Abstract
Our look at cardiac tumors and cardiac masses in general has fundamentally changed with the advent of noninvasive cardiac imaging. At present, MRI is probably the technique offering the clinician the most comprehensive approach, even omitting biopsy in a considerable number of patients. Everyone routinely dealing with cardiac imaging will sporadically encounter cardiac masses. Good knowledge of the diversity of pathologies that may present as masses, as well as how cardiac imaging technique should be applied is the best guarantee to correctly diagnose this group of cardiac pathologies. The focus of this chapter is on how MRI can be used to depict cardiac masses, and to differentiate between tumoral and nontumoral conditions. In this chapter, the MRI features of the most common cardiac tumors/masses are summarized and extensively illustrated, providing the reader an useful aid when encountering cardiac tumors/masses in daily clinical practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abad C (1995) Congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva dissecting into the interventricular septum. Cardiovasc Surg 3:563–564
Agostini F, Click RL (2001) More than just the “Q-tip sign”. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 14:832–833
Altbach MI, Squire SW, Kudithipudi V, Castellano L, Sorrell VL (2007) Cardiac MRI is complementary to echocardiography in the assessment of cardiac masses. Echocardiography 24:286–300
Anavekar NS, Bonnichsen CR, Foley TA et al (2010) Computed tomography of cardiac pseudotumors and neoplasms. Radiol Clin North Am 48:799–816
Aouate P, Artigou JY, Rovany X et al (1988) Contribution of nuclear magnetic resonance in right atrial angiosarcoma. Apropos of a case (in French). Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 81:1543–1546
Araoz PA, Mulvagh SL, Tazelaar HD, Julsrud PR, Breen JF (2000) CT and MR imaging of benign primary cardiac neoplasms with echocardiographic correlation. Radiographics 20:1303–1319
Arciniegas E, Hakimi M, Farooki ZQ, Green EW (1980) Intrapericardial teratoma in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 79:306–311
Aydingoz U, Ariyurek M, Selcuk ZT, Demirkazik FB, Baris YI (1997) Calcium within a bronchogenic cyst with a fluid level. Br J Radiol 70:761–763
Bachmann R, Deutsch HJ, Jungehulsing M, Sechtem U, Hilger HH, Schicha H (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with heart valve prostheses. Rofo Fortschr Rontgenstr 155:499–505
Bader RS, Chitayat D, Kelly E et al (2003) Fetal rhabdomyoma: prenatal diagnosis, clinical outcome, and incidence of associated tuberous sclerosis complex. J Pediatr 143:620–624
Balasubramanyam A, Waxman M, Kazal HL, Lee MH (1986) Malignant lymphoma of the heart in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Chest 90:243–246
Bansal RC, Graham BM, Jutzy KR, Shakudo M, Shah PM (1990) Left ventricular outflow tract to left atrial com-munication secondary to rupture of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa in infective endocarditis: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography and color flow imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:499–504
Barakos JA, Brown JJ, Brescia RJ, Higgins CB (1989a) High signal intensity lesions of the chest in MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:797–802
Barakos JA, Brown JJ, Higgins CB (1989b) MR imaging of secondary cardiac and paracardiac lesions. Am J Roentgenol 153:47–50
Bargallo J, Luburich P, Garcia Barrionuevo J, Sanchez Gonzalez M (1993) Fluid-fluid level in bronchogenic cysts. Radiology 186:427–428
Barkhausen J, Hunold P, Eggebrecht H et al (2002) Detection and characterization of intracardiac thrombi on MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 179:1539–1544
Baumgartner HR (1973) The role of blood flow in platelet adhesion, fibrin deposition, and formation of mural thrombi. Microvasc Rev 5:167–179
Beghetti M, Prieditis M, Rebeyka IM, Mawson J (1998) Images in cardiovascular medicine. Intrapericardial teratoma. Circulation 97:1523–1524
Bekkers SCAM, Backes WH, Kim RJ et al (2009) Detection and characteristics of microvascular obstruction in reperfused acute myocardial infarction using an optimized protocol for contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 19:2904–2912
