokhtari K, Taillandier L, Chinot O, Duffau H, Honnorat J, Hoang-Xuan K, Delattre JY (2004) Initial chemotherapy in gliomatosis cerebri. Neurology 63(2):270–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senft C, Bink A, Franz K, Vatter H, Gasser T, Seifert V (2011) Intraoperative MRI guidance and extent of resection in glioma surgery: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 12(11):997–1003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw EG, Wang M, Coons SW, Brachman DG, Buckner JC, Stelzer KJ, Barger GR, Brown PD, Gilbert MR, Mehta MP (2012) Randomized trial of radiation therapy plus procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy for supratentorial adult low-grade glioma: initial results of RTOG 9802. J Clin Oncol 30(25):3065–3070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Soffietti R, Baumert BG, Bello L, von Deimling A, Duffau H, Frenay M, Grisold W, Grant R, Graus F, Hoang-Xuan K, Klein M, Melin B, Rees J, Siegal T, Smits A, Stupp R et al (2010) Guidelines on management of low-grade gliomas: report of an EFNS-EANO Task Force. Eur J Neurol 17(9):1124–1133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stummer W, Pichlmeier U, Meinel T, Wiestler OD, Zanella F, Reulen HJ (2006) Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 7(5):392–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, Belanger K, Brandes AA, Marosi C, Bogdahn U, Curschmann J, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, Gorlia T, Allgeier A, Lacombe D et al (2005) Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352(10):987–996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, Allgeier A, Fisher B, Belanger K, Hau P, Brandes AA, Gijtenbeek J, Marosi C, Vecht CJ, Mokhtari K et al (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 10(5):459–466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suchorska B, Tonn JC, Jansen NL (2014) PET imaging for brain tumor diagnostics. Curr Opin Neurol 27(6):683–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suchorska B, Jansen NL, Linn J, Kretzschmar H, Janssen H, Eigenbrod S, Simon M, Popperl G, Kreth FW, la Fougere C, Weller M, Tonn JC (2015) Biological tumor volume in 18FET-PET before radiochemotherapy correlates with survival in GBM. Neurology 84(7):710–719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taal W, Oosterkamp HM, Walenkamp AM, Dubbink HJ, Beerepoot LV, Hanse MC, Buter J, Honkoop AH, Boerman D, de Vos FY, Dinjens WN, Enting RH, Taphoorn MJ, van den Berkmortel FW, Jansen RL, Brandsma D et al (2014) Single-agent bevacizumab or lomustine versus a combination of bevacizumab plus lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (BELOB trial): a randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 15(9):943–953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiel E, Korfel A, Martus P, Kanz L, Griesinger F, Rauch M, Roth A, Hertenstein B, von Toll T, Hundsberger T, Mergenthaler HG, Leithauser M, Birnbaum T, Fischer L, Jahnke K, Herrlinger U et al (2010) High-dose methotrexate with or without whole brain radiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma (G-PCNSL-SG-1): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 11(11):1036–1047

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bent MJ, Kros JM, Heimans JJ, Pronk LC, van Groeningen CJ, Krouwer HG, Taphoorn MJ, Zonnenberg BA, Tijssen CC, Twijnstra A, Punt CJ, Boogerd W (1998) Response rate and prognostic factors of recurrent oligodendroglioma treated with procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. Dutch Neuro-oncology Group. Neurology 51(4):1140–1145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Brandes AA, Menten J, Stupp R, Frenay M, Chinot O, Kros JM, van der Rijt CC, Vecht Ch J, Allgeier A, Gorlia T (2003) Phase II study of first-line chemotherapy with temozolomide in recurrent oligodendroglial tumors: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group Study 26971. J Clin Oncol 21(13):2525–2528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bent MJ, Afra D, de Witte O, Ben Hassel M, Schraub S, Hoang-Xuan K, Malmstrom PO, Collette L, Pierart M, Mirimanoff R, Karim AB (2005) Long-term efficacy of early versus delayed radiotherapy for low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults: the EORTC 22845 randomised trial. Lancet 366(9490):985–990