Benetar A, Vaughan J, Nicolini U, Trotter S, Corrin B, Lincoln C (1992) Prenatal pericardiocentesis: its role in the management of intrapericardial teratoma. Obstet Gynecol 79:856–859
Best AK, Dobson RL, Ahmad AR (2003) Best cases from the AFIP. Cardiac Angiosarcoma. Radiographics 23:S141–S145
Bhat HS, Mahesh G, Ramgopal KS (1997) “Gossypiboma”: an unusual cause of perinephric abscess. J R Coll Surg Edinb 42:277–278
Black CM, Hedges LK, Javitt MC (1993) The superior pericardial sinus: normal appearance on gradient-echo MR images. Am J Roentgenol 160:749–751
Bogaert J, Rademakers F, Cappelle L, Moerman P, Van de Werf F, Baert AL (1995a) High-grade immunoblastic sarcoma: an unusual type of a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Rofo Fortschr Rontgenstr 162:186–188
Bogaert J, De Man F, Rademakers F et al (1995b) Right atrial tumor arising on an atrial septal aneurysm. Assessment by MR imaging. Clin Imaging 19:172–175
Bogaert J, Taylor AM, Van Kerckhove F, Dymarkowski S (2004) Use of the inversion-recovery contrast-enhanced MRI technique for cardiac imaging: spectrum of diseases. Am J Roentgenol AJR 182:609–615
Bogaert J, Centonze M, Vanheste R, Francone M (2010) Cardiac and pericardial abnormalities on chest computed tomography: what can we see? Radio Med 115:175–190
Bouton S, Yang A, McCrindle BW, Kidd L, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA (1991) Differentiation of tumor from viable myocardium using cardiac tagging with MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:676–678
Brizard C, Latremouille C, Jebara VA et al (1993) Cardiac hemangiomas. Ann Thorac Surg 56:390–394 (see comments)
Burke AP, Virmani R (1991) Osteosarcomas of the heart. Am J Surg Pathol 51:289–295
Burke AP, Cowan D, Virmani R (1992) Primary sarcomas of the heart. Cancer 69:387–395
Burke AP, Rosado de Christenson M, Templeton PA, Virmani R (1994) Cardiac fibroma: clinicopathologic correlates and surgical treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 108:862–870
Butany J, Nair V, Naseemuddin Nair GM, Catton C, Yau T (2006) Cardiac tumours: diagnosis and treatment. Lancet Oncol 6:219–228
Cacoub P, Chapoutot L, Du Boutin LT et al (1991) Hydatid cyst of the interventricular septum. Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (in French). Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 84:1857–1860
Caduff JH, Hernandez RJ, Ludomirsky A (1996) MR visualization of aortic valve vegetations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:613–615
Cantoni S, Frola C, Gatto R, Loria F, Terzi MI, Vallebona A (1993) Hydatid cyst of the interventricular septum of the heart: MR findings. Am J Roentgenol 161:753–754
Carpenter JL (1991) Perivalvular extension of infection in patients with infectious endocarditis. Rev Infect Dis 13:127–138
Castelli MJ, Mihalov ML, Posniak HV, Gattuso P (1989) Primary cardiac lymphoma initially diagnosed by routine cytology: case report and literature review. Acta Cytol 30:662–664
Chiles C, Woodard PK, Gutierrez FR, Link KM (2001) Metastatic involvement of heart and pericardium: CT and MR imaging. Radiographics 21:439–449
Chin WW, Van Tosh A, Hecht SR, Berger M (1988) Left ventricular thrombus with normal left ventricular function in ulcerative colitis. Am Heart J 116:562–563
Conces DJ, Vix VA, Klatte EC (1985) Gated MR imaging of left atrial myxomas. Radiology 156:445–447
Corallo S, Mutinelli MR, Moroni M et al (1988) Echocardiographic detects myocardial damage in AIDS: prospective study in 102 patients. Eur Heart J 9:887–892
Cunningham KS, Veinot JP, Feindel CM, Butany J (2006) Fatty lesions of the atria and interatrial septum. Hum Pathol 37:1245–1251
Curtinsinger CR, Wilson MJ, Yoneda K (1989) Primary cardiac lymphoma. Cancer 64:521–525
Davis M, Carneiro A, Dymarkowski S, Bogaert J (2010) Bronchogenic cyst masquerading as pericarditis. Circulation 122:e426–e428
DeGroat TS, Parameswaran R, Popper PM, Kotler MN (1985) Left ventricular thrombi in association with normal left ventricular wall motion in patients with malignancy. Am J Cardiol 56:827–828
DeLoach JF, Haynes JW (1953) Secondary tumors of the heart and pericardium. Review of subject and report of 137 cases. Arch Intern Med 91:224–249
DePace NL, Soulen RL, Kotler MN, Mintz GS (1981) Two dimensional echocardiographic detection of intraatrial masses. Am J Cardiol 48:954–960
Dev V, Goswami KC, Shrivastava S, Bahl VK, Saxena A (1993) Echocardiographic diagnosis of aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Am Heart J 126:930–936
Di Bella G, Masci PG, Ganame J, Dymarkowski S, Bogaert J (2008) Liquefaction necrosis of mitral annulus calcification. Detection and characterization with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 117:e292–e294
Di Cesare E, Enrici RM, Paparoni S et al (1995) Low-field magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of mechanical and biological heart valve function. Eur J Radiol 20:224–228
Dillman JR, Pernicano PG, McHugh JB et al (2010) Cross-sectional imaging of primary thoracic sarcomas with histopathologic correlation: a review for the radiologist. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 39:17–29
Doherty NE, Siegel RJ (1985) Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am Heart J 110:1257–1265
Donato R, Ganame J, Bogaert J (2009) Contrast-enhancing left ventricular apical thrombus. Eur Heart J 30:1977
Dooms GC, Higgins CB (1986) MR imaging of cardiac thrombi. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10:415–420
Dooms GC, Hricak H, Sollitto RA, Higgins CB (1985) Lipomatous tumors and tumors with fatty components: MR imaging potential and comparison of MR and CT results. Radiology 157:479–483
Edwards FH, Hale D, Cohen A, Thompson L, Pezzella AT, Virmani R (1991) Primary cardiac valve tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 52:1127–1131
Elkouby A, Vaillant A, Comet B, Malmejac C, Houel J (1990) Cardiac hydatidosis. Review of recent literature and report of 15 cases (in French). Ann Chir 44:603–610
Engberding R, Daniel WG, Erbel R et al (1993) Diagnosis of heart tumours by transoesophageal echocardiography: a multicentre study in 154 patients. European Cooperative Study Group. Eur Heart J 14:1223–1228
Fisher MS, Edmonds PR (1988) Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum. Diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Tomogr 12:267–269
Fritz J, Vogel W, Bares R, Horger M (2007) Radiologic spectrum of extramedullary relapse of myelogenous leukemia in adults. AJR 189:209–218
Fueredi GA, Knechtges TE, Czarnecki DJ (1989) Coronary angiography in atrial myxoma: findings in nine cases. Am J Roentgenol 152:737–738
Funari M, Fujita N, Peck WW, Higgins CB (1991) Cardiac tumors: assessment with Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:953–958
Fussen S, De Boeck BWL, Zellweger MJ et al (2011) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and clinical management of suspected cardiac masses and tumours. Eur Heart J 32:1551–1560
Gaerte SC, Meyer CA, Winer-Muram HT, Tarver RD, conce DJ Jr (2002) Fat-containing lesions of the chest. Radiographics 22:S61–S78
Gallet B, Malergue MC, Adams C et al (1985) Atrial septal aneurysm–a potential cause of systemic embolism. Br Heart J 53:292–297
Gamsu G, Starck D, Webb WR, Moore EH, Sheldon PE (1984) Magnetic resonance of benign mediastinal masses. Radiology 151:709–713
Ganame J, Messalli G, Dymarkowski S et al (2009) Impact of myocardial hemorrhage on left ventricular function and remodelling in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infraction. Eur Heart J 30:662–670
Gibson JM, Hall CM, Dicks MC, Finn JP (1990) Intracardiac extension of Wilms’ tumour: demonstration by magnetic resonance. Br J Radiol 63:568–569
Godine LB, Berdon WE, Brasch RC, Leonidas JC (1990) Adrenocortical carcinoma with extension into inferior vena cava and right atrium: report of 3 cases in children. Pediatr Radiol 20:166–168
Gomes AS, Lois JF, Child JS, Brown K, Batra P (1987) Cardiac tumors and thrombus: evaluation with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 49:895–899
Gomi T, Ikeda T, Sakurai J, Toya Y, Tani M (1994) Cardiac pheochromocytoma. A case report and review of the literature. Jpn Heart J 35:117–124
Gossinger HD, Siostrzonek P, Zangeneh M et al (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging findings in a patient with pericardial mesothelioma. Am Heart J 115:1321–1322
Gowda RM, Khan IA, Nair CK et al (2003) Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma: a comprehensive analysis of 725 cases. Am Heart J 146:404–410
Grebenc ML, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Burke AP, Green CE, Galvin JR (2000) Primary cardiac and pericardial neoplasms: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 20:1073–1103
Grebenc ML, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Green CE, Burke AP, Galvin JR (2002) From the archives of the AFIP. Cardiac myxoma: imaging features in 83 patients. Radiographics 22:673–689
Grizzard JD, Ang GB (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging of pericardial disease and cardiac masses. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 15:579–607
Grote J, Mugge A, Schfers HJ, Daniel WG, Lichtlen PR (1995) Multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography detection of a papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic valve causing myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 16:426–429
Hallali P, Haiat R (1987) Tumeurs malignes du coeur et du péricarde. In: Actualités en Cardiologie. Sandoz, Paris, pp 1–12
Hamilton BH, Francis IR, Gross BH et al (1997) Intraperi-cardial paragangliomas (pheochromocytomas): imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 168:109–113
Hananouchi GI, Goff WB (1990) Cardiac lipoma: six-year follow-up with MRI characteristics, and a review of the literature. Magn Reson Imaging 8:825–828
Hanley PC, Tajik AJ, Hynes JK et al (1985) Diagnosis and classification of atrial septal aneurysm by two-dimensional echocardiography: report of 80 consecutive cases. J Am Coll Cardiol 6:1370–1382
Hanson EC (1992) Cardiac tumors: a current perspective. N Y State J Med 92:41–42
Heath D (1968) Pathology of cardiac tumors. Am J Cardiol 21:315–327
Herrera CJ, Mehlman DJ, Hartz RS, Talano JV, McPherson DD (1992) Comparison of transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography for diagnosis of right sided cardiac lesions. Am J Cardiol 70:964–966
Herrmann MA, Shankerman RA, Edwards WD, Shub C, Schaff HV (1992) Primary cardiac angiosarcoma: a clinico-pathologic study of six cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103:655–664
Ho VB, Kinney JB, Sahn DJ (1995) Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: cine phase-contrast MR characterization. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:652–656
Hoey ETD, Mankad K, Puppala S, Gopalan D, Sivananthan MU (2009a) MRI and CT appearances of cardiac tumours in adults. Clin Radiol 64:1214–123
Hoey ETD, Kanagasingam A, Sivananthan MU (2010) Sinus of Valsvalva aneurysms: assessment with cardiovascular MRI. AJR 194:W495–W504
Hoffmann U, Globits S, Schima W et al (2003) Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac and paracardiac masses. Am J Cardiol 92:890–895
Ichikawa T, Ohtomo K, Uchiyama G, Fujimoto H, Nasu K (1995) Contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI of adrenal masses: classification of characteristic enhancement patterns. Clin Radiol 50:295–300
Janigan DT, Husain A, Robinson NA (1986) Cardiac angiosarcomas. A review and a case report. Cancer 57:852–859
Jochelson MS, Balikian JP, Mauch P, Liebman H (1983) Peri- and paracardial involvement in lymphoma: a radiographic study of 11 cases. Am J Roentgenol 140:483–488
Jost E, Lorenzen J, Haage P et al (2005) Heart and muscle involvement by extra-medullary myeloid leukemia: a case report and review of the literature. Leuk Lymphoma 46:1819–1824
Jungehulsing M, Sechtem U, Theissen P, Hilger HH, Schicha H (1992) Left ventricular thrombi: evaluation with spin-echo and gradient-echo MR imaging. Radiology 182:225–229
Kaminaga T, Yamada N, Imakita S, Takamiya M, Nishimura T (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging of pericardial malignant mesothelioma. Magn Reson Imaging 11:1057–1061
Kanematsu M, Imaeda T, Minowa H et al (1994) Hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava and right atrium. Abdom Imaging 19:313–316
Kardaras F, Kardara D, Tselikos D et al (1996) Fifteen year surveillance of echinococcal heart disease from a referral hospital in Greece. Eur Heart J 17:1265–1270
Kasarskis EJ, O’Connor W, Earle G (1988) Embolic stroke from cardiac papillary fibroelastomas. Stroke 19:1171–1173
Kasugai T, Sakurai M, Yutani C et al (1990) Sequential malignant transformation of cardiac myxoma. Acta Pathol Jpn 40:687–692
Kawasuji M, Matsunaga Y, Iwa T (1989) Cardiac phaeochromocytoma of the interatrial septum. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 3:175–177
Keeley EC, Hillis LD (1996) Left ventricular mural thrombus after acute myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 19:83–86
Keren A, Billingham ME, Popp RL (1984) Echocardiographic recognition and implications of ventricular hypertrophic trabeculations and aberrant bands. Circulation 70:836–842
Kiaffis MG, Powell AJ, Geva T (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of cardiac tumor characteristics in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 89:1229–1233
Kim EE, Wallace S, Abello R et al (1989) Malignant cardiac fibrous histiocytomas and angiosarcomas: MR features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:627–632
King MA, Vrachliotis TG, Bergin CJ (1998) A left atrial pseudomass: potential pitfall at thoracic MR imaging. JMRI 8:991–993
Klarich KW, Enriquez-Sarano M, Gura GM, Edwards WD, Tajik AJ, Seward JB (1997) Papillary fibroelastoma: echocardiographic characteristics for diagnosis and pathologic correlation. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:784–790
Klima T, Milam JD, Bossart MI, Cooley DA (1986) Rare primary sarcomas of the heart. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:1155–1159
Kopka L, Fischer U, Gross AJ, Funke M, Oestmann JW, Grabbe E (1996) CT of retained surgical sponges (textilomas): pitfalls in detection and evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:919–923
Kotoulas GK, Magoufis GL, Gouliamos AD et al (1996) Evaluation of hydatid disease of the heart with magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 19:187–189
Kulan K, Tuncer C, Kulan C et al (1995) Hydatid cyst of the interventricular septum and contribution of magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Cardiol 50:477–481
Kulan K, Kulan C, Tuncer C, Komsuoglu B, Zengin M (1996) Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm with rupture into the ventricle. J Cardiovasc Surg Torino 37:639–641
Kushihashi T, Fujisawa H, Munechika H (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging of thymic epithelial tumors. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 37:191–259
Kuwashima S, Yamato M, Fujioka M, Ishibashi M, Kogure H, Tajima Y (1993) MR findings of surgically retained sponges and towels: report of two cases. Radiat Med 11:98–101
Lagrange JL, Despins P, Spielman M et al (1986) Car-diac metastases. Case report on an isolated cardiac metastasis of a myxoid liposarcoma. Cancer 58:2333–2337
Langer E, Mischke U, Stommer P, Harrer T, Stoll R (1988) Kaposi’s sarcoma with pericardial tamponade in AIDS. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 29:1187–1190
Lanza RP, Cooper DK, Cassidy MJ, Barnard CN (1983) Malignant neoplasms occurring after cardiac transplantation. JAMA 249:1746–1748
Lee R, Fisher MR (1989) MR imaging of cardiac metastases from malignant fibrous histiocytoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:126–168
Lee W-K, Duddalwar VA, Rouse HC, Lau EWF, Bekhit E, Hennessy OF (2009) Extranodal lymphoma in the thorax: cross-sectional imaging findings. Clin Radiol 64:542–549
Lerner CA, Dang HP (1997) MR imaging of a pericardial gossypiboma. Am J Roentgenol 169:314 (letter)
Levine RA, Weyman AE, Dinsmore RE et al (1986) Noninvasive tissue characterization: diagnosis of lipo-matous hypertrophy of the atrial septum by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:688–692
Lund JT, Ehman RL, Julsrud PR, Sinak LJ, Tajik AJ (1989) Cardiac masses: assessment by MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 152:469–473
Macedo AJ, Magalhaes MP, Tavares NJ, Bento L, Sampayo F, Lima M (1997) Cardiac hydatid cyst in a child. Pediatr Cardiol 18:226–228
Mahajan H, Kim EE, Wallace S, Abello R, Benjamin R, Evans HL (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Magn Reson Imaging 7:283–288
Manger WM, Gifford RWJ (1990) Pheochromocytoma. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM (eds) Hypertension. Raven Press, New York, pp 1639–1650
Maraj S, Pressman GS, Figueredo VM (2009) Primary cardiac tumors. Int J Cardiol 133:152–156
Massie RJ, Van Asperen PP, Mellis CM (1997) A review of open biopsy for mediastinal masses. J Paediatr Child Health 33:230–233
Matsuoka H, Hamada M, Honda T et al (1996) Morphologic and histologic characterization of cardiac myxomas by magnetic resonance imaging. Angiology 47:693–698
Matteucci C, Busi G, Biferali F, Paventi S (1997) Tardive pseudo-ischemic presentation of cardiac rhabdomyoma (in Italian). G Ital Cardiol 27:583–587
McAllister HGJ (1979) Primary tumors and cysts of the heart and pericardium. Curr Probl Cardiol 4:1–11
McAllister HA, Fenoglio JJ (1978) Tumors of the cardiovascular system. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, pp 1–39
Meany JFM, Kazerooni EA, Jamadar DA, Korobkin M (1997) CT appearance of lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum. Am J Roentgenol 168:1081–1084
Meier RA, Hartnell GG (1994) MRI of right atrial pseudomass: is it really a diagnostic problem? J Comput Assist Tomogr 18:398–401
Menegus MA, Greenberg MA, Spindola-Franco H, Fayemi A (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging of suspected atrial tumors. Am Heart J 123:1260–1268
Mirowitz SA, Gutierrez FR (1992) Fibromuscular elements of the right atrium: pseudomass at MR imaging. Radiology 182:231–233
Mochizuki T, Takehara Y, Ichijo K, Nishimura T, Takahashi M, Kaneko M (1992) Case report: MR appearance of a retained surgical sponge. Clin Radiol 46:66–67
Mohiaddin RH, Roberts RH, Underwood R, Rothman M (1995) Localization of a misplaced coronary artery stent by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Cardiol 18:175–177
Mollet NR, Dymarkowski S, Volders W et al (2002) Visualization of ventricular thrombi with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 106:2873–2876
Mosthaf FA, Gieseler U, Mehmel HC, Fischer JT, Gams E (1991) Left bundle-branch block and primary benign heart tumor (in German). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 116:134–136
Mugge A, Daniel WG, Haverich A, Lichtlen PR (1991) Diagnosis of noninfective cardiac mass lesions by two-dimensional echocardiography. Comparison of the transthoracic and transesophageal approaches. Circulation 83:70–78
Murayama S, Murakami J, Watanabe H et al (1995) Signal intensity characteristics of mediastinal cystic masses on T1-weighted MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:188–191
Murphey MD, Gross TM, Rosenthal HG (1994) From the archives of the AFIP. Musculoskeletal malignant fibrous histiocytoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 14:807–826
Naka N, Ohsawa M, Tomita Y, Kanno H, Uchida A, Aozasa K (1995) Angiosarcoma in Japan. Cancer 75:989–996
Nakata H, Egashira K, Watanabe H et al (1993) MRI of bronchogenic cysts. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:267–270
Nguyen BD, Westra WH, Zerhouni EA (1996) Renal cell carcinoma and tumor thrombus neovascularity: MR demonstration with pathologic correlation. Abdom Imaging 21:269–271
O’Connor S, Recavarren R, Nichols LC, Parwani AV (2006) Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum. An overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:397–399
O’Donnell DH, Abbara S, Chaithiraphan V et al (2009) Cardiac tumors: optimal cardiac MR sequences and spectrum of imaging appearances. AJR 193:377–387
Ogawa T, Iwama Y, Hashimoto H, Ito T, Satake T (1991) Noninvasive methods in the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysm of Valsalva. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler echocardiography. Chest 100:579–581
Oshima H, Hara M, Kono T, Shibamoto Y, Mishima A, Akita S (2003) Cardiac hemangioma of the left atrial appendage: CT and MR findings. J Thorac Imaging 18:204–206
Papa MZ, Shinfeld A, Klein E, Greif F, Ben AG (1994) Cardiac metastasis of liposarcoma. J Surg Oncol 55:132–134
Parmley LF, Salley RK, Williams JP, Head G (1988) The clinical spectrum of cardiac fibroma with diagnostic and sur-gical considerations: noninvasive imaging enhances management. Ann Thorac Surg 45:455–465
Pasaoglu I, Dogan R, Pasaoglu E, Tokgozoglu L (1994) Sur-gical treatment of giant hydatid cyst of the left ventricle and diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Surg 2:114–116
Paul JG, Rhodes DB, Skow JR (1975) Renal cell carcinoma presenting as right atrial tumor with successful removal using cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Surg 181:471–473
Paydarfar D, Krieger D, Dib N et al (2001) In vivo magnetic resonance imaging and surgical histopathology of intracardiac masses: distinct features of subacute thrombi. Cardiology 95:40–47
Phillips MR, Bower TC, Orszulak TA, Hartmann LC (1995) Intracardiac extension of an intracaval sarcoma of endometrial origin. Ann Thorac Surg 59:742–744
Raaf HN, Raaf JH (1994) Sarcomas related to the heart and vasculature. Semin Surg Oncol 10:374–382
Reid PG, Goudevenos JA, Hilton CJ (1990) Thrombosed saccular aneurysm of a sinus of Valsalva: unusual cause of a mediastinal mass. Br Heart J 63:183–185
Ritchey ML, Kinard R, Novicki DE (1987) Adrenal tumors: involvement of the inferior vena cava. J Urol 38:1134–1136
Roberts WC, Glancy DL, De Vita VT (1968) Heart in malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin’s disease, lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma and mycosis fungoides). A study of 196 autopsy cases. Am Heart J 22:85–108
Roberts CS, Gottdiener JS, Roberts WC (1990) Clinically undetected cardiac lymphoma causing fatal congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 120:1239–1242
Rosado de Christenson ML, Pugatch RD, Moran CA, Galobardes J (1994) Thymolipoma: analysis of 27 cases. Radiology 193:121–126
Rosenberg JM, Marvasti MA, Obeid A, Johnson LW, Bonaventura M (1988) Intravenous leiomyomatosis: a rare cause of right sided cardiac obstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2:58–60
Rosenthal DS, Braunwald E (1992) Cardiac manifestations of neoplastic disease. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1752–1760
Rosser T, Panigrahy A, McClintock W (2006) The diverse clinical manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: a review. Semin Pediatr Neuol 13:27–36
Rote AR, Flint LD, Ellis FH (1977) Intracaval extension of pheochromocytoma extending into the right atrium: surgical management using intracorporeal circulation. N Engl J Med 296:1269–1271
Rumancik WM, Naidich DP, Chandra R et al (1988) Cardiovascular disease: evaluation with MR phase imaging. Radiology 166:63–68
Sakai F, Sone S, Kiyono K et al (1992) MR imaging of thymoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol 158:751–756
Salcedo EE, Cohen GI, White RD, Davison MB (1992) Cardiac tumors: diagnosis and management. Curr Probl Cardiol 17:73–137
Saloura V, Grivas PD, Sarwar AB, Gorodin P, Ledley GS (2009) Papillary fibroelastomas: innocent bystanders or ignored culprits? Postgrad Med 121:131–138
Sato Y, Togawa K, Ogawa K, Hashimoto M, Sakamaki T, Kanmatsuse K (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac hemangiopericytoma. Heart Vessels 10:328–330
Schneider B, Hanrath P, Vogel P, Meinertz T (1990) Improved morphologic characterization of atrial septal aneurysm by transesophageal echocardiography: relation to cerebro-vascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:1000–1009
Sechtem U, Tscholakoff D, Higgins CB (1986) MRI of the abnormal pericardium. Am J Roentgenol 147:245–252
Sechtem U, Theissen P, Heindel W et al (1989) Diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi by magnetic resonance imaging and comparison with angiocardiography, computed tomography and echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 64:1195–1199
Semelka RC, Shoenut JP, Wilson ME, Pellech AE, Patton JN (1992) Cardiac masses: signal intensity features on spin-echo, gradient-echo, gadolinium-enhanced spin-echo, and TurboFLASH images. J Magn Reson Imaging 2:415–420
Shahian DM, Labib SB, Chang G (1995) Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma. Ann Thorac Surg 59:538–541 (see comments)
Shellock FG, Morisoli SM (1994a) Ex vivo evaluation of ferromagnetism, heating, and artifacts produced by heart valve prostheses exposed to a 1.5-T MR system. J Magn Reson Imaging 4:756–758
Shellock FG, Morisoli SM (1994b) Ex vivo evaluation of ferromagnetism and artifacts of cardiac occluders exposed to a 1.5-T MR system. J Magn Reson Imaging 4:213–215
Singh RN, Burkholder JA, Magovern GJ (1984) Coronary arteriography as an aid in the diagnosis of angiosarcoma of the heart. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 7:40–43
Smith AJ, Panidis IP, Berger S, Gonzales R (1990) Large atrial septal aneurysm mimicking a cystic right atrial mass. Am Heart J 120:714–716
Sparrow PJ, Kurian J, Jones TR, Sivananthan MU (2005) MR imaging of cardiac tumors. RadioGraphics 25:1255–1276
Spuentrup E, Mahnken AH, Kühl HP et al (2003) Fast interactive real-time magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac masses using spiral gradient echo and radial steady-state free precession sequences. Invest Radiol 38:288–292
Srichai MB, Junor C, Rodriguez L et al (2006) Clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of left ventricular thrombus: a comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, transthoracic echocardiography, and transesophageal echocardiography with surgical or pathological validation. Am Heart J 152:75–84
Steinmetz OK, Bedard P, Prefontaine ME, Bourke M, Barber GG (1996) Uterine tumor in the heart: intravenous leiomyomatosis. Surgery 119:226–229
Stratton JR, Ligthy GW, Pearlman AS (1982) Detection of left ventricular thrombus by two-dimensional echocar-diography: sensitivity, specificity, and causes of uncertainty. Circulation 66:156–164
Szucs RA, Rehr RB, Yanovich S, Tatum JL (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma. quantifying the response to chemotherapy. Cancer 67:2066–2070
Takamizawa S, Sugimoto K, Tanaka H, Sakai O, Arai T, Saitoh A (1992) A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the heart. Intern Med 31:265–268
Teramoto N, Hayashi K, Miyatani K et al (1995) Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the right ventricle of the heart. Pathol Int 45:315–319
Thomas D, Desruennes M, Jault F, Isnard R, Gandjbakhch I (1993) Cardiac and extracardiac abscesses in bacterial endocarditis (in French). Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 86:1825–1835
Thompson NW, Brown J, Orringer M, Sisson J, Nishiyama R (1978) Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid with massive angioinvasion: extension of tumor thrombus to the heart. Surgery 83:451–457
Urba WJ, Longo DL (1986) Primary solid tumors of the heart. In: Kapoor AS (ed) Cancer and the heart. Springer, New York, pp 62–75
van Beek EJR, Stolpen AH, Khanna G, Thompson BH (2007) CT and MRI of pericardial and cardiac neoplastic disease. Cancer Imaging 7:19–26
Vanjak D, Moutaoufik M, Leroy O et al (1990) Cardiac hydatidosis: contribution of magnetic resonance imaging. Report of a case (in French). Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 83:1739–1742
Varghese JC, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, Mayo-Smith WW, Gaa JA, Lee MJ (1997) MR differentiation of phae-chromocytoma from other adrenal lesions based on qualitative analysis of T2 relaxation times. Clin Radiol 52:603–606
Vinee P, Stover B, Sigmund G et al (1992) MR imaging of the pericardial cyst. J Magn Reson Imaging 2:593–596
Vogel HJ, Wondergem JH, Falke TH (1989) Mesothelioma of the pericardium: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:543–544
Walker PG, Pedersen EM, Oyre S et al (1995) Magnetic resonance velocity imaging: a new method for prosthetic heart valve study. J Heart Valve Dis 4:296–307
Watanabe M, Takazawa K, Wada A et al (1994) Cardiac myxoma with Gamna-Gandy bodies: case report with MR imaging. J Thorac Imaging 9:185–187
Weinsaft JW, Kim HW, Shah DJ et al (2008) Detection of left ventricular thrombus by delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Prevalence and markers in patients with systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:148–157
Weinsaft JW, Kim RJ, Ross M et al (2009) Contrast-enhanced anatomic imaging as compared to contrast-enhanced tissue characterization for detection of left ventricular thrombus. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2:969–979
Weinsaft JW, Kim HW, Crowley AL et al (2011) LV thrombus detection by routine echocardiography. Insights into performance characteristics using delayed enhancement CMR. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 4:702–712
Wiemer J, Winkelmann BR, Beyersdorf F et al (1996) Multiplicity of clinical symptoms and manifestations of unruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva. Three case reports. Z Kardiol 85:221–225
Wolf JE, Lambert B, Pilichowski P et al (1987) Value of magnetic resonance imaging in a lipoma of the left ventricle (in French). Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 80:1801–1805
Yokoyama N, Konno K, Suzuki S, Isshiki T (2007) Serial assessment of liquefaction necrosis of mitral annulus calcification by echocardiography and multislice computed tomography. Circulation 115:e1–e2
Yousem DM, Lexa FJ, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RI (1990) Rhabdomyosarcomas in the head and neck: MR imaging evaluation. Radiology 177:683–686
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bogaert, J., Dymarkowski, S. (2011). Cardiac Masses. In: Bogaert, J., Dymarkowski, S., Taylor, A., Muthurangu, V. (eds) Clinical Cardiac MRI. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_338
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_338
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23034-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23035-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)