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bent MJ, Carpentier AF, Brandes AA, Sanson M, Taphoorn MJ, Bernsen HJ, Frenay M, Tijssen CC, Grisold W, Sipos L, Haaxma-Reiche H, Kros JM, van Kouwenhoven MC, Vecht CJ, Allgeier A, Lacombe D et al (2006) Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine improves progression-free survival but not overall survival in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas: a randomized European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 24(18):2715–2722

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Taphoorn MJ, Kros JM, Kouwenhoven MC, Delattre JY, Bernsen HJ, Frenay M, Tijssen CC, Grisold W, Sipos L, Enting RH, French PJ, Dinjens WN, Vecht CJ, Allgeier A et al (2013) Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up of EORTC brain tumor group study 26951. J Clin Oncol 31(3):344–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weller M, Martus P, Roth P, Thiel E, Korfel A (2012a) Surgery for primary CNS lymphoma? Challenging a paradigm. Neuro Oncol 14(12):1481–1484

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weller M, Stupp R, Hegi ME, van den Bent M, Tonn JC, Sanson M, Wick W, Reifenberger G (2012b) Personalized care in neuro-oncology coming of age: why we need MGMT and 1p/19q testing for malignant glioma patients in clinical practice. Neuro Oncol 14(Suppl 4):iv100–iv108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weller M, Stupp R, Wick W (2012c) Epilepsy meets cancer: when, why, and what to do about it? Lancet Oncol 13(9):e375–e382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weller M, Pfister SM, Wick W, Hegi ME, Reifenberger G, Stupp R (2013) Molecular neuro-oncology in clinical practice: a new horizon. Lancet Oncol 14(9):e370–e379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weller M, van den Bent M, Hopkins K, Tonn JC, Stupp R, Falini A, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Frappaz D, Henriksson R, Balana C, Chinot O, Ram Z, Reifenberger G, Soffietti R, Wick W (2014) EANO guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of anaplastic gliomas and glioblastoma. Lancet Oncol 15(9):e395–e403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wick W, Hartmann C, Engel C, Stoffels M, Felsberg J, Stockhammer F, Sabel MC, Koeppen S, Ketter R, Meyermann R, Rapp M, Meisner C, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, Wiestler OD, Ernemann U et al (2009) NOA-04 randomized phase III trial of sequential radiochemotherapy of anaplastic glioma with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine or temozolomide. J Clin Oncol 27(35):5874–5880

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wick W, Puduvalli VK, Chamberlain MC, van den Bent MJ, Carpentier AF, Cher LM, Mason W, Weller M, Hong S, Musib L, Liepa AM, Thornton DE, Fine HA (2010) Phase III study of enzastaurin compared with lomustine in the treatment of recurrent intracranial glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 28(7):1168–1174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wick W, Platten M, Meisner C, Felsberg J, Tabatabai G, Simon M, Nikkhah G, Papsdorf K, Steinbach JP, Sabel M, Combs SE, Vesper J, Braun C, Meixensberger J, Ketter R, Mayer-Steinacker R et al (2012) Temozolomide chemotherapy alone versus radiotherapy alone for malignant astrocytoma in the elderly: the NOA-08 randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13(7):707–715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wick W, Weller M, van den Bent M, Sanson M, Weiler M, von Deimling A, Plass C, Hegi M, Platten M, Reifenberger G (2014) MGMT testing–the challenges for biomarker-based glioma treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 10(7):372–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Shuto T, Akabane A, Higuchi Y, Kawagishi J, Yamanaka K, Sato Y, Jokura H, Yomo S, Nagano O, Kenai H, Moriki A, Suzuki S, Kida Y, Iwai Y et al (2014) Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 15(4):387–395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oliver Bähr .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bähr, O., Steinbach, J.P., Weller, M. (2015). Brain Tumor Imaging. In: Hattingen, E., Pilatus, U. (eds) Brain Tumor Imaging. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2015_1072

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2015_1072

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45039-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45040-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics